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| __NOTOC__ | | __NOTOC__ |
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| | {{wip}} |
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| | THIS SECTION IS CURRENTLY BEING UPDATED TO REFLECT A NEW GRAMMAR. |
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| ''See also:'' [[Kala/lexicon|Kala lexicon]] & [[Kala/affixes/use|Affixes by use]] | | ''See also:'' [[Kala/lexicon|Kala lexicon]] & [[Kala/affixes/use|Affixes by use]] |
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| == pa == | | == pa == |
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| * '''-pa''' marks the [[wp:Natchez_language#Preverbs|Abilitative]] ('''ABIL''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#pa|'''pala''']]
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| :: '''na mokuye<span style="color:red">pa</span>k''' - <small>1s sleep-PST-ABIL-NEG</small> - ''I was unable to sleep.''
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| :: '''nam mue pana ke mauam anya<span style="color:red">pa</span>k''' - <small>1pl without rain O flower-PL see-ABIL-NEG</small> - ''We cannot see the flowers without rain.''
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| * '''-pe''' marks "piece; part of ~" ('''part''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#pa|'''peya''']]
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| :: '''mita ke ina<span style="color:red">pe</span> yatsi''' - <small>dog O food-part chew</small> - ''The dog is chewing the morsel.''
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|
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| * '''-pu''' marks "clothing of/for ~" ('''wear''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#pa|'''puku''']]
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| :: '''naya tayo ke ana<span style="color:red">pu</span> nomo ka''' - <small>wife 2sg.GEN O head-wear like Q</small> - ''Does your wife like hats?''
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| * '''-pua''' marks the [[wp:Perfective_aspect|Perfective]] ('''PFV''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''opua''']]
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| :: '''kam ina<span style="color:red">pua</span>''' - <small>3pl eat-PFV</small> - ''They have eaten.''
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| * '''-pya''' marks the Attemptative ('''ATT''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''upya''']]
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| :: '''neko ke panya mata<span style="color:red">pya</span>''' - <small>cat O mouse kill-ATT</small> - ''The cat is trying to kill the mouse.''
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| :: '''ima ha ina<span style="color:red">pya</span>k''' - <small>now 3s eat-ATT-NEG</small> - ''She hasn't tried to eat yet.''
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| * '''-pye''' marks the Excessive ('''EXC''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ka|'''kupye''']]
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| :: '''itanu taha<span style="color:red">pye</span>''' - <small>PROX-plate big-EXC</small> - ''This plate is too big.''
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| * '''-pyo''' marks "disease (of ~); ill; sick" ('''ill''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#pa|'''pyoki''']]
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| :: '''ha ke tsini<span style="color:red">pyo</span> yoha''' - <small>3sg O sugar-ill have</small> - ''He has diabetes.''
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| * '''-pao''' marks "crooked; warped; unbalanced" ('''warp''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#pa|'''payo''']]
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| :: '''ke mita hayo anya<span style="color:red">pao</span> yoha''' - <small>O dog 3sg.GEN eye-warp have</small> - ''Her dog has a crooked eye (Strabismus).''
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| === mpa === | | === mpa === |
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| * '''-mpa''' marks "many/much~" ('''many''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#mpa|'''mpa''']] (originally from '''-m''' "plural" + '''-ha''' "augmentative")
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| :: '''yemita<span style="color:red">mpa</span>''' - <small>DIST-dog-many</small> - ''Those many dogs (over there).''
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| * '''-mpe''' marks the Limitative ('''LIM''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#mpa|'''mpe''']]
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| :: '''tlana<span style="color:red">mpe</span> kala''' - <small>people-LIM speak</small> - ''Only people speak.''
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|
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| * '''-mpo''' marks "bad; unfavorable; unpleasant" ('''bad''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ma|'''mala''']]
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| :: '''ke naku nayo keha<span style="color:red">mpo</span>''' - <small>O sister 1s.GEN body-bad</small> - ''My sister is infirmed.''
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| * '''-mpu''' marks "~ formed/shaped" ('''shape''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''umpu''']]
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| :: '''na'am ke panu tsaka<span style="color:red">mpu</span> inaye''' - <small>1pl.EXCL O cake house-shape eat-PST</small> - ''We ate a house-shaped cake.''
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| == ta == | | == ta == |
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| * '''-ta''' marks the [[wp:Grammatical_gender|Masculine]] ('''MASC''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#tla|'''tlaka''']]
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| :: '''mo ke uma<span style="color:red">ta</span> hayo ka''' - <small>place O horse-MASC 3s.GEN Q</small> - ''Where's her stallion?''
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| * '''-te''' marks the [[wp:Irrealis_mood#List_of_irrealis_moods|Precative]] ('''PREC''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ta|'''teya''']]
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| :: '''ke asi yeta<span style="color:red">te</span>''' - <small>O salt give-PREC</small> - ''Will you please pass me the salt?''
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| :: '''sima<span style="color:red">te</span>''' - <small>sit-PREC</small> - ''Please, sit.''
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| * '''ti-''' marks a [[wp:Tuple|Multiple]] ('''MUL''')
| | === nta === |
| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ta|'''tiha''']]
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| :: '''<span style="color:red">ti</span>ueta'o''' - <small>MUL-ten-two</small> - ''duodecuple''
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| * '''-to''' marks "manner/method of ~" ('''way''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ta|'''to''']]
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| :: '''yama<span style="color:red">to</span>''' - <small>mountain-way</small> - ''mountaineering''
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| :: '''muhi<span style="color:red">to</span>''' - <small>environment-way</small> - ''environmentalism''
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| * '''-tai''' "so-called" ('''so.called''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''ata''']]
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| :: '''kamahi<span style="color:red">tai</span>''' - <small>village-so.called</small> - ''The so-called village.''
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| ::: <small>indicates that the speaker thinks what he is referencing is not actually represented by the noun</small>
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| === nta ===
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| * '''-nta''' marks "relative; kin" ('''kin''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#na|'''nata''']]
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| :: '''<span style="color:red">nta</span>ku''' - <small>sibling</small> - ''sibling''
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| :: '''<span style="color:red">nta</span>ya''' - <small>kin-marriage</small> - ''spouse''
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| ::: <small>This suffix is also used when gender is neutral, or ambivalent.</small>
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| == ka == | | == ka == |
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| * '''-k''' marks [[wp:Affirmative_and_negative#Simple_negation_of_verbs_and_clauses|Negation]] ('''NEG''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#nka|'''nke''']]
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| :: '''mita ina<span style="color:red">k</span>''' - <small>dog eat-NEG</small> - ''The dog doesn't eat.''
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| :: '''ya sima<span style="color:red">k</span>''' - <small>VOC sit-NEG</small> - ''Don't sit.''
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| ::: <small>This suffix is changes to '''-nke''' when preceding syllable contains /k/. ''See [[Kala/affixes#nka|-nke]]''</small>
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| * '''-ke''' marks the [[wp:Irrealis_mood#Dubitative|Dubitative]] ('''DUB''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ka|'''ketsa''']]
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| :: '''ha tsakahue<span style="color:red">ke</span>''' - <small>3s home-LOC-DUB</small> - ''I guess he is at home.'' <tt>lit: He is at home, supposedly.</tt>
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| :: '''kam inya<span style="color:red">ke</span>''' - <small>3pl hunger-DUB</small> - ''(It's doubtful that) they are hungry.''
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| * '''-ki''' marks the [[wp:Reflexive_verb|Reflexive]] ('''REFL''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ka|'''ki''']]
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| :: '''na ma'a enya anya<span style="color:red">ki</span>''' - <small>1s with mirror see-REFL</small> - ''I look at myself with a mirror.''
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| ::: <small>This can also mark the [[wp:Reflexive_pronoun|pronoun]]. ''See [[Kala/affixes#a|-i]]''</small>
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| * '''ki-''' marks [[wp:Ordinal_number_(linguistics)|Ordinal]] numbers ('''ORD''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#tsa|'''tsuki''']]
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| :: '''<span style="color:red">ki</span>ha'o''' - <small>ORD-three</small> - ''third / 3rd''
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|
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| * '''-ko''' marks an [[wp:Agent_noun|Agent]] noun ('''AG''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ka|'''ko''']]
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| :: '''taue kamyo tiya<span style="color:red">ko</span>''' - <small>cousin.male 3pl.GEN bread-AG</small> - ''Their cousin is a baker.''
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| :: '''ke yama<span style="color:red">ko</span> tipua'u''' - <small>O mountain-AG fall-PFV</small> - ''The mountaineer has fallen.''
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| ::: <small>This suffix is changes to '''-tlo''' when preceding syllable contains /k/. ''See [[Kala/affixes#tla|-tlo]]''</small>
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|
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| * '''-kua''' marks "all of ~; every ~" ('''all''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ka|'''kua''']]
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| :: '''mita<span style="color:red">kua</span> ina ma moku''' - <small>dog-all eat and sleep</small> - ''All dogs eat and sleep.''
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|
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| * '''-kya''' marks the [[wp:Hortative#Cohortative|Hortative]] ('''HORT''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ka|'''kya''']]
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| :: '''ina<span style="color:red">kya</span>''' - <small>eat-HORT</small> - ''Let's eat!''
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|
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| * '''-kyo''' marks "do ~ quickly" ('''quick''') (<small>This is a type of [[wp:Imperative_mood|imperative]].</small>)
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ka|'''kyolo''']]
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| :: '''ua'e<span style="color:red">kyo</span>''' - <small>upward-quick</small> - ''Get up!''
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| :: '''kuama nam ina<span style="color:red">kyo</span>''' - <small>always 1pl eat-quick</small> - ''We always eat quickly.''
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|
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| * '''-kyo''' marks "school of ~" (<small>[[wp:-ism|-ism]]</small>) ('''school''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ha|'''hakyo''']]
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| :: '''tana<span style="color:red">kyo</span>''' - <small>fight-school</small> - ''dojo; martial arts training academy; etc''
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| :: '''kuha<span style="color:red">kyo</span>''' - <small>cook-school</small> - ''culinary-school; chef’s academy''
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| ::: <small>This suffix is used to specify a location where students learn. This can also be used to indicate a school of thought, or ideology.</small>
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| * '''-kan''' marks "chief/leader of ~" ('''chief''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ka|'''kana''']]
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| :: '''ta ke hakyo<span style="color:red">kan</span> unya ka''' - <small>2s O school-chief know Q</small> - ''Do you know the headmaster?''
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| === nka === | | === nka === |
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| * '''-nke''' marks [[wp:Affirmative_and_negative#Simple_negation_of_verbs_and_clauses|Negation]] ('''NEG''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#nka|'''nke''']]
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| :: '''ha aka<span style="color:red">nke</span>''' - <small>3s drive-NEG</small> - ''She doesn't drive.''
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| :: '''ya etla tseka<span style="color:red">nke</span>''' - <small>VOC P.4s pull-NEG</small> - ''Don't pull it.''
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| ::: <small>This suffix is only used when the preceding syllable contains /k/. ''See [[Kala/affixes#ka|-k]]''</small>
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| * '''-nko''' marks the [[wp:Continuous_and_progressive_aspects|Progressive]] ('''PROG/CONT''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#nka|'''nkoso''']]
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| :: '''na ke niye puku<span style="color:red">nko</span>''' - <small>1s O undergarment wear-CONT</small> - ''I am wearing underclothes.''
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|
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| * '''-nku''' marks the [[wp:Reciprocal_pronoun|Reciprocal]] ('''RECP''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''anku''']]
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| :: '''ka<span style="color:red">nku</span> anya''' - <small>3pl.RECP see</small> - ''They see each other.''
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| ::: <small>This suffix is only used with plural pronouns. It corresponds to "each other."</small>
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| == ma == | | == ma == |
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| * '''-m''' marks the [[wp:Plural|Plural]] ('''PL''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ma|'''ma''']]
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| :: '''nam ke mita<span style="color:red">m</span> yoha''' - <small>1pl O dog-PL have</small> - ''We have dogs.''
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| ::: <small>This suffix changes to "'''-lo'''" when the preceding syllable contains a /m/, /mp/, and sometimes a /p/, also, when the word begins with a vowel.</small>
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|
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| * '''-ma''' marks "time for ~" ('''time.for''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''ama''']]
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| :: '''yomatli tsula<span style="color:red">ma</span>''' - <small>tomorrow clebrate-time.for</small> - ''Tomorrow is time for celebration.''
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|
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| * '''-me''' marks the Reversative ('''REV''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ka|'''kume''']]
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| :: '''ha ke nauam tlipi<span style="color:red">me</span> palayek''' - <small>3sg O rope-PL tie-REV be.able-PST-NEG</small> - ''He was unable to untie the ropes.''
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| ::: <small>This could also be '''ha ke nauam tlipi<span style="color:red">me</span>payek'''</small>
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|
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| * '''-mi''' marks the [[wp:Grammatical_number#Paucal|Paucal]] ('''PAU''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ma|'''mi''']] (originally from '''-m''' "plural" + '''-hi''' "diminutive")
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| :: '''yemua mita<span style="color:red">mi</span> moku''' - <small>yonder dog-PAU sleep</small> - ''A few dogs are asleep over there.''
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|
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| * '''-mo''' marks "place/location of/for ~" ('''place''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ma|'''mo''']]
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| :: '''na ke ina<span style="color:red">mo</span> ayek''' - <small>1sg O eat-place past-NEG</small> - ''I've not been to a restaurant.''
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|
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| * '''-mu''' marks the [[wp:Inchoative_aspect|Inchoative]] ('''INCH''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ma|'''mula''']]
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| :: '''nahi yoti<span style="color:red">mu</span>''' - <small>girl play-INCH</small> - ''The girl begins to play.''
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|
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| * '''-mua''' marks "a lack of ~; be without ~" ('''lack''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#pa|'''pamua''']]
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| :: '''intahim ina<span style="color:red">mua</span>''' - <small>PROX-child-PL food-lack</small> - ''These children are without food.''
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|
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| * '''-mue''' marks "man-made; artificail" ('''ART''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''ume''']]
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| :: '''mo ke motsi<span style="color:red">mue</span>lo ka''' - <small>place O bag-ART-PL Q</small> - ''Where are the plastic bags?''
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|
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| * '''-mya''' marks the [[wp:Causative|Causative]] ('''CAUS''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ma|'''muya''']]
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| :: '''tahi kamyo ena eno<span style="color:red">mya</span>''' - <small>son 3pl.GEN P.1s anger-CAUS</small> - ''Their son is annoying me.''
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| * '''-mye''' marks "redo ~; do ~ again" ('''redo''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ma|'''muya''']] + '''-ye'''
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| :: '''ta ke ina kuha<span style="color:red">mye</span> ka''' - <small>2s O food cook-redo Q</small> - ''Are you reheating the food?''
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|
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| * '''-myo''' marks the [[wp:Irrealis_mood#List_of_irrealis_moods|Permissive]] ('''PERM''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ma|'''myonta''']]
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| :: '''ta ke hina sima<span style="color:red">myo</span>k''' - <small>2s O here sit-PERM-NEG</small> - ''You are not allowed to sit here.''
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| == na == | | == na == |
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| * '''-n''' marks Adverb(ial)s ('''ADV''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#na|'''no''']]
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| :: '''tsumu<span style="color:red">n</span> nam yokone''' - <small>caution-ADV 1pl swim-SUG</small> - ''We should swim cautiously.''
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| ::: <small>Kala lacks morphological adverbs, verbs modified with the adverbial ending -'''n''' tend to precede the verb phrase they modify.</small>
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|
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| * '''-na''' marks the [[wp:Grammatical_gender|Feminine]] ('''FEM''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#na|'''naka''']]
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| :: '''mo ke uma<span style="color:red">na</span> hayo ka''' - <small>place O horse-FEM 3s.GEN Q</small> - ''Where's his mare?''
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|
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| * '''-ne''' marks the [[wp:Propositive_mood|Propositive]] ('''PROP''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#na|'''neya''']]
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| :: '''ta moku<span style="color:red">ne</span>''' - <small>2s sleep-PROP</small> - ''You should sleep.''
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|
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| * '''-ni''' marks "fine/pleasant/nice ~" ('''nice''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#na|'''niha''']]
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| :: '''ha ina<span style="color:red">ni</span>myaye''' - <small>3s food-nice-CAUS-PST</small> - ''He made nice food.''
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| :: '''yoma<span style="color:red">ni</span>''' - <small>day-nice</small> - ''Good day.'' / ''Hello.''
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|
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| * '''-nu''' marks [[wp:Evidentiality|Hearsay]] ('''HSY''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''anu''']]
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| :: '''ha ina<span style="color:red">nu</span>''' - <small>3s eat-HSY</small> - ''She eats (I hear).'' / ''(It's said) She is eating.''
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|
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| * '''-nua''' marks the [[wp:Frequentative|Frequentative]] ('''FREQ''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#na|'''nua''']]
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| :: '''tlaka ke apua tlato<span style="color:red">nua</span>''' - <small>man O song recite-FREQ</small> - ''The man recites the song repetitively.''
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|
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| * '''-nai''' marks "~ food" ('''food''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''ina''']]
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| :: '''ke mita<span style="color:red">nai</span> ka''' - <small>O dog-food Q</small> - ''Is there any dog food?''
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| == nya == | | == nya == |
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| * '''-nya''' marks [[wp:Evidentiality|Visual Sensory]] ('''VIS''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''anya''']]
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| :: '''ke kana kupaye<span style="color:red">nya</span>''' - <small>O chief die-PST-VIS</small> - ''The chief died.'' <tt>and I saw it</tt>
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|
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| * '''-nyo''' marks "machine/tool/device for ~" ('''tool''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ma|'''mayo''']]
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| :: '''ke amo<span style="color:red">nyo</span> tanyapua''' - <small>O carry-tool break-PFV</small> - ''The handle has been broken.''
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| :: '''na ke ila<span style="color:red">nyo</span> anya''' - <small>1s O fly-tool see</small> - ''I see the plane.''
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|
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| == sa == | | == sa == |
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| * '''-sa''' marks "room for/of ~" ('''room''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#sa|'''sala''']]
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| :: '''nahi moku<span style="color:red">sa</span>hue hayo''' - <small>girl sleep-room-LOC 3s.GEN</small> - ''The girl is in her bedroom.''
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|
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| * '''-si''' marks "color of ~" ('''color''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#sa|'''sahi''']]
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| :: '''tima<span style="color:red">si</span> ena kyopo''' - <small>blood-color P.1s fright</small> - ''The color of blood (dark red) frightens me.''
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| :: '''ke senu<span style="color:red">si</span> hayo ka''' - <small>O hair-color 3s.GEN Q</small> - ''What color is her hair?''
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|
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|
| * '''-so''' marks "type/kind of ~" ('''type''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#sa|'''so''']]
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| :: '''ke itla mita<span style="color:red">so</span> ka''' - <small>O this dog-type Q</small> - ''What is this breed of dog?''
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|
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| * '''-su''' marks "market/shop of ~" ('''shop''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#sa|'''suku''']]
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| :: '''mo tiya<span style="color:red">su</span> ka''' - <small>place bread-shop Q</small> - ''Where is the bakery?''
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|
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| * '''-sue''' marks the Preparative ('''PREP''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ya|'''yaso''']]
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| :: '''na ina<span style="color:red">sue</span>''' - <small>1s eat-PREP</small> - ''I'm ready to eat.''
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|
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| == ha == | | == ha == |
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| * '''-ha''' marks the [[wp:Augmentative|Augmentative]] ('''AUG''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ta|'''taha''']]
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| :: '''ke tsaka<span style="color:red">ha</span> kamyo nyome''' - <small>O house-AUG 3pl.GEN beige</small> - ''Their mansion is beige.''
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| ::: <small>This suffix is changes to '''-ka''' when preceding syllable contains /h/.</small>
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|
| |
|
| * '''-he''' marks the [[wp:Necessitative_mood|Necessitative]] ('''NEC''')
| |
| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ha|'''heya''']]
| |
| :: '''nahi na'amyo nya mase onyo<span style="color:red">he</span>''' - <small>daughter 1pl.EXCL.GEN for dance learn-NEC</small> - ''Our daughter needs to learn to dance.''
| |
| :: '''ta yala<span style="color:red">he</span>k''' - <small>2s go-NEC-NEG</small> - ''You don't need to go.''
| |
|
| |
| * '''-hi''' marks the [[wp:Diminutive|Diminutive]] ('''DIM''')
| |
| : from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''ahi''']]
| |
| :: '''na mita<span style="color:red">hi</span> anyayek''' - <small>1s dog-DIM see-PST-NEG</small> - ''I did not see the puppy.''
| |
| ::: <small>This suffix is changes to '''-ki''' when preceding syllable contains /h/.</small>
| |
|
| |
| * '''-ho''' marks the [[wp:Assumptive_mood|Assumptive]] ('''ASS''')
| |
| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ta|'''toho''']]
| |
| :: '''naka hina<span style="color:red">ho</span>''' - <small>woman be.here-ASS</small> - ''The woman must be here. (I assume)'' <small>(also used as "assertive")</small>
| |
|
| |
| * '''-hu''' marks an Aggressive or Intensive ('''INT''')
| |
| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ka|'''kyohu''']]
| |
| :: '''ha kapi<span style="color:red">hu</span>''' - <small>3s ugly-INT</small> - ''He's hideous.''
| |
| :: '''mita nayo inya<span style="color:red">hu</span>ye''' - <small>dog 1s.GEN hunger-INT-PST</small> - ''My dog was ravenous.''
| |
|
| |
| * '''-hua''' marks "flower/plant ~" ('''flower''')
| |
| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ma|'''maua''']]
| |
| :: '''ha ke yana<span style="color:red">hua</span>m nomoha''' - <small>3s O yellow-flower like-AUG</small> - ''She really likes daisies.''
| |
|
| |
| * '''-hue''' marks the [[wp:Locative_case|Locative]] ('''LOC''')
| |
| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ha|'''hue''']]
| |
| :: '''naye na tasa ke masa okyo<span style="color:red">hue</span> anyaye''' - <small>while 1s hunt O deer clearing-LOC see-PST</small> - ''While hunting, I saw a deer in a clearing.''
| |
| :: '''takuya nayo tsaka<span style="color:red">hue</span>k''' - <small>brother-in.law 1s.GEN house-LOC-NEG</small> - ''My brother-in-law isn't home.''
| |
|
| |
| * '''-hya''' marks "for/by animal" ('''ANI''')
| |
| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ha|'''haya''']]
| |
| :: '''tsaka<span style="color:red">hya</span>''' - <small>house-ANI</small> - ''An animal pen/enclosure.''
| |
|
| |
| * '''-hye''' marks [[wp:Past_tense|Recent]] past tense ('''REC''') <small>(action just finished)</small>
| |
| : from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''aye''']] + '''-hi'''
| |
| :: '''ota namyo akya<span style="color:red">hye</span>''' - <small>father 1pl.GEN wake-REC</small> - ''Our father just woke.''
| |
|
| |
| * '''-hyo''' marks "juice/liquid of ~" ('''juice''')
| |
| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ha|'''hyota''']]
| |
| :: '''ha poma<span style="color:red">hyo</span> nomo''' - <small>3s apple-juice like</small> - ''She likes apple juice.''
| |
| :: '''ha uaka<span style="color:red">hyo</span> inupak''' - <small>3s cow-juice drink-ABIL-NEG</small> - ''He is lactose intolerant.''
| |
|
| |
|
| == tsa == | | == tsa == |
|
| |
|
| * '''-tsa''' marks "damned/cursed ~" ('''damn''')
| |
| : from [[Kala/lexicon#tsa|'''tsaya''']]
| |
| :: '''na itanti<span style="color:red">tsa</span> nomok''' - <small>1s PROX-truck-damn enjoy-NEG</small> - ''I don't like this damned truck!''
| |
|
| |
| * '''-tse''' marks "appear; seem to ~" ('''seem''')
| |
| : from [[Kala/lexicon#tsa|'''tse'e''']]
| |
| :: '''ta suli<span style="color:red">tse</span>''' - <small>2s tire-seem</small> - ''You seem tired.''
| |
|
| |
| * '''tsi-''' marks "angle; bend" ('''angle''')
| |
| : from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''atsi''']]
| |
| :: '''<span style="color:red">tsi</span>ha'o''' - <small>angle-three</small> - ''triangle''
| |
| :: '''<span style="color:red">tsi</span>ya'o''' - <small>angle-five</small> - ''pentagon''
| |
|
| |
|
| * '''-tsi''' marks [[wp:Evidentiality|Evidential]] ('''EVID''')
| |
| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ka|'''kotsi''']]
| |
| :: '''nahi nya katso ke punka tsame<span style="color:red">tsi</span>''' - <small>girl for meal O fruit gather-EVID</small> - ''The girl is collecting fruit for dinner.''
| |
|
| |
| * '''-tso''' marks "middle; half" ('''half''')
| |
| : from [[Kala/lexicon#tsa|'''tsoya''']]
| |
| :: '''ke kunye<span style="color:red">tso</span> ayaha''' - <small>O moon-half pretty-AUG</small> - ''The half-moon is really pretty.''
| |
|
| |
| * '''-tsu''' marks "flesh; meat of ~" ('''meat''')
| |
| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ka|'''kutsu''']]
| |
| :: '''ha ke mano<span style="color:red">tsu</span> inatli''' - <small>3s O chicken-meat eat-FUT</small> - ''He's gonna eat some chicken.''
| |
|
| |
| * '''-tsua''' marks "almost; nearly" ('''almost''')
| |
| : from [[Kala/lexicon#tsa|'''tsua''']] (sometimes '''tsu'a''')
| |
| :: '''na'am kupaye<span style="color:red">tsua</span>''' - <small>1pl.EXCL die-PST-almmost</small> - ''We almost died.''
| |
|
| |
| * '''-tsue''' marks "~ slowly" ('''slow''')
| |
| : from [[Kala/lexicon#tsa|'''tsipue''']]
| |
| :: '''mita hayo ina<span style="color:red">tsue</span>''' - <small>dog 3s.GEN eat-slow</small> - ''Her dog eats slowly.''
| |
|
| |
|
| == tla == | | == tla == |
|
| |
|
| * '''-tla''' marks "language/talk/lingo of ~" ('''talk''')
| |
| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ka|'''kala''']]
| |
| :: '''ha ke tsaya<span style="color:red">tla</span> unyak''' - <small>3s O curse-talk know-NEG</small> - ''He doesn't understand vulgarities.''
| |
|
| |
|
| * '''-tle''' marks the [[wp:Relative_clause|Relative Clause]] ('''REL''')
| |
| : from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''ele''']]
| |
| :: '''na nahi yala<span style="color:red">tle</span> anyatli''' - <small>1s girl go-REL see-FUT</small> - ''I will see the girl who goes.''
| |
| ::: <small>This suffix is only used when the preceding syllable contains /l/. ''See [[Kala/affixes#la|-le]]''</small>
| |
|
| |
| * '''tli-''' marks the [[wp:Collective_noun|Collective]] ('''COL''')
| |
| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ta|'''tatli''']]
| |
| :: '''<span style="color:red">tli</span>mita malo tala''' - <small>COL-dog brown come</small> - ''A pack of brown dogs is coming.''
| |
|
| |
| * '''-tli''' marks the [[wp:Future_tense|Future Tense]] ('''FUT''')
| |
| : from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''atli''']]
| |
| :: '''naka tahi tlepa<span style="color:red">tli</span>''' - <small>woman boy teach-FUT</small> - ''The woman will teach the boy.''
| |
|
| |
| * '''-tlo''' marks an [[wp:Agent_noun|Agent]] noun ('''AG''')
| |
| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ka|'''ko''']]
| |
| :: '''taku tayo tloka<span style="color:red">tlo</span>''' - <small>brother 2s.GEN lie-AG</small> - ''Your brother is a liar!''
| |
| ::: <small>This suffix is only used when the preceding syllable contains /k/. ''See [[Kala/affixes#ka|-ko]]''</small>
| |
|
| |
| * '''-tlai''' marks the [[wp:Future_tense|Immediate Future]] ('''IMM''')
| |
| : from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''atli''']] and [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''ahi''']]
| |
| :: '''na tlela<span style="color:red">tlai</span>''' - <small>1s bathe-IMM</small> - ''I'll bathe soon.'' <tt>(within the day)</tt>
| |
|
| |
|
| == ua == | | == ua == |
|
| |
|
| * '''-ua''' marks "study of; ~ study" ('''study''')
| |
| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ua|'''kuaha''']]
| |
| :: '''ha ke keha<span style="color:red">ua</span> onyotli''' - <small>3s O body-study learn-FUT</small> - ''He will study biology.''
| |
|
| |
| * '''ua-''' marks the [[wp:Deixis#Place|Medial]] ('''MED''')
| |
| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ua|'''uatla''']]
| |
| :: '''<span style="color:red">ua</span>mita malo''' - <small>MED-dog brown</small> - ''That brown dog (by you).''
| |
|
| |
| * '''-ue''' marks the [[wp:Desiderative_mood|Desiderative]] ('''DES''')
| |
| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ua|'''ueha''']] or [[Kala/lexicon#ua|'''ueyo''']]
| |
| :: '''na ina<span style="color:red">ue</span>''' - <small>1s eat-DES</small> - ''I want to eat.'' / ''I intend to eat.''
| |
| :: '''kamena meha<span style="color:red">ue</span>yek''' - <small>3pl-P.1s hit-DES-PST-NEG</small> - ''They did not intend to hit me.''
| |
|
| |
|
| == la == | | == la == |
|
| |
|
| * '''-la''' marks the Motive ('''MOT''')
| |
| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ya|'''yala''']]
| |
| :: '''nam tahe<span style="color:red">la</span>''' - <small>1pl below-MOT</small> - ''We're descending.''
| |
| :: '''kam ua'e<span style="color:red">la</span>pua''' - <small>3pl above-MOT-PFV</small> - ''They've ascended.''
| |
|
| |
| * '''-la''' marks the Mutative ('''MUT''')
| |
| : from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''ela''']]
| |
| :: '''na inya<span style="color:red">la</span>''' - <small>1s hunger-MUT</small> - ''I'm getting hungry.''
| |
|
| |
|
| * '''-la''' marks the [[wp:Definiteness|Indefinite]] ('''INDEF''')
| |
| : from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''ula''']]
| |
| :: '''ke ko<span style="color:red">la</span> hina ka''' - <small>O AG.INDEF here Q</small> - ''Is someone here?''
| |
| :: '''ke mita<span style="color:red">la</span> hinak''' - <small>O dog-INDEF here-NEG</small> - ''There aren't any dogs here.''
| |
|
| |
| * '''-le''' marks the [[wp:Relative_clause|Relative]] ('''REL''')
| |
| : from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''ele''']]
| |
| :: See [[Kala/affixes#tla|'''-tle''']]
| |
|
| |
| * '''-li''' marks "each; every" ('''each''')
| |
| : from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''oli''']]
| |
| :: '''mita<span style="color:red">li</span> inapua''' - <small>dog-each eat-PFV</small> - ''Each dog has eaten.''
| |
|
| |
| * '''-lo''' marks the [[wp:Grammatical_number|Plural]] ('''PL''')
| |
| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ma|'''ma''']]
| |
| :: See [[Kala/affixes#ma|'''-m''']]
| |
|
| |
|
| == ya == | | == ya == |
|
| |
|
| * '''-ya''' marks "in-law; non-blood relative" ('''in.law''')
| |
| : from [[Kala/lexicon#tla|'''tlaya''']]
| |
| :: '''ha ke naku<span style="color:red">ya</span> nayo''' - <small>3s O sister-in.law 1s.GEN</small> - ''She is my sister-in-law.''
| |
|
| |
|
| * '''-ye''' marks the [[wp:Past_tense|Past Tense]] ('''PST''')
| |
| : from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''aye''']]
| |
| :: '''naka mita anya<span style="color:red">ye</span>''' - <small>woman dog see-PST</small> - ''The woman saw the dog.''
| |
|
| |
| * '''ye-''' marks the [[wp:Deixis#Place|Distal]] ('''DIST''')
| |
| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ya|'''yetla''']]
| |
| :: '''<span style="color:red">ye</span>mitampa''' - <small>DIST-dog-many</small> - ''Those many dogs (over there).''
| |
|
| |
| * '''-yo''' marks the [[wp:Genitive_case|Genitive]] ('''GEN''')
| |
| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ya|'''yoha''']]
| |
| :: '''kanku ke onta na<span style="color:red">yo</span> itsa''' - <small>3pl.RECP O parent 1s.GEN love</small> - ''My parents love each other.''
| |
|
| |
|
| == a == | | == a == |
|
| |
|
| * '''e-''' marks the [[wp:Patient_(grammar)|Patient]] ('''P''') (on pronouns)
| |
| : from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''eke''']]
| |
| :: '''kam<span style="color:red">e</span>ha mataye''' - <small>3pl-P.3s kill-PST</small> - ''They killed him.''
| |
| :: '''<span style="color:red">e</span>ta anya''' - <small>P.2s see</small> - ''You are seen.''
| |
| ::: <small>'''e-''' is also used to mark the passive voice on pronominal constructions.</small>
| |
|
| |
| * '''-i''' marks the [[wp:Reflexive_pronoun|Reflexive]] ('''REFL''')
| |
| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ka|'''ki''']]
| |
| :: '''na'<span style="color:red">i</span> tlelatli''' - <small>1s.REFL bathe-FUT</small> - ''I will bathe myself.''
| |
| :: '''ta'<span style="color:red">i</span> sepanek''' - <small>2s.REFL hurt-PROP-NEG</small> - ''You shouldn't hurt yourself.''
| |
| ::: <small>This can also mark the [[wp:Reflexive_verb|verb]]. ''See [[Kala/affixes#ka|-ki]]''</small>
| |
|
| |
| * '''i-''' marks the [[wp:Deixis#Place|Proximal]] ('''PROX''')
| |
| : from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''itla''']]
| |
| :: '''<span style="color:red">i</span>mitami''' - <small>PROX-dog-PAU</small> - ''These few dogs (by me).''
| |
|
| |
| * '''o-''' marks "honored ~" ('''honor''')
| |
| : from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''o''']]
| |
| :: '''mo <span style="color:red">o</span>tsaka ka''' - <small>place honor-house Q</small> - ''Where is the honored house?''
| |
|
| |
|
| = Notes = | | = Notes = |
|
| |
|
| # The '''-u / u-''' is used to replace redundant syllables. | | # The '''-u / u-''' is used to replace redundant syllables. |
