User:Masako/pataka: Difference between revisions

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||ך
||ך
|-
|-
!'''lam'''||'''mem'''||'''<div dir="ltr">nun</div>'''||'''samka'''||'''eyin'''||'''<div dir="ltr">pe</div>'''||'''tsad<br>not used'''||'''qupa'''||'''ra'''||'''<div dir="ltr">shin</div>'''||'''ta'''
!'''lam'''||'''mem'''||'''<div dir="ltr">nun</div>'''||'''samka'''||'''eyin'''||'''<div dir="ltr">pe</div>'''||'''tsad'''<br>not used||'''qupa'''||'''ra'''||'''<div dir="ltr">shin</div>'''||'''ta'''
|- style="font-size:200%;"
|- style="font-size:200%;"
| rowspan="2"|{{script|Hebr|ל}}
| rowspan="2"|ל
||{{script|Hebr|מ}}
||מ
||{{script|Hebr|נ}}
||נ
| rowspan="2"|{{script|Hebr|ס}}
| rowspan="2"|ס
| rowspan="2"|{{script|Hebr|ע}}
| rowspan="2"|ע
||{{script|Hebr|פ}}
|פ
||{{script|Hebr|צ}}
||צ
| rowspan="2"|{{script|Hebr|ק}}
| rowspan="2"|ק
| rowspan="2"|{{script|Hebr|ר}}
| rowspan="2"|ר
| rowspan="2"|{{script|Hebr|ש}}
| rowspan="2"|ש
| rowspan="2"|{{script|Hebr|ת}}
| rowspan="2"|ת
|- style="font-size:200%;"
|- style="font-size:200%;"
||{{script|Hebr|ם}}
||ם
||{{script|Hebr|ן}}
||ן
||{{script|Hebr|ף}}
||ף
||{{script|Hebr|ץ}}
||ץ
|}
|}
= Verbal Morphology =
The verbal inflection of '''Amal''' is quite simple. There are only two tenses, non-past, and past (present corresponds to the [[wp:Imperfective_aspect|imperfective aspect]], and past tense could also be analyzed as the [[wp:Perfective_aspect|perfective aspect]]), each marked for person and number. There are three aspects (inceptive, repetitive, and durative) as well as various moods and voices that are also marked on the verb (usually between the verb root and the person).
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
! ''form''
! ''suffix''
! ''verb''
! ''IPA''
! ''gloss''
! ''English''
|-align=center
| Infinitive
| '''-ek'''
| '''yemek'''
| /ˈjɛmek/
| <small>eat-INF</small>
| ''to eat''
|-align=center
| Passive Participle
| '''-eshb'''
| '''yemeshbu'''
| /ˈjɛmɛʃbu/
| <small>eat-PPP-3s</small>
| ''It was eaten.''<br>''Eaten''
|-align=center
| Past Tense
| '''-esh'''
| '''yemeshan'''
| /jɛmˈeʃan/
| <small>eat-PST-1s</small>
| ''I ate.''
|-align=center
| Reportative
| '''-un'''
| '''yemunum'''
| /ˈjɛmunum/
| <small>eat-REP-3pl</small>
| ''They are said to be eating.''
|-align=center
| Desiderative
| '''-ash'''
| '''yemashut'''
| /ˈjɛmaʃʊt/
| <small>eat-DES-2pl</small>
| ''You (all) want to eat''
|-align=center
| Indicative
| '''-'''
| '''yeman'''
| /ˈjɛman/
| <small>eat-1s</small>
| ''I eat''
|-align=center
| Interrogative
| '''-em'''
| '''yememti'''
| /ˈjɛmemti/
| <small>eat-Q-2s</small>
| ''Are you eating?''
|-align=center
| Negative
| '''-la'''
| '''yemukla'''
| /ˈjɛmuklɑ/
| <small>eat-1pl-NEG</small>
| ''We do not eat''
|-align=center
| Obligative
| '''-id'''
| '''yemidum'''
| /ˈjɛmidum/
| <small>eat-OBL-3pl</small>
| ''They are obliged to eat.''
|-align=center
| Tentative
| '''-ur'''
| '''yemuru'''
| /ˈjɛmuɾu/
| <small>eat-TENT-3s</small>
| ''She may (be) eat(ing)''
|-align=center
| Durative
| '''-ab'''
| '''yemeshabu'''
| /ˈjɛmeʃabu/
| <small>eat-PST-DUR-3s</small>
| ''He was eating''
|-align=center
| Inceptive
| '''-ud'''
| '''yemudeshuk'''
| /jɛmˈudeʃuk/
| <small>eat-INC-PST-1pl</small>
| ''We began to eat''
|-align=center
| Repetitive
| '''-al'''
| '''yemalu'''
| /ˈjɛmalu/
| <small>eat-REP-3s</small>
| ''She keeps (on) eating''
|-align=center
| Causative
| '''-ed'''
| '''yemedanu'''
| /ˈjɛmedanu/
| <small>eat-CAUS-1s-3s</small>
| ''I feed him.''
|-align=center
| Passive
| '''-eb'''
| '''tawi yemebu'''
| /tawi ˈjɛmedanu/
| <small>chicken eat-PASS-3s</small>
| ''The chicken is eaten.''
|-align=center
| Reflexive
| '''-eg'''
| '''aryegum'''
| /arʲˈegum/
| <small>see_REFL-3pl</small>
| ''They see each other''
|}
=== Tense ===
The only marked tense being the past tense, the suffix '''-esh''' appears between the verb root and the subject-object construction.
=== Mood ===
There is a set of modal suffixes, similar to our auxiliary verbs:
* The tentative -'''ur''' (sometimes called suggestive, future, probable future, or presumptive) indicates that an action is possible or uncertain, or even that it is unsuccessful: '''haleshuru''' ''He tried to walk''
* The desiderative -'''ash''' expresses that the action is desired by someone -- usually the subject ('''halashan''' ''I want to go''), but sometimes the speaker or a third party ('''halashile''' ''it’s desirable that you go'')
=== Aspect ===
There is also a set of aspect suffixes, which give details about the action’s placement in time:
* The inceptive -'''ud''' signals the beginning of an action
* The repetitive -'''al''' indicates that the action was repeated or habitual
* The durative -'''ab''', like our progressive, indicates that the action was or is in progress
=== Voice ===
The various voices are sometimes combined with other verb modifiers.
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* '''tawi yemeshu'''
:: <small>fowl eat-PST-3s</small>
:: ''The chicken ate.'' / ''The chicken has eaten.''
{{col-break}}
* '''tawi yemebu'''
:: <small>fowl eat-PASS-3s</small>
:: ''The chicken is eaten.''
{{col-break}}
* '''tawi yemeshbu'''
:: <small>fowl eat-PPP-3s</small>
:: ''The chicken was eaten.''
{{col-end}}

Revision as of 05:57, 7 May 2019

nahoki


alha
bet
 gamla dal
ha
wa / u
 zin
not used		 heta teta yad / ita kapu
א ב ג ד ה ו ז ח ט י כ
ך
lam mem
nun
 samka eyin
pe
 tsad
not used		 qupa ra
shin
 ta
ל מ נ ס ע פ צ ק ר ש ת
ם ן ף ץ


Verbal Morphology

The verbal inflection of Amal is quite simple. There are only two tenses, non-past, and past (present corresponds to the imperfective aspect, and past tense could also be analyzed as the perfective aspect), each marked for person and number. There are three aspects (inceptive, repetitive, and durative) as well as various moods and voices that are also marked on the verb (usually between the verb root and the person).

form suffix verb IPA gloss English
Infinitive -ek yemek /ˈjɛmek/ eat-INF to eat
Passive Participle -eshb yemeshbu /ˈjɛmɛʃbu/ eat-PPP-3s It was eaten.
Eaten
Past Tense -esh yemeshan /jɛmˈeʃan/ eat-PST-1s I ate.
Reportative -un yemunum /ˈjɛmunum/ eat-REP-3pl They are said to be eating.
Desiderative -ash yemashut /ˈjɛmaʃʊt/ eat-DES-2pl You (all) want to eat
Indicative - yeman /ˈjɛman/ eat-1s I eat
Interrogative -em yememti /ˈjɛmemti/ eat-Q-2s Are you eating?
Negative -la yemukla /ˈjɛmuklɑ/ eat-1pl-NEG We do not eat
Obligative -id yemidum /ˈjɛmidum/ eat-OBL-3pl They are obliged to eat.
Tentative -ur yemuru /ˈjɛmuɾu/ eat-TENT-3s She may (be) eat(ing)
Durative -ab yemeshabu /ˈjɛmeʃabu/ eat-PST-DUR-3s He was eating
Inceptive -ud yemudeshuk /jɛmˈudeʃuk/ eat-INC-PST-1pl We began to eat
Repetitive -al yemalu /ˈjɛmalu/ eat-REP-3s She keeps (on) eating
Causative -ed yemedanu /ˈjɛmedanu/ eat-CAUS-1s-3s I feed him.
Passive -eb tawi yemebu /tawi ˈjɛmedanu/ chicken eat-PASS-3s The chicken is eaten.
Reflexive -eg aryegum /arʲˈegum/ see_REFL-3pl They see each other

Tense

The only marked tense being the past tense, the suffix -esh appears between the verb root and the subject-object construction.

Mood

There is a set of modal suffixes, similar to our auxiliary verbs:

  • The tentative -ur (sometimes called suggestive, future, probable future, or presumptive) indicates that an action is possible or uncertain, or even that it is unsuccessful: haleshuru He tried to walk
  • The desiderative -ash expresses that the action is desired by someone -- usually the subject (halashan I want to go), but sometimes the speaker or a third party (halashile it’s desirable that you go)

Aspect

There is also a set of aspect suffixes, which give details about the action’s placement in time:

  • The inceptive -ud signals the beginning of an action
  • The repetitive -al indicates that the action was repeated or habitual
  • The durative -ab, like our progressive, indicates that the action was or is in progress

Voice

The various voices are sometimes combined with other verb modifiers.

  • tawi yemeshu
fowl eat-PST-3s
The chicken ate. / The chicken has eaten.
  • tawi yemebu
fowl eat-PASS-3s
The chicken is eaten.
  • tawi yemeshbu
fowl eat-PPP-3s
The chicken was eaten.
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