Celestial Laefêvëši pronouns: Difference between revisions

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=== Non-personal adjectival pronouns ===
=== Non-personal adjectival pronouns ===


==== Others ====
==== Other adjectival pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"  
{| class="wikitable"  
! rowspan="2" | !! colspan="4" | Qualitative !! colspan="4" | Relational !! colspan="4" | Possessive !! colspan="4" | Quantitative  
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | !! colspan="3" | Qualitative !! colspan="3" | Relational !! colspan="2" | Possessive !! colspan="2" | Quantitative  
|-
|-
! Full !! Short !! Clitic !! ''English'' !! Full !! Short !! Clitic !! ''English'' !! Full !! Short !! Clitic !! ''English'' !! Full !! Short !! Clitic !! ''English''
! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Full !! Oblique !! Full !! Oblique
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Interrogative
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Interrogative
| vréisi || vréi- || - || ''what kind (of)'' || rowspan="2" | vráili || rowspan="2" | vráe- || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | ''what, which'' || rowspan="2" | lúiri || rowspan="2" | lúu- || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | ''whose'' || rowspan="2"  colspan="2"| þámjē || rowspan="2" | -(n)aþ+GEN || rowspan="2" | ''how much, how many''
| rowspan="2" | vreisi || rowspan="2" | vrei(s)- || rowspan="2" | -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || rowspan="2" | luiri || rowspan="2" | luu(r)- || rowspan="2" | þammisi || rowspan="2" | þammi(s)-
|-
|-
| kréisi || kréi- || - || ''to what extent''
| þammili || colspan="2" | þamme(l)-
|-  
|-  
! rowspan="2" | Relative
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Relative
| rowspan="2" | réisi || rowspan="2" | réi- || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | ''the kind that'' || ráili || ráe- || - || rowspan="2" | ''which, that, who'' || rowspan="2" | lǿiri || rowspan="2" | lǿu- || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | ''whose'' || rowspan="2" colspan="2" | þĕtjē || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | ''as much''
| rowspan="2" | reisi || rowspan="2" colspan="2" | rei(s)- || raili || colspan="2" | rae(l)- || rowspan="2" | løiri || rowspan="2" | løy(r)- || rowspan="2" | þëttisi || rowspan="2" | þëtti(s)-
|-
|-
| colspan="3" | á
| colspan="3" | á
|-
|-
! Unspecified
! colspan="2" | Unspecified
| vréisi || vréi- || - || ''what kind (of)'' || vráili || vráe- || - || ''what, which'' || lúiri || lúu- || - || ''whose'' || colspan="2" | þámjē || - || ''how much, how many''
| vreisi || vrei(s)- || -ér || vraili || vrae(l)- || -ár || luiri || luu(r)- || þammisi || þammi(s)-
|-
|-
! Relative unspecified
! colspan="2" | Relative unspecified
| préisi || préi- || - || ''whatever kind'' || práili || práe- || - || ''whichever'' || plúiri || plúu- || - || ''whosever'' || colspan="2" | ƕĕtjē || - || ''however much''
| preisi || prei(s)- || -ép || praili || prae(l)- || -áp || pluiri || pluu(r)- || ƕëttisi || ƕëtti(s)-
|-
|-
! Indefinite  
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Indefinite  
| tréisi || tréi- || - || ''some kind of'' || nóili || nóe- || - || ''some(one)'' || tréiri || tréu- || - || ''someone's'' || colspan="2" | tǿmjē || - || ''somewhat''
| rowspan="2" | treisi || rowspan="2" | trei(s)- || rowspan="2" | - || noili || noe(l)- || -ón || rowspan="2" | noiri || rowspan="2" | nou(r)- || rowspan="2" | tømmisi || rowspan="2" | tømmi(s)-
|-
|-
! Negative
| vroila || vroe(l)- || -
| skéisi || skéi- || - || ''of no kind'' || sáili || sáe- || - || ''noöne'' || skéiri || skéu- || - || ''noöne's'' || colspan="4" |
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Total
! colspan="2" | Negative
| fréisi || fréi- || -(n)øør<br>''-(n)ǿr'' || ''of every kind'' || rowspan="2" | fáili || rowspan="2" | fáe- || rowspan="2" | -(n)øøf<br>''-(n)ǿf'' || rowspan="2" | ''every(one)'' || fréiri || fréu- || - || ''everyone's'' || colspan="2" | [[Celestial_Laefêvëši_pronouns#Demonstrative_and_summative_pronouns|xôl]] || -(n)ooh<br>''-(n)óh'' || ''all''
| skeisi || skei(s)- || - || saili || sae(l)- || - || sairi || sau(r)- || tohhisi || tohhi(s)-
|-
|-
| méisi || méi- || - || ''of both kinds'' || míiri || míu- || - || ''of both'' || colspan="2" | mí || - || ''both''
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Total
| rowspan="3" | freisi || rowspan="3" | frei(s)- || rowspan="3" | -ǿr || faili || fae(l)- || -ǿf || rowspan="2" | fairi || rowspan="2" | fau(r)- || colspan="2" rowspan="2" | xōl (-óh)
|-
|-
! Manifold
| ēffili || colspan="2" | ēffe(l)-
| lavréisi || lavréi- || - || ''of many kinds'' || lavráili || lavráe- || - || ''many a'' || lalúiri || lalúu- || - || - || colspan="4" |
|-
|-
! Differential
| mjeili || colspan="2" | mjee(l)- || miiri || miu(r)- || colspan="2" | mi
| ljáisi || ljái- || - || ''different'' || láili || láe- || - || ''sbd/sth else, another'' || colspan="4" | || colspan="4" |
|-
|-
! Equal
! colspan="2" | Manifold
| fáisi || fái- || -(n)aaf<br>''-(n)áf'' || ''of the same kind'' || táili || táe- || - || ''the same'' || colspan="4" | || colspan="4" |
| laevreisi || colspan="2" | laevrei(s)- || laevraili || colspan="2" | laevrae(l)- || laeluiri || laeluu(r)- || laeþammisi || laeþammi(s)-
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" | Demonstrative
! colspan="2" | Differential
| šáisi || šái- || - || ''of this kind'' || colspan="2" | [[Celestial_Laefêvëši_pronouns#Demonstrative_and_summative_pronouns|pól]] || -(n)ool<br>''-(n)ól'' || ''this'' || póiri || póu- || - || ''of this'' || rowspan="3" colspan="2" | týmjē || rowspan="3" | - || rowspan="3" | ''this much, this many''
| ljaisi || ljai(s)- || -íl || laili || lae(l)- || -ál || ljairi || ljau(r)- || colspan="2" | –
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | čéisi || rowspan="2" | čéi- || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | ''of that kind'' || colspan="2" | [[Celestial_Laefêvëši_pronouns#Demonstrative_and_summative_pronouns|sól]] || -(n)oos<br>''-(n)ós'' || ''that'' || rowspan="2" | síiri || rowspan="2" | síu- || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | ''of that''
! colspan="2" | Equal
| faisi || fai(s)- || -áf || taili || tae(l)- || -át || tairi || tau(r) || colspan="2" | –
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Celestial_Laefêvëši_pronouns#Demonstrative_and_summative_pronouns|kjál]] || -(n)aak<br>''-(n)ák'' || ''yonder''
! rowspan="3" | Demon-<br>strative !! Proximal
| šaisi || šai(s)- || -áš  || colspan="2" | pol(i)|| -ól || poljiri || polju(r)- || tymmisi || tymmi(s)-
|-
! Medial
| čeisi || čei(s)- || - || colspan="2" | mol(i) || -óm || moljiri || molju(r)- || møttisi || møtti(s)-
|-
! Distal
| kjaisi || kjai(s)-  || - || colspan="2" | kjal || -ák || kjaljiri || kjalju(r)- || kømmisi || kømmi(s)-
|-
|-
|}
|}
The clitic forms are normally pronounced simply as long vowels, even though they are written as two. However, they can also be written as a single vowel with an accute above it - they are pronounced long but unstressed (secondary stress may still apply).


==== Demonstrative and summative pronouns ====
==== Demonstrative and summative pronouns ====

Revision as of 15:37, 26 January 2019

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Celestial Laefêvëši has many types of pronouns.

Substantival pronoun

Personal pronouns

Case Singular
1st person 2nd person 3rd person 4th person
(obviative)
Long Short Clitic Long Short Clitic Long Short Clitic
Nominative ós ó sé é jâ; dô â; ô léis
Genitive vrai va stai sa trai ta lau
Dative vriu vi vl- stiu si st- triu ti tr- leu
Accusative vrei ve vj- stei se sj- trei te tj- lei
Locative vrui vu stui su trui tu lui
Instrumental vroi vo stoi so trói to lou
Case Dual
1st person 2nd person 3rd person
Inclusive Exclusive Inclusive Exclusive
Long Short Long Short
Nominative hat hâ xat xâ tal dal kû
Genitive hrai xirrai čai dilai kjai
Dative hriu xirriu čiu diliu kjiu
Accusative hrei xirrei čei dilei kjei
Locative hrui xirrui čui dilui kjui
Instrumental hroi xirroi čoi diloi kjoi
Case Plural
1st person 2nd person 3rd person
Inclusive Exclusive Inclusive Exclusive Long Short
Nominative njûn njôr pal bal jî
Genitive njai rjai prai birrai jai
Dative njiu rjiu priu birriu jiu ji
Accusative njei rjei prei birrei jei je
Locative njui rjui prui birrui jui
Instrumental njoi rjoi proi birroi joi

Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns

Case Reflexive Reciprocal
Nominative (nî-) (nû-)
Genitive nai nûda
Dative niu nûdi
Accusative nei nûde
Locative nui nûdu
Instrumental noi nûd

Other pronouns

Case Interrogative Relative Relative unspecified Indefinite Negative Unspecified
Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate
Nom. sél séi sól sós sóles sóxes tél téi tól tóh sêl síu
Gen. sái sák sói sók sóies sóges tái ták tói tók sáu sâk
Dat. sán sát sór sót sóres soðes tán tás tór tós sân sât
Acc. séu sét sóu sút sóues súðes téu tés tóu tús sǿn sǿt
Loc. sén sém són sóm sóŋes sôŋes tén tém tón tóm sên sêm
Inst. sín sím sún súm súŋes sûŋes tín tím tún túm sýn sým
Case Total Manifold
la- (many) xa- (many) ta- (few) ja- (rarely)
Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate
Nom. fél féi lás lîn xás xîn tás tîn jás jîn
Gen. fái fâk lái lák xái xák tái ták jái ják
Dat. fân fât lán lár xán xár tán tár ján jár
Acc. féu fét lýn lýs xýn xýs týn týs jýn jýs
Loc. fén fém lén lém xén xém tén tém jén jém
Inst. fîn fím lûn lûm xûn xûm tûn tûm jûn jûm

Combinations

Indefinite-relative

The combined indefinite-relative pronouns are pronouns made from an indefinite and a relative pronoun. Pronouns are inflected by case and therefore cannot be the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. The usual construction is to use two pronouns separated by a comma, thus forming two clauses. With combined indefinite-relative pronouns, it becomes possible to use a single pronoun which is both the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time.

Example:

  • How can you miss something (that) you never had?
  • Váj fíllallén tés, sók énnanaiŋe?
  • Váj fíllallén téssok énnanaiŋe?
Cases Indefinite Relative Indefinite-relative
Nom + Nom téi sós teós
Nom + Gen téi sók teók
Nom + Acc téi sút teút
Acc + Nom tés sós téssos
Acc + Gen tés sók téssok
Acc + Acc tés sút téssut

Personal-summative

This kind of pronouns correspond to English we all, you all, they all pronouns. In contrary to other personal pronouns, personal-summative pronouns do not have a verbal form.

Case Personal-summative (plural)
1st person 2nd person 3rd person 4th person (obviative)
Inclusive Exclusive Inclusive Exclusive
Long Short Prep. Long Short Prep. Long Short Prep. Long Short Prep. Long Short Prep. Long Short Prep.
Nominative skjûn skû skjôr skjô stjál stjâ stál stâ kvôn kvî
Genitive skjái skja skjá- skái ska ská- stjái stja stjá- stái sta stá- kvái kva kvá-
Dative skjéu skjø skjǿ- skéu skø skǿ- stjéu stjø stjǿ- stíu sti stí- kvéu kvø kvǿ-
Accusative skjéi skje skjé- skéi ske ské- stjéi stje stjé- stéi ste sté- kvéi kve kvé-
Locative skjúi skju skjú- skúi sku skú- stjúi stju stjú- stúi stu stú- kvúi kvu kvú-
Instrumental skjói skjo skjó- skói sko skó- stjói stjo stjó- stói sto stó- kvói kvo kvó-

Adjectival pronouns

Personal possessive pronouns

Person Singular Dual Plural
Full Oblique Clitic Full Oblique Clitic Full Oblique Clitic
voc. non-v. voc. non-v. voc. non-v.
1st person Inclusive suiri sou(r)- soj- sjo- hairi hau(r)- haj- hja- njuiri njuu(r)- njyj- njy-
Exclusive xairi xau(r)- xaj- xja- njoiri njou(r)- njoj- njo-
2nd person Inclusive seiri seu(e)- sej- sje- tairi tau(r)- taj- tja- pairi pau(r)- paj- pja-
Exclusive dairi dau(r)- daj- dja- bairi bau(r)- baj- bja-
3rd person jairi jau(r)- naj- nja- koiri kou(r)- koj- kjo- jøiri jøy(r)- njøj- njø-
4th person lîsiri lîsu-/lîsr- lis- – –

Reflexive possessive pronoun

The forms of the reflexive possessive pronoun are:

  • long: nîjiri
  • short: nîu-
  • vocalic: nîj-
  • non-vocalic: njî-

Non-personal adjectival pronouns

Other adjectival pronouns

Qualitative Relational Possessive Quantitative
Full Oblique Clitic Full Oblique Clitic Full Oblique Full Oblique
Interrogative vreisi vrei(s)- -ér vraili vrae(l)- -ár luiri luu(r)- þammisi þammi(s)-
þammili þamme(l)-
Relative reisi rei(s)- raili rae(l)- løiri løy(r)- þëttisi þëtti(s)-
á
Unspecified vreisi vrei(s)- -ér vraili vrae(l)- -ár luiri luu(r)- þammisi þammi(s)-
Relative unspecified preisi prei(s)- -ép praili prae(l)- -áp pluiri pluu(r)- ƕëttisi ƕëtti(s)-
Indefinite treisi trei(s)- - noili noe(l)- -ón noiri nou(r)- tømmisi tømmi(s)-
vroila vroe(l)- -
Negative skeisi skei(s)- - saili sae(l)- - sairi sau(r)- tohhisi tohhi(s)-
Total freisi frei(s)- -ǿr faili fae(l)- -ǿf fairi fau(r)- xōl (-óh)
ēffili ēffe(l)-
mjeili mjee(l)- miiri miu(r)- mi
Manifold laevreisi laevrei(s)- laevraili laevrae(l)- laeluiri laeluu(r)- laeþammisi laeþammi(s)-
Differential ljaisi ljai(s)- -íl laili lae(l)- -ál ljairi ljau(r)- –
Equal faisi fai(s)- -áf taili tae(l)- -át tairi tau(r) –
Demon-
strative		 Proximal šaisi šai(s)- -áš pol(i) -ól poljiri polju(r)- tymmisi tymmi(s)-
Medial čeisi čei(s)- - mol(i) -óm moljiri molju(r)- møttisi møtti(s)-
Distal kjaisi kjai(s)- - kjal -ák kjaljiri kjalju(r)- kømmisi kømmi(s)-

Demonstrative and summative pronouns

Number Case Demonstratives Summative
THIS THAT YONDER
Singular
Nom. pól(i) sól(i) kjál(i) xôl
Gen. pái sái kjáde xái
Dat. píu síu kjádo xíu
Acc. péi séi kjáda xéi
Loc. púi súi kjádi xúi
Inst. pói sói kjádu xói
Dual
Nom. pél(i) sél(i) kján(i) xêl(i)
Gen. piái siái kjánde xiái
Dat. pýe sýe kjándo xýe
Acc. piéi siéi kjánda xiéi
Loc. piúi siúi kjándi xiúi
Inst. piói siói kjándu xiói
Plural
Nom. pál(i) sâl(i) kjân(i) xál(i)
Gen. pâs(i) sât(i) kjâfe xâs(i)
Dat. pît(i) sît(i) kjâfo xît(i)
Acc. pés(i) sét(i) kjâfa xét(i)
Loc. pût(i) sût(i) kjâfi xût(i)
Inst. pós(i) sót(i) kjâfu xós(i)
Clitic forms -(n)ool
-(n)ól		 -(n)oos
-(n)ós		 -(n)aak
-(n)ák		 -(n)ooh
-(n)óh
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