Hudío Phonology: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 11:23, 14 January 2021

Pronunciation table

אַ	בּ	ב	דּ	ד	אֶ	אְ	גּ	ג	ה	אִ	י	כּ	כ	ל	מ	נ	אָ	פּ	פ	ר	ס	ש	תּ	ת	אֻ	ו	צ	ז	ע
a	b	v	ḋ	d	e	ė	ġ	g	h	i	j	k	j	l	m	n	o	p	f	r	s	ṡ	ṭ	t	ţ	u	w	z	'
/ä/	/b/	/β/	/d/	/ð/	/e/~/ɛ/	/ə/	/g/	/ʝ/	/h/	/i/~/ɪ/	/j/	/k/	/ç/	/l/	/m/	/n/	/o/	/p/	/φ/	/ɾ/	/s/	/ʃ/	/t/	/θ/	/u/	/w/	/ʦ/	/z/	/ʔ/

Notes

The alphabetic order is a modified Latin order, keeping the begadkepat consonants (b, d, g, k, p, t) together.
- /d/-/ð/, /t/-/θ/, and /g/-/ʝ/ are differenced with a dot on the voiced consonant, like the Hebrew dagesh kal.
- /b/-/β/, /k/-/ç/, and /p/-/φ/ make use of the Latin letters.
The begadkepat consonants lenite into their corresponding fricatives when they follow a vowel, either between two vowels (דַּבַר davar, word) or between a vowel and a consonant (מִדבַּר midbar, desert). This lenition even occurs across word boundaries, e.g.,

בַּנֻ בַיִת banu vayit, they build a house.

- This lenition does not occur in some borrowed words, e.g., hurikan הֻרִכַּך.
- The addition of the definite article הַ ha does not lenite a following consonant.
<ë> for /ə/ is borrowed from the Albanian (and other) alphabet.
<ţ> for /ʦ/ and <ş> for /ʃ/ are borrowed from the Romanian alphabet.

Phonology

Consonant chart

	Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Glottal
Nasal	<m> /m/ מ/ם	<n> /n/ נ/ן
Voiceless Stop	<p> /p/ פּ	<ṭ> /t/ תּ¹		<k> /k/ כּ²		<'> /ʔ/ ע³
Voiced Stop	<b> /b/ בּ	<ḍ> /d/ דּ		<ġ> /g/ גּ
Sibilant Affricate			<ţ> /ʦ/ צ/ץ
Voiceless Sibilant Fricative		<s> /s/ ס		<ş> /ʃ/ ש⁴		<h> /h/ ה⁵
Voiced Sibilant Fricative		<z> /z/ ז
Voiceless Non-sibilant Fricative	<f> /φ/ פ/ף	<t> /θ/ ת		<j> /ç/ כ/ך⁶
Voiced Non-sibilant Fricative	<v> /β/ ב	<d> /ð/ ד		<g> /ɣ/ ג
Approximant	<w> /w/ ו				<y> /j/ י
Trill			<r> /ɾ/ ר
Lateral approximant		<l> /l/ ל

Notes

¹ ט (Tet) /t/ has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by תּ (Taf) /t/.
² ק (Quf) has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by כּ (Ka).
³ The glottal stop (Ayin) <ע> /ʔ/ is used only to separate the same contiguous vowels, e.g., נַ֜עַר, ná'ar, boy, or the glottal stop and a vowel, e.g., סְעׇרַ, së'ora, barley.
⁴ שׂ (Sin) /s/ has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by ס (Sámex). Thus the dot is not needed for Shin.
⁵ ה (He) has been deleted when syllable final.
⁶ ח (Heth) has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by כ (Ka).
Use of the five final forms is optional.
There are no geminate consonants.

Vowel chart

	Front	Near Front	Cental	Back
Close	i /i/~/ɪ/¹ אִ			u /u/ אֻ
Close-mid	e /e/~/ɛ/² אֶ			o אׇ
Mid			ë³ <ə> אְ
Open		a אַ

Notes

¹ The two phonemes are allophonic. /i/ tends to be used in open syllables and /ɪ/ in closed syllables, e.g., גִּבַ giva, hill /giβa/; אִש iš, man /ɪʃ/. However, /i/ is retained in the plural suffix -im /im/.
² The two phonemes are allophonic. /e/ tends to be used in open syllables and /ɛ/ in closed syllables, e.g., מֶ֜לֶכ mélej /melɛç/, king; מֶלכִּם melkim /mɛlkim/, kings.
All vowels are of equal length.

Grammar

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 ==Pronunciation table==
 {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1000px;"
-!<center>a</center>
+!<center>אַ</center>
-!ă
+!בּ
-!b
+!ב
-!v
+!דּ
-!d
+!ד
-!đ
+!אֶ
-!e
+!אְ
-!g
+!גּ
-!ǧ
+!ג
-!h
+!ה
-!i
+!אִ
-!k
+!י
-!x
+!כּ
-!l
+!כ
-!m
+!ל
-!n
+!מ
-!o
+!נ
-!p
+!אָ
-!f
+!פּ
-!r
+!פ
-!s
+!ר
-!ś
+!ס
-!š
+!ש
-!t
+!תּ
-!ŧ
+!ת
-!u
+!אֻ
-!w
+!ו
-!y
+!צ
-!z
+!ז
-!'
+!ע
 |-
-|<center>אַ</center>
+|<center>a</center>
-|אְ
+|b
-|בּ
+|v
-|ב
+|ḋ
-|דּ
+|d
-|ד
+|e
-|אֵ
+|ė
-|גּ
+|ġ
-|ג
+|g
-|ה
+|h
-|אִ
+|i
-|כּ
+|j
-|כ
+|k
-|ל
+|j
-|מ
+|l
-|נ
+|m
-|אָ
+|n
-|פּ
+|o
-|פ
+|p
-|ר
+|f
-|ס
+|r
-|צ
+|s
-|ש
+|ṡ
-|תּ
+|ṭ
-|ת
+|t
-|אֻ
+|ţ
-|ו
+|u
-|י
+|w
-|ז
+|z
-|ע
+|'
 |-
 |/ä/
-|/ə/
 |/b/
-|/v/
+|/β/
 |/d/
 |/ð/
-|/e/
+|/e/~/ɛ/
+|/ə/
 |/g/
 |/ʝ/
 |/h/
-|/i/
+|/i/~/ɪ/
+|/j/
 |/k/
 |/ç/
@@ Line 83: / Line 84: @@
 |/o/
 |/p/
-|/f/
+|/φ/
 |/ɾ/
 |/s/
-|/ʦ/
 |/ʃ/
 |/t/
@@ Line 92: / Line 92: @@
 |/u/
 |/w/
-|/j/
+|/ʦ/
 |/z/
 |/ʔ/
@@ Line 99: / Line 99: @@
 ===Notes===
 *The alphabetic order is a modified Latin order, keeping the  [[Wikipedia:Begadkefat|begadkepat]] consonants (b, d, g, k, p, t) together.
-*The begadkepat consonants [[Wikipedia:Lenition|lenite]] into their corresponding fricatives before a consonant, when they occur between two vowels (דַּבַר, '''davar''', word) (except in some borrowed words, ''e.g.'', '''hurikan''' הֻרִכַּך) or are word final (מֶ֜לֶכ, '''mélex''', king).
+**/d/-/ð/, /t/-/θ/, and /g/-/ʝ/ are differenced with a dot on the voiced consonant, like the Hebrew [[Wikipedia:Dagesh#Dagesh kal|dagesh kal]].
-*The [[Wikipedia:Dagesh|dagesh]] is used to mark the stop consonants.
+**/b/-/β/, /k/-/ç/, and /p/-/φ/ make use of the Latin letters.
+*The begadkepat consonants [[Wikipedia:Lenition|lenite]] into their corresponding fricatives when they follow a vowel, either between two vowels (דַּבַר '''davar''', word) or between a vowel and a consonant (מִדבַּר '''midbar''', desert). This lenition even occurs across word boundaries, ''e.g.'',
+בַּנֻ בַיִת '''banu vayit''', they build a house.
+**This lenition does not occur in some borrowed words, ''e.g.'', '''hurikan''' הֻרִכַּך.
+**The addition of the definite article הַ '''ha''' does not lenite a following consonant.
+*<[[Wikipedia:Ë|ë]]> for /ə/ is borrowed from the Albanian (and other) alphabet.
+*<ţ> for /ʦ/ and <ş> for /ʃ/ are borrowed from the Romanian alphabet.
@@ Line 125: / Line 131: @@
 !Voiceless Stop
 | align=center | <nowiki><p></nowiki>  /p/<br>פּ
-| align=center | <t>  /t/<br>תּ<sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup>
+| align=center | <ṭ>  /t/<br>תּ<sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup>
 | align=center |
 | align=center | <k>  /k/<br>כּ<sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup>
@@ Line 133: / Line 139: @@
 !Voiced Stop
 | align=center | <nowiki><b></nowiki>  /b/<br>בּ
-| align=center | <d>  /d/<br>דּ
+| align=center | <ḍ>  /d/<br>דּ
 | align=center |
-| align=center | <g>  /g/<br>גּ
+| align=center | <ġ>  /g/<br>גּ
 | align=center |
 | align=center |
@@ Line 142: / Line 148: @@
 | align=center |
 | align=center |
-| align=center | <ś>  /ʦ/<br>צ/ץ
+| align=center | <ţ>  /ʦ/<br>צ/ץ
 | align=center |
 | align=center |
@@ Line 151: / Line 157: @@
 | align=center | <nowiki><s></nowiki>  /s/<br>ס
 | align=center |
-| align=center | <š>  /ʃ/<br>ש<sup>{{Color|red|4}}</sup>
+| align=center | <ş>  /ʃ/<br>ש<sup>{{Color|red|4}}</sup>
 | align=center |
 | align=center | <h>  /h/<br>ה<sup>{{Color|red|5}}</sup>
@@ Line 164: / Line 170: @@
 |-
 !Voiceless Non-sibilant Fricative
-| align=center | <f>  /f/<br>פ/ף
+| align=center | <f>  /φ/<br>פ/ף
-| align=center | <ŧ>  /θ/<br>ת
+| align=center | <t>  /θ/<br>ת
 | align=center |
-| align=center | <x>  /ç/<br>כ/ך<sup>{{Color|red|6}}</sup>
+| align=center | <j>  /ç/<br>כ/ך<sup>{{Color|red|6}}</sup>
 | align=center |
 | align=center |
 |-
 !Voiced Non-sibilant Fricative
-| align=center | <v>  /v/<br>ב
+| align=center | <v>  /β/<br>ב
-| align=center | <đ>  /ð/<br>ד
+| align=center | <d>  /ð/<br>ד
 | align=center |
 | align=center | <g>  /ɣ/<br>ג
@@ Line 205: / Line 211: @@
 ====Notes====
-*<sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup> ט ([[Wikipedia:Teth|Tet]]) /t/ has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by ת ([[Wikipedia:Taw|Taf]]) /t/.
+*<sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup> ט ([[Wikipedia:Teth|Tet]]) /t/ has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by תּ ([[Wikipedia:Taw|Taf]]) /t/.
 *<sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup> ק ([[Wikipedia:Qoph|Quf]]) has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by כּ ([[Wikipedia:Ka|Ka]]).
-*<sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup> The glottal stop ([[Wikipedia:Ayin|Ayin]] <ע> /ʔ/ is used only to separate the same contiguous vowels, e.g., נַ֜עַר, '''ná'ar''', boy.
+*<sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup> The glottal stop ([[Wikipedia:Ayin|Ayin]]) <ע> /ʔ/ is used only to separate the same contiguous vowels, ''e.g.'', נַ֜עַר, '''ná'ar''', boy, or the glottal stop and a vowel, ''e.g.'', סְעׇרַ, '''së'ora''', barley.
-*<sup>{{Color|red|4}}</sup> שׂ ([[Wikipedia:Shin (letter)|Sin]]) /s/ has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by ס ([[Wikipedia:Samekh|sámex]]). Thus the dot is not needed for Shin.
+*<sup>{{Color|red|4}}</sup> שׂ ([[Wikipedia:Shin (letter)|Sin]]) /s/ has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by ס ([[Wikipedia:Samekh|Sámex]]). Thus the dot is not needed for Shin.
 *<sup>{{Color|red|5}}</sup> ה ([[Wikipedia:He (letter)|He]]) has been deleted when syllable final.
-*<sup>{{Color|red|6}}</sup> ח ([[Wikipedia:Heth|Heth]]) has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by כ ([[Wikipedia:Ka|Ka]]).
+*<sup>{{Color|red|6}}</sup> ח ([[Wikipedia:Heth|Heth]]) has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by כ (Ka).
 * Use of the five final forms is optional.
 * There are no geminate consonants.
@@ Line 238: / Line 244: @@
 | align=center |
 | align=center |
-| align=center | ă<sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup> <ə><br>אְ
+| align=center | ë<sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup> <ə><br>אְ
 | align=center |
 |-
@@ Line 249: / Line 255: @@
 ====Notes====
-*<sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup> The two phonemes are [[Wikipedia:Allophone|allophonic]]. /i/ tends to be used in open syllables and /ɪ/ in closed syllables.
+*<sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup> The two phonemes are [[Wikipedia:Allophone|allophonic]]. /i/ tends to be used in open syllables and /ɪ/ in closed syllables, ''e.g.'', גִּבַ '''giva''', hill /giβa/; אִש '''iš''', man /ɪʃ/. However, /i/ is retained in the plural suffix '''-im''' /im/.
-*<sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup> The two phonemes are allophonic. /e/ tends to be used in open syllables and /ɛ/ in closed syllables, ''e.g.'', מֶ֜לֶכ, '''mélex''' /melɛç/, king; מֶלכִּם, '''melkim''' /mɛlkim/, kings.
+*<sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup> The two phonemes are allophonic. /e/ tends to be used in open syllables and /ɛ/ in closed syllables, ''e.g.'', מֶ֜לֶכ '''mélej''' /melɛç/, king; מֶלכִּם '''melkim''' /mɛlkim/, kings.
-*<sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup> Influenced by the Romanian [[Wikipedia:Ă|ă]].
 *All vowels are of equal length.
 [[Hudío Grammar|Grammar]]

Hudío Phonology: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 11:23, 14 January 2021

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Pronunciation table

Notes

Phonology

Consonant chart

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Vowel chart

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