OT2.0: Difference between revisions
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''Iet keten'', this is, this is true, this is so. | ''Iet keten'', this is, this is true, this is so. | ||
The third person ending ''-(e)t'' is silent in spoken Shennian. | |||
''Ten'' in ''ten āyet'' is considered the secondary subject and the real subject is the noun or pronoun that comes after the verb: | |||
''Ten we dunide Yoanah'', it was Yoanah | |||
''Ten we dunide Olka'', it was Olka | |||
''Ten we dunide na arāmban'', it was only the beginning | |||
''Ten we duniden sa sestrega'', they were her sisters | |||
=Conlang Relay Text 19= | =Conlang Relay Text 19= |
Revision as of 01:05, 15 April 2019
An eclectic language created from texts from the Teach Yourself language books, originally produced by the English Universities Press, latterly by Hodder and Stoughton.
The guiding principle was to take foreign language words from the contents pages of each grammar and use them as the basis of an imaginary language. Also used were irregularities affecting verbs and nouns, etc., and descriptions of courtesy language (notably, Japanese, Samoan and Modern Persian).
The language creator is Andrew Smith.
Details of the language speakers and culture are speculative as yet. My working name for the language is Shennian. Shente is the word for 'people, race, gentiles,' and the adjective shenni is derived from that as an ethnonym. The native name of the language is shennya and 'to talk Shennian' is bāhant shennyon, literally talk-language Shennian-thing.'
Clues about the Shennian culture emerge from their vocabulary. Their language has a respect-based hierarchy. Their religious tradition has a sky-father god, Yeuh. They are sabbatarians with ascetic religious leaders - monks, hermits and mendicants. They use words for technology with which we are familiar. Their history includes a period of expansion. Currently they are eclipsed by a global super-culture whom they call the Yimbi.
Pronunciation
Consonants:
labial | dental | alveolar | postalveolar | palatal | velar | glottal | |
unvoicedstops | p | t | k | ||||
voiced stops | b | d | g | ||||
affricates | tʃ | ||||||
unvoiced fricatives | f | s | ʃ | ||||
voiced fricatives | v | h | |||||
nasals | m | n | ŋ | ||||
lateral | l | ||||||
approximant | ɹ | ||||||
semivowels | w | j |
Vowels:
OT2.0 has the vowels /i ɛ a ʉ ɔ ɑ/.
Orthography:
In the latin alphabet:
a b ch d e f g h i k l m n ng o p r s sh t u v w y
In the Kiriva, the Shennian alphabet:
a b g d e dy ā ty y k l m n s o p ch r sh t y
The Kiriva, the writing, is a Semitic-based script, not yet adapted into an available font. Some letters are written with pointing to mark a sound change. The long vowels U, Ō and I are written as abjads either written with pointing over a previous consonant or over a short-A. The short-A is called Aliv. NG is written as Gim marked with a nasal.
The Kiriva has two writing styles. Cursive script is the default script. Square script is used for names and proper nouns. Shennian writing style alternates between both forms. Not knowing where to change into square script appears clumsy and uneducated, over-using square script feels like reading official, formal language.
There Is
Ten āyet, it is, there is a..., there are, that is, which takes a direct object. This may be singular or plural, so ten āyet means 'there is' or 'there are'. It is a common and useful expression, used in making statements, not when an object is pointed out. It is also used in interrogative sentences when it translates 'is there', 'are there'.
Belyet-ten monog a westwi ni kedan rata? Are there many shops on this street?
Belyet-ten maragan pa keten? Is there a market around here?
Ten āyet kudnan maragan ni keye, there is no market in this village.
'There was, there were' is normally Ten we dunide, literally 'there happened'. In 'there will be', ten āyet becomes ten we dunyet, literally 'there will happen'.
Ten we dunide byestan ku Yoanu, There was a party at Yoanah’s house.
Ten we dunide beint ore pena byesta, There were twenty people at the party.
Sok ten we dunyet branion, Tomorrow there will be a meeting.
Ten we dunyet monog e lyudi pena branion, There will be many people at the meeting.
The third person moves to the head of the sentence and has existential force to mean ‘there is, there are’.
Iet udnon puron ni tye bene, there is a city in the mountains.
A belyet payon nisha keten? Is there any blessing beyond this?
Iet keten, this is, this is true, this is so.
The third person ending -(e)t is silent in spoken Shennian.
Ten in ten āyet is considered the secondary subject and the real subject is the noun or pronoun that comes after the verb:
Ten we dunide Yoanah, it was Yoanah
Ten we dunide Olka, it was Olka
Ten we dunide na arāmban, it was only the beginning
Ten we duniden sa sestrega, they were her sisters
Conlang Relay Text 19
Ten ve âte yilí botí nirúmbe benas. Údnon premye habot ve kashte “Gak súda petten âyet nisha bena?”
Tal ve bonte “Na’dâ ve kawiden shame”
Deng a lúka ve'de. Pena kúhya, brekí ve kashten, “Ya botí, na’dâ pochen shodya nisha benan. Na’dâ ve kashoden ye dâya lúb, dok gúya pena Sei ei petten so bina wa nastra, dok kembí ve kawidet.” Botí ve shahente, dok deng a lúka ve shodyete bôt.
Pet poslí kata deng ve plogete lúb a kashte:
“Bodú ve ploget nisha benan, dok bodú ve bint bradí surutí, wôda ría ye aotoka dradra.
Premye habot ve kashte “Magarí kem na’dâ ve gabinten ten.”
Tal ve bonte “Nas shradyega budet sús nipana.”
Nidolgon poslí merega, luk ve dâyet lúb a kashte:
“Bodú ve seft nisha benan, dok bodú ve bint títíg haní, títíg bishí, ye títíg dúdwan.”
Premye habot ve kashte “Na’dâ wolenshim bina ten.”
Tal ve bonte “Nas shradyega budet shaten nipana.”
There were two rocks on the slope of a mountain. Once the first rock said, “I wonder what’s beyond the mountain?”
The other replied, “We shall never know.”
A bird and a mouse was there. On hearing, they said, “O rocks, we can go beyond the mountain. We can go and come again, and tell to you about what we see, and you will know. The rocks agreed, and the bird and the mouse went away.
Soon after a time the bird came back and said:
“I flew beyond the mountain, and I saw wide streams, green brooks and tall trees.”
The first rock said, “I wish we could see that.”
The other replied, “Our hearts will be troubled forever.”
A long time after some days the mouse came back and said:
“I went by foot beyond the mountain, and I saw the same grasses, the same seeds and the same insects.”
The first rock said, “We don’t want to see that.”
The other replied, “Our hearts will be happy forever.”
Commentary
This translation was created from Amanda Babcock Furrow's original text in Merechi for Conlang Relay 19.
Pronouns
Bodú first person singular pronoun, I. Originally deferential, 'your servant', it has replaced the superior status Yao in conversational language. Bodú has no object case and in this text súda of self, is used as a pronoun: gak súda my guess, I wonder.
Na'dâ first person plural inclusive pronoun, we (here), you and I. Nastra of us. Nas our.
Kembí second person pronoun, you. Originally respectful, 'my lord', it is the common form of the second person pronoun. Like bodú kembí has no object case instead the reflexive pronoun Sei, oneself, yourself, is used instead. It can be both singular and plural.
Brekí third person plural pronoun, they.
Ten demonstrative, that, there.
Tal the other.
Títíg definite article, the same.
Petten relative pronoun, what.
Verbs
Ve non-present particle used with past and future verbs. It is not used with the future tense budet will be. This verb is the only exception.
So relative verb particle, that which is. It is inserted between the pronoun and a verb other than 'to be'.
The infinitive ending on verbs is -a or -ya.
Past tense verbs end in -t, except for íde were (at a location), which ends in -d. The first person singular takes no ending, Na'dâ and brekí take the ending -en. Nouns and other pronouns take the ending -e.
Future tense verbs are prefixed with ka-, except budet. Na'dâ takes the ending -en. Nouns take the ending -et. The same endings are used for the present tense verbs.
The conditional uses a past tense verb. It is prefixed with ga-
-Shim not, is a suffix used to negate a verb.
There are two different stems for the verb 'to be (at a location)' âte for inanimate objects and íde for animate objects. The text uses âte for the rocks, and íde for the animals. Used without a subject they translate as 'to be here' or 'to be nearby.' Both are in the past tense. Íde elides its stem after ve.
The text uses two different words for 'to go'. Shodyete means generally 'was going'. Seft means 'went by foot' and refers to a specific action.
Dialogue 1: A Friend Arrives
Host: | Ei chomú-dâ kú druí | There is someone at the door |
Servant: | A ítí ten chomú? | Who is there? |
Friend: | Ei'm | It is I |
Visitor: | A tí ta chomú? | Who is it? |
Host: | Bodú úwedshim | I don't know |
Visitor: | Bodú yir shabinant | I will go see |
Host: | Kodnen dribí. Bodú bâm Shinuwin a yirant | No need, I shall tell Shinuwin to go |
Host: | Shinuwin! | Shinuwin! |
Servant: | Íe! | Yes! |
Host: | Dâdâ! | Come here! |
Servant: | Íe! | Yes! |
Host: | Ei chomú-dâ kú druí. Yirú shabinant kem tí ta chomú. | There is someone at the door. Go and see who it is. |
Servant: | Íe! | Right! |
Servant: | Moikorí ya, a tí kembí kakai sinú? | What is your name, sir? |
Friend: | Moi sinú tí Trushika. A ítí moikorí Kinig kú sebio? | My name is Trushika. Is Mr Kinig at home? |
Servant: | Íe, taní ítí kú sebio. Kulahú pendânt | Yes, he is. Please come in |
Friend: | Âriget | Thank you |
Servant: | Moikorí Trushika ítí dâde | Mr. Trushika has come |
Host: | Kulahú tamum pendânt | Ask him to come in |
Host: | Moikorí Trushika ya, a ítí kembí duen ya? | Hello Mr. Trushika, how are you? |
Friend: | Duen. Moikorí Kinig a meikoren Shiraba ya, a ítí ba sebio duen | Quite well. Are you Mr. Kinig and Mr. Shirab, both well? |
Host and Visitor: | Duen, duen. Kulahú sedantse | Quite well. Please take a seat |
Friend: | Âriget âriget | Thank you, thank you |
Host: | Brobú chân! | Prepare tea! |
Servant: | Kembí dâguôt nena dok bodú dâ | Coming in a moment |
Host: | Kulahú, moikorí Trushika, pihant chân | Take some tea Mr. Trushika |
Friend: | Âriget | Thank you |
Host: | A pohatshim sedantse nidolgon | Can't you stay a little longer? |
Friend: | Gúhú! Ten ítí chomú-dâ so 'pena bodú chekant. Bodú mús tai redir | Sorry! There is someone waiting for me. I must return |
Friend: | Úhim'na mikantie | Don't get up |
Host and Visitor: | Talik e nena dât ishikude! | Where do such words come from! |
All together: | Duabin, duabin | Good-bye, good-bye |
Dialogue 2: The Teacher Arrives
Servant: | Moikorí Kinig ítí dâde | Mr Kinig is here |
Student: | Kulahú tamum pendânt | Ask him in |
Student: | Moikorí Kinig ya, a ítí kembí duen ya | Mr Kinig, are you well? |
Teacher: | Duen. Makorina ya, kembí aft baget alí, kodin? | Well. You have eaten, haven't you, lady? |
Student: | Íe. Kembí aft baget alí, kodin? | Yes. You have eaten, haven't you? |
Teacher: | Belem, yao a'bagetshim or Sonan yao a' | Not yet, I have not eaten or On the contrary, I have |
Teacher and Student: | Kulahú sedantse | Please sit down |
Student: | Kembí tí talik bohoras ristú | You are too polite |
Teacher: | Kulahú. Da tí shawoltaran | Please. It is the way things should be |
Student: | Yako brobú chân kapena moikorí | Could you make tea for the teacher |
Servant: | Íe. Da tí gotúa duen | Yes. It is well ready |
Student: | Kulahú, moikorí, pihant chân | Please, teacher, drink some tea |
Teacher: | Âriget | Thank you |
Student: | Ei nena riaknia lâ, nadastâmshim monion | I don't understand national language very well |
Teacher: | Kuan veandâde kembí kariakkan e bodúta? | When did you arrive in our country? |
Student: | Bodú veandâde na kariakkan a kembí yodin mâwet porom | I arrived in your country only last month |
Teacher: | Kembí dâguôt nena riaknia duen | You speak national language well |
Student: | Kembí tí'na dohantie sudabodú | You flatter me |
Teacher: | Ten tí alidení. Kembí dâguôt sha duen | It is true. You speak very well |
Student: | Nena riaknia tí dakil úwidant, kodin? | National language is easy to learn, isn't it? |
Teacher: | Sha shim odakilion | Not too hard |
Student: | Bodú wol tai úwed nena riaknia duen | I would like to learn national language well |
Teacher: | Yao reb mapena melion úwidant kembí | I will do my best to teach you |
Dialogue 3: Conversation with Teacher
Pupil: | A tí da chet? | What is this |
Teacher: | Da tí yodna knihan | That is a book |
Pupil: | A tí da kakanian knihan? | What (kind of) book is it? |
Teacher: | Da tí yodin nenayon | It is a dictionary |
Pupil: | A nashiwatse ten tuon chet? | What is that (thing) called? |
Teacher: | Da tí yodna tugikan | That is a pencil |
Pupil: | A ve kadachen bodúta chet? | What shall we do? |
Teacher: | Ye bodúta ve kalehen | Let us read |
Pupil: | A ve kalehen bodúta kakanian knihan? | What book shall we read? |
Teacher: | Ye bodúta ve kalehen ten lehayon | Let us read this reader |
Pupil: | Kulahú lehant. Bodú kâ ot | Will you please read. I will listen. |
Teacher: | Da kinan tíhim duon | That is not a very good method |
Pupil: | Dok, kembí lest primon, dua bodú les posli ye kembí, smiet kodin? | Then will you read first and I will read after you. Will that do? |
Teacher: | Smiet. Da kinan tí duen | Yes, that's a very good method |
Pupil: | Kam bodú ve galeste salan, kulahú betant bodú | If I make a mistake in my reading, please tell me |
Teacher: | Shawoltaran | It is my duty |
Pupil: | Nú dua shaleste knihan, ai bodúta kadachen chet satek? | Now that we have finished reading, what else shall we do? |
Teacher: | Bodúta ve kakiriben | We might write |
Pupil: | Duen. Bodú mí suk kiriban | Good. I like writing |
Teacher: | A sapiet kiriban kodin? | Can you write? |
Pupil: | Nam, kin bodú wol tai úwidant | No, but I am willing to learn |
Teacher: | Dok, yao reb mapena melion úwidant kembí | I shall do my best to teach you |
Pupil: | Ei kiriba, ai tí dribí kakaye tua | What do we need for writing? |
Teacher: | Bodúta dribí yodna tugikan, yodin pipas, yodin inon a yodna slina. Dua penglúyen yodne bekken wodata, ya malant inon | We need a pen, a sheet of paper, ink, and an ink slab. Then we must also add a little water to mix the ink. |
Pupil: | Te tua dost o bodú. Dua bodúta kiriben. | I will get these things, then we will write |
Teacher: | Duen. Bodúta kiriben | Good, we will write |
Vocabulary
a | and; accompanitive word, followed by dative case |
a | question marker, comes before a verb |
a' | have, first person singular present auxiliary verb, can be written as a prefix |
aft | have, has, past perfect auxiliary verb |
akuhí | food, eats |
alí | rice, cooked rice, rice as food, collective noun |
alidení | true |
andâde | arrived, past tense and past participle |
âriget | thank you |
aweríon | flying machine |
ba | both, followed by genitive |
baget | ate, past tense and past participle of to eat |
bâha | language |
bâm | command, tell |
bahon | blouse, light clothing worn on the upper body by women |
belem | not yet |
betant | to tell, to inform |
bodú | I, me, my; bodúta, we, us, our, first person egalitarian/inferior pronoun |
bohora | life-force, soul, -s genitive ending |
brannant | be taking, would like (something) |
brobú | brew, imperative |
chân | tea, accusative |
chekant | waiting, verbal noun |
chet | what, interrogative pronoun |
chomú | who, interrogative pronoun |
chomú-dâ | someone, pronoun, dative case, also used as direct object for persons |
da | she, it, pronoun |
dâ | come, first person singular present |
dachant | to do, to make |
dâdâ | come here, imperative |
dâde | come, here, past participle |
dâguôt | say (to me), present verb |
dakil | easy |
dât | come, present tense verb |
dost | is gotten, are gotten, active noun, passive meaning |
dohantie | to praise, flatter, causative verb |
dihí | bananas |
dok | so, then, sequence word |
dribí | need(s), necessary, plural noun |
druí | door(s) |
duabin | good-bye |
duen | good, well, adverb |
dunianin | person, human being, man |
duon | good, adjective |
e | of, accompanitive word, plural |
ei | topic marker, about; there is,'it is, implies something is physically present, followed by dative case |
ga- | conditional prefix on verbs, used with kam |
gandon | wheat |
gotú | ready, a predicate adjective that must agree with its subject |
grushowik | truck, lorry |
gúhú | sorry |
íe | yes, right |
inon | ink, neuter noun |
-ion | very, suffix |
ishikude | from where (within), interrogative adverb |
ítí | 'is, are (at a place), is, are (in a temporary state of), have (perfect verb)' |
ka- | to, for, shortened form of kapena used as a prefix to place words, takes accusative case. |
ka- | future marker, verbal prefix |
kakai | what, which, kakanian feminine accusative, kakaye plural, interrogative adjective |
kalka | girl |
kalketa | girls |
kam | if |
kânt ot | to listen, to hear, to speaker |
kapena, 'pena | for, benefactive |
kei | village |
kem | that, relative pronoun |
kembí | you, polite form |
kin | but, after a negative |
kinan | method, arrangement, abstract noun |
Kinig | proper name |
kiriba | writing, feminine noun |
kiribant | to write |
kniha | book, feminine noun |
kodin | no, not a, negative indefinate article; also used as a question tag at the end of sentences, have, haven't, isn't, kodnen plural form |
kolon | bicycle |
kude | where, to where, from where, whither, whence; implies motion |
kulahú | please; ask someone to, polite form; polite imperative |
kú | at, at home, followed by the genitive case; also verb marker |
kuan | when, question-word |
la | emphatic particle |
lehant | to read, stem les- |
lehayon | reader, neuter noun |
liamant | to love |
liudí | people, persons, human beings, plural of dunianin |
'm | me, enclitic pronoun, implies the speaker has superior status to the person being addressed |
makkina | wheeled vehicle |
makorina | madam, ma'am, missus, lady |
malant | to mix (things) |
mapena | most, used with comparative adjectives and adverbs |
mâwet | moon, month |
meikoren | sir, mister, lord, indirect case |
melion | better, best, adverb |
mí | am, first person singular verb |
mikantie | to accompany, accompanying |
mina | oatmeal |
moi | my, possessive adjective |
moikorí | sir, mister, lord |
monion | very well, greatly |
mús | must |
nadastâm | understand, first person singular verb |
nam | no, exclamation |
nashiwantse | to call (a thing) |
nena | words, language, plural noun |
nenayon | dictionary, neuter noun |
nidolgon | for a time |
nú | now |
o | with, by, instrumental or agentive preposition |
odakil | difficult, hard |
otkai | why |
pachant | to cook |
pachí-pachí | cooked dishes |
padí | rice, rice plant |
pendânt | to go in, to come in, to enter |
penglúyant | to add |
petta | what? |
pohat | can |
pô | port |
pihant | to drink, drinking |
pipas | paper, sheet of paper, count noun |
porom | last |
posli | after, preposition |
primon | first, neuter adjective used as adverb |
ratiotas | soldier |
reb | strive, first person singular present verb |
redir | return |
riakka | kingdom, country, -n accusative ending |
riaknia | national, neuter plural adjective, used as a language name |
ristas | guest; ristú, genitive form, of a guest, guest's |
salan | mistake, noun |
sapiet | know how, can, verb |
satek | other, else |
sebio | oneself, one's own, reflexive pronoun |
sedant | to sit, sitting |
sha | very, too |
shabinant | to see, seeing, take a look, definite verb |
shalehant | to finish reading |
shawoltaran | courtesy, politeness, duty, the way things should be done |
shente | people, a people, folk, members of an ethnic group, plural noun |
Shinuwin | proper name |
shim | not, nothing. Usually suffixed to the verb |
Shirab | proper name |
shúlant | to swell |
sinú | surname, clan, tribe |
slina | slate for preparing ink, feminine noun |
smiet | be allowed, verb |
so | who is |
sonan | on the contrary, but |
súdabodú | myself, me |
suk | liking, adjective |
surushika | pear |
ta | that, he, it, demonstrative pronoun |
tai | desiderative particle, used after auxiliary verb |
takneta | lads |
taknok | child |
tamum | him, polite form |
taní | he, polite form |
talik | such |
ten | there, it, pronoun |
tennam | to have, to hold, to grasp |
tí | is, are |
Trushika | proper name |
tugika | pen, pencil, brush |
tuon | thing, neuter noun, paradigm of thing-nouns, plural tua |
úwed | know, come to know, definite verb |
úwidant | to know, come to know, get to know, teach, learn, verbal noun |
ve | non-present marker |
wodata | water, plural noun |
wimbí | millet |
wolant | to want, to be willing, would like |
wú | where? (location) |
ya | let's, and, with, accompanitive preposition, ye indirect masculine, and plural, yí feminine |
ya | vocative particle, comes after the noun, used as a greeting |
yablok | apple |
yao | I, first person singular pronoun, superior status |
yir | go, first person singular verb |
yirant | to go, going (on foot) |
yirú | go, imperative |
yodin | only, a/an (certain) masculine/neuter indefinite article, yodna feminine singular, yodne plural |
Grammar
Infinitive/Verbal Noun
The infinitive generally ends with -ant. It is alternative uses to being the infinitive form of the verb. The language also uses it as a verbal noun: a word ending in '-ing' or in '-ation'; and as an adjective derived from verbs.
A number of verbs derived from nouns exist only as verbal nouns; as do causative verbs derived from other verbs. In such cases tense and person are described peripherally from the verb. More information will be released as a better understanding on how they work emerges.
Wohant, to be, being
The present tense of 'to be' is as follows:
me mi | I am | meme en | we are |
te si | you (sg) are | tete ti | you (pl) are |
ta ti | he is | ga en (ti) | they are |
The pronouns for 'she' and 'it' are da and ten respectively. If the subject is a plural noun, the verb form is ti rather than en.
In old high literature the forms of the verb for 'we are' and 'they are' are emo and eno. These forms are not used in the spoken language.
The past tense of 'to be' is
me wora | I was | meme woren | we were |
te woret | you (sg) were | tete woret | you (pl) were |
ta woret | he was | ga woren (woret) | they were |
The past tense of 'to be' translates both 'I have been' and 'I was' It can also acts as an auxiliary.
The negative verb marker is a clitic. After a consonant it is shim, after a vowel him. In a subordinate clause it becomes an independent adverb and moves to in front of the verb.
me ve tehim | I was not | meme ve enshim | we were not |
As an independent word shim, shidim means 'nothing'.
The future tense of 'to be' is
me ve bude | I will be | meme ve budun | we will be |
te ve bud | you (sg) will be | tete ve bud | you (pl) will be |
ta ve bud | he will be | ga ve budun (bud) | they will be |
Ve is described as a non-present participle that is placed between the subject and a past or future verb. It is not used with wora, but it is used with bud
The imperative is wohú. This is considered abrupt and only used as a command.
With adjectives mi and wora describes a temporary or accidental situation, and deide mi and deide wora describes a more permanent or general situation.
A'nt, to have, auxiliary verb
A'nt is used to mean 'to have (done something)'. It is not used to mean 'to have, possess or hold'. In this sense the language prefers to use a prepositional phrase.
Present tense:
me a' | I have | meme a'n | we have |
te aft | you (sg.) have | tete aft | you (pl.) have |
ta aft | he has | ga a'n (aft) | they have |
In the old high language the contracted forms insert a -b-: me ab, meme/ga aben, abant. This has dropped out of the modern language.
Past tense:
me ve yed | I had | meme ve yeden | we have |
te ve yed | you (sg.) had | tete ve yed | you (pl.) had |
ta ve yede | he had | ga ve yeden (ve yed) | they had |
A'nt is not used with reflexive verbs or verbs of motion. Instead these verbs use the verbal noun, combined with the forms of wohant to indicate the number and the tense.
Future Auxiliary
The modal auxiliaries kal and wol are used with the verbal noun. Kal, shall, be going to, is ...ing, is used with the first person, and wol, will, be willing, want, like, wish, with the second, although this is not rigid.
me ve kal | I shall | meme ve kalen | we shall |
te ve wolt | you (sg.) will | tete ve wolt | you (pl.) will |
ta ve wolt | he will | ga ve wolen | they will |
If the verbal noun is a verb of motion it can be dropped if the direction is indicated by an adverb or a preposition. The present tense can be used for future action, especially if it is marked by an adverb of time. Dyant or kal/wol dyant, will become, can also replace bud in which case it portends an unchanging state (will always be...). Dyant cannot replace kal/wol aryant, to be (in a place).
Yirant, to go (by foot)
Present tense:
me yire | I go | meme yirun | we go |
te yir | you (sg.) go | tete yir | you (pl.) go |
ta yir | he goes | ga yirun |
The past tense is irregular (there must be a story behind that):
me ve sefa | I went | meme ve seften | we went |
te ve seft | you (sg.) went | tete ve seft | you (pl.) went |
ta ve sefte | he goes | ga ve seften | they went |
Similar to Yirant is the verb yerant, to go (by vehicle), present tense:
me yere | I go | meme yerun | we go |
te yer | you (sg.) go | tete yer | you (pl.) go |
ta yer | he goes | ga yerun | they go |
Yerant uses the same ending in the past tense as in the present:
me ve yerte | I went | meme ve yerten | we went |
te ve yerte | you (sg.) went | tete ve yerte | you (pl.) went |
ta ve yerte | he went | ga ve yerten | they went |
Completed action with these verbs are made by combining the verbal noun with wohant, to be: me mi yirant, I have gone (on foot); ga worun yerant, they had gone (by vehicle).
Kulahant
Literally this is a polite word meaning 'to beg'. The phrase me kulas is used widely to mean 'I beg (you)', 'please' and 'please don't mention it, you are welcome'. With the imperative ending it becomes a polite way of phrasing a command: kulahú yirant, (please) go.