Hudío Phonology: Difference between revisions

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==Pronunciation table==
==Pronunciation table==
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1000px;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1000px;"
|<center>אַ</center>
!<center>אַ</center>
|בּ
!בּ
|ב
!ב
|דּ
!דּ
|ד
!ד
|אֶ
!אֶ
|אְ
!אְ
|גּ
!גּ
|ג
!ג
|ה
!ה
|אִ
!אִ
|י
!י
|כּ
!כּ
|כ
!כ
|ל
!ל
|מ
!מ
|נ
!נ
|אָ
!אָ
|פּ
!פּ
|פ
!פ
|ר
!ר
|ס
!ס
|ש
!ש
|תּ
!תּ
|ת
!ת
|אֻ
!אֻ
|ו
!ו
|ז
!צ
|צ
!ז
|ע
!ע
|-
|-
!<center>a</center>
|<center>a</center>
!b
|b
!v
|v
!ḋ
|ḋ
!d
|d
!e
|e
!ė
|ė
!ġ
|ġ
!g
|g
!h
|h
!i
|i
!j
|j
!k
|k
!ħ
|j
!l
|l
!m
|m
!n
|n
!o
|o
!p
|p
!f
|f
!r
|r
!s
|s
!ṡ
|ṡ
!ṭ
|ṭ
!t
|t
!u
|ţ
!w
|u
!z
|w
!ż
|z
!'
|'
|-
|-
|/ä/
|/ä/
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|/d/
|/d/
|/ð/
|/ð/
|/e/
|/e/~/ɛ/
|/ə/
|/ə/
|/g/
|/g/
|/ʝ/
|/ʝ/
|/h/
|/h/
|/i/
|/i/~/ɪ/
|/j/
|/j/
|/k/
|/k/
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|/u/
|/u/
|/w/
|/w/
|/ʦ/
|/z/
|/z/
|/ʦ/
|/ʔ/
|/ʔ/
|}
|}
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*The alphabetic order is a modified Latin order, keeping the  [[Wikipedia:Begadkefat|begadkepat]] consonants (b, d, g, k, p, t) together.
*The alphabetic order is a modified Latin order, keeping the  [[Wikipedia:Begadkefat|begadkepat]] consonants (b, d, g, k, p, t) together.
**/d/-/ð/, /t/-/θ/, and /g/-/ʝ/ are differenced with a dot on the voiced consonant, like the Hebrew [[Wikipedia:Dagesh#Dagesh kal|dagesh kal]].
**/d/-/ð/, /t/-/θ/, and /g/-/ʝ/ are differenced with a dot on the voiced consonant, like the Hebrew [[Wikipedia:Dagesh#Dagesh kal|dagesh kal]].
**/b/-/β/, /k/-/ç/, and /p/-/f/ make use of the Latin letters.
**/b/-/β/, /k/-/ç/, and /p/-/φ/ make use of the Latin letters.
*The begadkepat consonants [[Wikipedia:Lenition|lenite]] into their corresponding fricatives when they follow a vowel (דַּבַר, '''davar''', word; מִדבַּר, '''midbar''', desert), but not when they are word final (מֶ֜לֶכּ, '''mélek''', king).
*The begadkepat consonants [[Wikipedia:Lenition|lenite]] into their corresponding fricatives when they follow a vowel, either between two vowels (דַּבַר '''davar''', word) or between a vowel and a consonant (מִדבַּר '''midbar''', desert). This lenition even occurs across word boundaries, ''e.g.'',
בַּנֻ בַיִת '''banu vayit''', they build a house.
**This lenition does not occur in some borrowed words, ''e.g.'', '''hurikan''' הֻרִכַּך.
**This lenition does not occur in some borrowed words, ''e.g.'', '''hurikan''' הֻרִכַּך.
**The addition of the definite article הַ '''ha''' does not lenite a following consonant.
**The addition of the definite article הַ '''ha''' does not lenite a following consonant.
*/ə/ makes use of the [[Wikipedia:Dot (diacritic)#Overdot|overdot]] used on the other consonants.
*<[[Wikipedia:Ë|ë]]> for /ə/ is borrowed from the Albanian (and other) alphabet.
*<ħ>, <ż>, and <z> are taken from the [[Wikipedia:Maltese alphabet|Maltese alphabet]].
*<ţ> for /ʦ/ and <ş> for /ʃ/ are borrowed from the Romanian alphabet.
*/ʃ/ makes use of the overdot as if it were the shin dot.




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| align=center |  
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
| align=center | <c>  /ʦ/<br>צ/ץ
| align=center | <ţ>  /ʦ/<br>צ/ץ
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
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| align=center | <nowiki><s></nowiki>  /s/<br>ס
| align=center | <nowiki><s></nowiki>  /s/<br>ס
| align=center |   
| align=center |   
| align=center | <x>  /ʃ/<br>ש<sup>{{Color|red|4}}</sup>
| align=center | <ş>  /ʃ/<br>ש<sup>{{Color|red|4}}</sup>
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
| align=center | <h>  /h/<br>ה<sup>{{Color|red|5}}</sup>
| align=center | <h>  /h/<br>ה<sup>{{Color|red|5}}</sup>
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|-
|-
!Voiceless Non-sibilant Fricative
!Voiceless Non-sibilant Fricative
| align=center | <f>  /f/<br>פ/ף
| align=center | <f>  /φ/<br>פ/ף
| align=center | <t>  /θ/<br>ת
| align=center | <t>  /θ/<br>ת
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
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|-
|-
!Voiced Non-sibilant Fricative
!Voiced Non-sibilant Fricative
| align=center | <v>  /v/<br>ב
| align=center | <v>  /β/<br>ב
| align=center | <d>  /ð/<br>ד  
| align=center | <d>  /ð/<br>ד  
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
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====Notes====
====Notes====
*<sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup> ט ([[Wikipedia:Teth|Tet]]) /t/ has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by ת ([[Wikipedia:Taw|Taf]]) /t/.
*<sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup> ט ([[Wikipedia:Teth|Tet]]) /t/ has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by תּ ([[Wikipedia:Taw|Taf]]) /t/.
*<sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup> ק ([[Wikipedia:Qoph|Quf]]) has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by כּ ([[Wikipedia:Ka|Ka]]).
*<sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup> ק ([[Wikipedia:Qoph|Quf]]) has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by כּ ([[Wikipedia:Ka|Ka]]).
*<sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup> The glottal stop ([[Wikipedia:Ayin|Ayin]] <ע> /ʔ/ is used only to separate the same contiguous vowels, e.g., נַ֜עַר, '''ná'ar''', boy.
*<sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup> The glottal stop ([[Wikipedia:Ayin|Ayin]]) <ע> /ʔ/ is used only to separate the same contiguous vowels, ''e.g.'', נַ֜עַר, '''ná'ar''', boy, or the glottal stop and a vowel, ''e.g.'', סְעׇרַ, '''së'ora''', barley.
*<sup>{{Color|red|4}}</sup> שׂ ([[Wikipedia:Shin (letter)|Sin]]) /s/ has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by ס ([[Wikipedia:Samekh|Sámex]]). Thus the dot is not needed for Shin.
*<sup>{{Color|red|4}}</sup> שׂ ([[Wikipedia:Shin (letter)|Sin]]) /s/ has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by ס ([[Wikipedia:Samekh|Sámex]]). Thus the dot is not needed for Shin.
*<sup>{{Color|red|5}}</sup> ה ([[Wikipedia:He (letter)|He]]) has been deleted when syllable final.
*<sup>{{Color|red|5}}</sup> ה ([[Wikipedia:He (letter)|He]]) has been deleted when syllable final.
*<sup>{{Color|red|6}}</sup> ח ([[Wikipedia:Heth|Heth]]) has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by כ ([[Wikipedia:Ka|Ka]]).
*<sup>{{Color|red|6}}</sup> ח ([[Wikipedia:Heth|Heth]]) has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by כ (Ka).
* Use of the five final forms is optional.
* Use of the five final forms is optional.
* There are no geminate consonants.
* There are no geminate consonants.
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| align=center |
| align=center |
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
| align=center | ă<sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup> <ə><br>אְ
| align=center | ë<sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup> <ə><br>אְ
| align=center |
| align=center |
|-
|-
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====Notes====
====Notes====
*<sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup> The two phonemes are [[Wikipedia:Allophone|allophonic]]. /i/ tends to be used in open syllables and /ɪ/ in closed syllables, ''e.g.'', גִּבַ '''giva''', hill /giβa/; אִש '''iš''', man /ɪʃ/. However, /i/ is retained in the plural suffix '''-im''' /im/.
*<sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup> The two phonemes are [[Wikipedia:Allophone|allophonic]]. /i/ tends to be used in open syllables and /ɪ/ in closed syllables, ''e.g.'', גִּבַ '''giva''', hill /giβa/; אִש '''iš''', man /ɪʃ/. However, /i/ is retained in the plural suffix '''-im''' /im/.
*<sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup> The two phonemes are allophonic. /e/ tends to be used in open syllables and /ɛ/ in closed syllables, ''e.g.'', מֶ֜לֶכ '''mélex''' /melɛç/, king; מֶלכִּם '''melkim''' /mɛlkim/, kings.
*<sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup> The two phonemes are allophonic. /e/ tends to be used in open syllables and /ɛ/ in closed syllables, ''e.g.'', מֶ֜לֶכ '''mélej''' /melɛç/, king; מֶלכִּם '''melkim''' /mɛlkim/, kings.
*All vowels are of equal length.
*All vowels are of equal length.




[[Hudío Grammar|Grammar]]
[[Hudío Grammar|Grammar]]

Latest revision as of 11:23, 14 January 2021

Pronunciation table

אַ
 בּ ב דּ ד אֶ אְ גּ ג ה אִ י כּ כ ל מ נ אָ פּ פ ר ס ש תּ ת אֻ ו צ ז ע
a
 b v ḋ d e ė ġ g h i j k j l m n o p f r s ṡ ṭ t ţ u w z '
/ä/ /b/ /β/ /d/ /ð/ /e/~/ɛ/ /ə/ /g/ /ʝ/ /h/ /i/~/ɪ/ /j/ /k/ /ç/ /l/ /m/ /n/ /o/ /p/ /φ/ /ɾ/ /s/ /ʃ/ /t/ /θ/ /u/ /w/ /ʦ/ /z/ /ʔ/

Notes

  • The alphabetic order is a modified Latin order, keeping the begadkepat consonants (b, d, g, k, p, t) together.
    • /d/-/ð/, /t/-/θ/, and /g/-/ʝ/ are differenced with a dot on the voiced consonant, like the Hebrew dagesh kal.
    • /b/-/β/, /k/-/ç/, and /p/-/φ/ make use of the Latin letters.
  • The begadkepat consonants lenite into their corresponding fricatives when they follow a vowel, either between two vowels (דַּבַר davar, word) or between a vowel and a consonant (מִדבַּר midbar, desert). This lenition even occurs across word boundaries, e.g.,

בַּנֻ בַיִת banu vayit, they build a house.

    • This lenition does not occur in some borrowed words, e.g., hurikan הֻרִכַּך.
    • The addition of the definite article הַ ha does not lenite a following consonant.
  • <ë> for /ə/ is borrowed from the Albanian (and other) alphabet.
  • <ţ> for /ʦ/ and <ş> for /ʃ/ are borrowed from the Romanian alphabet.


Phonology

Consonant chart

  Labial Dental Alveolar Palato-alveolar Palatal Glottal
Nasal <m> /m/
מ/ם 		<n> /n/
נ/ן
Voiceless Stop <p> /p/
פּ 		<ṭ> /t/
תּ1 		<k> /k/
כּ2 		<'> /ʔ/
ע3
Voiced Stop <b> /b/
בּ 		<ḍ> /d/
דּ 		<ġ> /g/
גּ
Sibilant Affricate <ţ> /ʦ/
צ/ץ
Voiceless Sibilant Fricative <s> /s/
ס 		<ş> /ʃ/
ש4 		<h> /h/
ה5
Voiced Sibilant Fricative <z> /z/
ז
Voiceless Non-sibilant Fricative <f> /φ/
פ/ף 		<t> /θ/
ת 		<j> /ç/
כ/ך6
Voiced Non-sibilant Fricative <v> /β/
ב 		<d> /ð/
ד 		<g> /ɣ/
ג
Approximant <w> /w/
ו 		<y> /j/
י
Trill <r> /ɾ/
ר
Lateral approximant <l> /l/
ל

Notes

  • 1 ט (Tet) /t/ has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by תּ (Taf) /t/.
  • 2 ק (Quf) has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by כּ (Ka).
  • 3 The glottal stop (Ayin) <ע> /ʔ/ is used only to separate the same contiguous vowels, e.g., נַ֜עַר, ná'ar, boy, or the glottal stop and a vowel, e.g., סְעׇרַ, së'ora, barley.
  • 4 שׂ (Sin) /s/ has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by ס (Sámex). Thus the dot is not needed for Shin.
  • 5 ה (He) has been deleted when syllable final.
  • 6 ח (Heth) has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by כ (Ka).
  • Use of the five final forms is optional.
  • There are no geminate consonants.

Vowel chart

  Front Near Front Cental Back
Close i /i/~/ɪ/1
אִ 		u /u/
אֻ
Close-mid e /e/~/ɛ/2
אֶ 		o
אׇ
Mid ë3 <ə>
אְ
Open a
אַ

Notes

  • 1 The two phonemes are allophonic. /i/ tends to be used in open syllables and /ɪ/ in closed syllables, e.g., גִּבַ giva, hill /giβa/; אִש iš, man /ɪʃ/. However, /i/ is retained in the plural suffix -im /im/.
  • 2 The two phonemes are allophonic. /e/ tends to be used in open syllables and /ɛ/ in closed syllables, e.g., מֶ֜לֶכ mélej /melɛç/, king; מֶלכִּם melkim /mɛlkim/, kings.
  • All vowels are of equal length.


Grammar

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