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Amal/verbs: Difference between revisions

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= Regular =
= The infinitive =


* '''savek''' - ''to know; understand''
The infinitive is a verbal noun. "to walk, walking" It has no inflection to indicate mood or tense. '''Amal''' has to suffixes to indicate the infinitive, '''-ek''', and '''-ra'''.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:500px; height:200px;"
 
|-
All roots can take the '''-ek''' infinitive, but only '''b, d, g, k, m, p, s, sh,''' and '''t''' can take the '''-ra''' ending. The endings do not typically indicate any notable distinction, but there are instances it can:
!  
 
* '''ishra''' (''ʔiʃ'') - v - be inside, interior
:: '''isha''' (''ʔiʃ'') - n - inside, interior
* '''ishek''' (''ʔiʃ'') - v - drink; imbibe; quaff
:: '''eqish''' (''ʔiʃ'') - n - drink
 
= ayek =
 
* '''ayek''' - to have [more abstract than '''yeshra''']
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 1000px;"
!
! ''past''<br>-esh
! ''present''
! ''obligative''<br>-id
! ''negative''<br>-la
! ''interrogative''<br>-em
! ''tentative''<br>-ur
|-align=center
! 1s<br>-an
| '''ayeshan'''<br>I had
| '''ayan'''<br>I have
| '''ayidan'''<br>I am obliged to have
| '''ayanla'''<br>I do not have
| '''ayeman'''<br>Do I have?
| '''ayuran'''<br>I may have
|-align=center
! 2s<br>-ti / -e
| '''ayeshti'''<br>you had
| '''aye'''<br>you have
| '''ayide'''<br>you are obliged to have
| '''ne aye'''<br>you do not have
| '''ayemti'''<br>Do you have?
| '''ayure'''<br>you may have
|-align=center
! 3s<br>-u / -a / -il
| '''ayeshu'''<br>she/he/it had
| '''ayu'''<br>she/he/it has
| '''ayidu'''<br>she/he/it is obliged to have
| '''ne ayu'''<br>she/he/it does not have
| '''ayemu'''<br>Does she/he/it have?
| '''ayuru'''<br>she/he/it may have
|-align=center
! 1p<br>-uk
| '''ayeshuk'''<br>we had
| '''ayuk'''<br>we have
| '''ayiduk'''<br>we are obliged to have
| '''ayukla'''<br>we do not have
| '''ayemuk'''<br>Do we have?
| '''ayuruk'''<br>we may have
|-align=center
! 2p<br>-ut / -i
| '''ayeshut'''<br>you [all] had
| '''ayut'''<br>you [all] have
| '''ayidi'''<br>you [all] are obliged to have
| '''ayutla'''<br>you [all] do not have
| '''ayemut'''<br>Do you [all] have?
| '''ayurut'''<br>you [all] may have
|-align=center
! 3p<br>-um
| '''ayeshum'''<br>they had
| '''ayum'''<br>they have
| '''ayidum'''<br>they are obliged to have
| '''ayumla'''<br>they do not have
| '''ayemum'''<br>Do they have?
| '''ayurum'''<br>they may have
|}
 
= dara =
 
= hara =
 
* '''hara''' - to be; exist (essentially or identified as) [permanent]
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;"
!
! ''past''
! ''past''
! ''present''
! ''present''
! ''future''
! ''tentative''
! ''perfective''
|-align=center
! ''continuous''
! 1s
|-
| '''heshan'''<br>I was
! ''1sg''
| '''han'''<br>I am
| '''saviyan'''
| '''huran'''<br>I may (be)
| '''savan'''<br>I know
|-align=center
| '''savuyan'''
! 2s
| '''savaran'''<br>I have known
| '''heshti'''<br>you were
| '''savajan'''<br>I am knowing
| '''hati'''<br>you are
|-
| '''hure'''<br>you may be
! ''2sg''
|-align=center
| '''saviyat'''
! 3s
| '''savat'''<br>You know
| '''ilhesh'''<br>she/he/it was
| '''savuyat'''
| '''ilha'''<br>she/he/it is
|
| '''ilhura'''<br>she/he/it may be
|
|-align=center
|-
! 1p
! ''3sg''
| '''heshuk'''<br>we were
| '''saviya'''
| '''haquk'''<br>we are
| '''sava'''<br>S/he knows
| '''huruk'''<br>we may be
| '''savuya'''
|-align=center
|
! 2p
|
| '''heshut'''<br>you [all] were
|-
| '''haqut'''<br>you [all] are
! ''1pl''
| '''hurut'''<br>you [all] may be
| '''saviyuk'''
|-align=center
| '''savuk'''<br>We know
! 3p
| '''savuyuk'''
| '''heshum'''<br>they were
|
| '''haqum'''<br>they are
|
| '''hurum'''<br>they may be
|-
! ''2pl''
| '''saviyut'''
| '''savut'''<br>You (all) know
| '''savuyut'''
|
|
|-
! ''3pl''
| '''saviyum'''
| '''savum'''<br>They know
| '''savuyum'''
|
|
|}
|}


= Irregular =


= niyek =
* '''niyek''' - say; tell; speak; express
* '''niyan''' - <small>speak-1s</small> - I speak
* '''niyeshti''' - <small>speak-PST-2s</small> - You spoke
* '''niyuranu''' - <small>speak-TENT-1s-3s</small> - I may speak to him
* '''niyeshemilu?''' - <small>speak-PST-Q-3s-3s</small> - Did he speak to someone else?
* '''niyeshbe''' - <small>speak-PP-2s</small> - You were spoken to
* '''niye!''' - <small>speak-2s</small> - Speak [to me]!
* '''niyedek''' - <small>speak-CAUS-INF</small> - made to speak
* '''niyesheyu''' - <small>speak-PST-2s-3s</small> - You were speaking to him
* '''niyegukla''' - <small>speak-REFL-3pl-NEG</small> - they are not speaking to each other
* '''niyalabu''' - <small>speak-REP-DUR-3s</small> - he keeps on speaking
= xxx =
* '''xxx''' - xxx


* '''hamak''' - ''to be; exist''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:500px; height:200px;"
!
|-
!  
! ''past''
! ''past''
! ''present''
! ''present''
! ''future''
! ''tentative''
! ''perfective''
|-align=center
! ''continuous''
! 1s
|-
| '''xeshan'''
! ''1sg''
| '''xan'''
| '''hayan'''
| '''xuran'''
| '''hana'''<br>I am
|-align=center
| '''hauan'''
! 2s
| '''haran'''<br>I have been
| '''xeshti'''
| '''hajan'''<br>I am being
| '''xti'''
|-
| '''xure'''
! ''2sg''
|-align=center
| '''hayat'''
! 3s
| '''hata'''<br>You are
| '''xesha'''
| '''hauat'''
| '''xa'''
|
| '''xura'''
|
|-align=center
|-
! 1p
! ''3sg''
| '''xeshuk'''
| '''haya'''
| '''xuk'''
| '''ilha'''<br>S/he is
| '''xuruk'''
| '''haua'''
|-align=center
|
! 2p
|
| '''xeshut'''
|-
| '''xut'''
! ''1pl''
| '''xurut'''
| '''hayuk'''
|-align=center
| '''hanuk'''<br>We are
! 3p
| '''hayunuk'''
| '''xeshum'''
|
| '''xum'''
|
| '''xurum'''
|-
! ''2pl''
| '''hayut'''
| '''hatum'''<br>You (all) are
| '''hayutum'''
|
|
|-
! ''3pl''
| '''hayum'''
| '''umha'''<br>They are
| '''umuha'''
|
|
|}
|}

Latest revision as of 17:47, 2 November 2020

The infinitive

The infinitive is a verbal noun. "to walk, walking" It has no inflection to indicate mood or tense. Amal has to suffixes to indicate the infinitive, -ek, and -ra.

All roots can take the -ek infinitive, but only b, d, g, k, m, p, s, sh, and t can take the -ra ending. The endings do not typically indicate any notable distinction, but there are instances it can:

  • ishra (ʔiʃ) - v - be inside, interior
isha (ʔiʃ) - n - inside, interior
  • ishek (ʔiʃ) - v - drink; imbibe; quaff
eqish (ʔiʃ) - n - drink

ayek

  • ayek - to have [more abstract than yeshra]
past
-esh 		present obligative
-id 		negative
-la 		interrogative
-em 		tentative
-ur
1s
-an 		ayeshan
I had 		ayan
I have 		ayidan
I am obliged to have 		ayanla
I do not have 		ayeman
Do I have? 		ayuran
I may have
2s
-ti / -e 		ayeshti
you had 		aye
you have 		ayide
you are obliged to have 		ne aye
you do not have 		ayemti
Do you have? 		ayure
you may have
3s
-u / -a / -il 		ayeshu
she/he/it had 		ayu
she/he/it has 		ayidu
she/he/it is obliged to have 		ne ayu
she/he/it does not have 		ayemu
Does she/he/it have? 		ayuru
she/he/it may have
1p
-uk 		ayeshuk
we had 		ayuk
we have 		ayiduk
we are obliged to have 		ayukla
we do not have 		ayemuk
Do we have? 		ayuruk
we may have
2p
-ut / -i 		ayeshut
you [all] had 		ayut
you [all] have 		ayidi
you [all] are obliged to have 		ayutla
you [all] do not have 		ayemut
Do you [all] have? 		ayurut
you [all] may have
3p
-um 		ayeshum
they had 		ayum
they have 		ayidum
they are obliged to have 		ayumla
they do not have 		ayemum
Do they have? 		ayurum
they may have

dara

hara

  • hara - to be; exist (essentially or identified as) [permanent]
past present tentative
1s heshan
I was 		han
I am 		huran
I may (be)
2s heshti
you were 		hati
you are 		hure
you may be
3s ilhesh
she/he/it was 		ilha
she/he/it is 		ilhura
she/he/it may be
1p heshuk
we were 		haquk
we are 		huruk
we may be
2p heshut
you [all] were 		haqut
you [all] are 		hurut
you [all] may be
3p heshum
they were 		haqum
they are 		hurum
they may be


niyek

  • niyek - say; tell; speak; express
  • niyan - speak-1s - I speak
  • niyeshti - speak-PST-2s - You spoke
  • niyuranu - speak-TENT-1s-3s - I may speak to him
  • niyeshemilu? - speak-PST-Q-3s-3s - Did he speak to someone else?
  • niyeshbe - speak-PP-2s - You were spoken to
  • niye! - speak-2s - Speak [to me]!
  • niyedek - speak-CAUS-INF - made to speak
  • niyesheyu - speak-PST-2s-3s - You were speaking to him
  • niyegukla - speak-REFL-3pl-NEG - they are not speaking to each other
  • niyalabu - speak-REP-DUR-3s - he keeps on speaking

xxx

  • xxx - xxx
past present tentative
1s xeshan xan xuran
2s xeshti xti xure
3s xesha xa xura
1p xeshuk xuk xuruk
2p xeshut xut xurut
3p xeshum xum xurum
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