Kandaxangg: Difference between revisions
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{|style="background:#f9f9f9; float: right; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width:30%; font-size:95%" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3 | {|style="background:#f9f9f9; float: right; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width:30%; font-size:95%" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3 | ||
|- style="text-align: center;" | |- style="text-align: center;" | ||
!colspan=2 style="background: #dfdfdf; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; font-size: 110%;"| Kandaxangg | !colspan=2 style="background: #dfdfdf; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; font-size: 110%;"| Kandaxangg (Kandexaungg) | ||
|- | |- | ||
|style="border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%"| Pronounced: ||style="border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%"| [' | |style="border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%"| Pronounced: ||style="border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%"| ['kɑ.ⁿdə.Ɂɑⁿg] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|style="border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%"| Timeline and Universe: ||style="border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%"| Polycosm, Unknown World | |style="border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%"| Timeline and Universe: ||style="border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%"| Polycosm, Unknown World | ||
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|style="border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%"| Species: ||style="border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%"|Humanoid | |style="border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%"| Species: ||style="border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%"|Humanoid | ||
|- | |- | ||
|style="border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%"| Spoken: ||style="border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%"| Nangah-Riki Archipelago | |style="border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%"| Spoken: ||style="border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%"| Nangah-Riki (Nangauh-Ruku) Archipelago | ||
|- | |- | ||
|style="border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%"| Total speakers: ||style="border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%"| | |style="border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%"| Total speakers: ||style="border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%"| 10,000-13,000. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|style="border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%"| Writing system: ||style="border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%"| None | |style="border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%"| Writing system: ||style="border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%"| None | ||
|- | |- | ||
|style="border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%"| Genealogy: ||style="border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%"| | |style="border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%"| Genealogy: ||style="border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%"| Kandaxangg-Pantavaamu Family? | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan=2 style="background: #dfdfdf; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;"| Typology: | !colspan=2 style="background: #dfdfdf; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;"| Typology: | ||
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|style="border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%"| Creator: ||style="border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%"| Linguarum Magister | |style="border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%"| Creator: ||style="border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%"| Linguarum Magister | ||
|- | |- | ||
|style="width: 30%"| Created: ||style="border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%"| Spring, 2016 | |style="width: 30%"| Created: ||style="border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%"| Spring, 2016 (updated Summer 2017) | ||
|} | |} | ||
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=Background= | =Background= | ||
Kandaxangg is the language of the Nggang, the human inhabitants of the Nangah-Riki, the Northern Archipelago, who dwell in villages upon the shores while the fey Nggang-Angik, the Predecessors, live within the mirror-world of the glaciers. Tangg-Nggang ( | Kandaxangg (Kaundexaungg) is the language of the Nggang (Nggaung), the human inhabitants of the Nangah-Riki (Nangauh-Ruku), the Northern Archipelago, who dwell in villages upon the shores while the fey Nggang-Angik (Nggaung-Anguk), the Predecessors, live within the mirror-world of the glaciers. Tangg-Nggang (Tangg-Nggaung) culture is paleolithic, animist, and illiterate. The Nggang hunt seals and sometimes birds (including the ptarmigan, 'kandaxang' (kondaxaung). Despite this nomadic lifestyle, Tangg-Nggang culture is highly unified in worship and ethics, valuing cooperation, honesty, and piety towards the triple goddess Handangangg (Haundengaungg), Iring (Irung), and Xanggah (Xaunggauh). Tangg-Nggang men have a cult of Nggang-Hindangg Handangand (Nggaung-Hundangg Haundengaund), Grandfather Sun, who stays long months in the sky in the summer months, but leaves on a hunting expedition in the winter. Nggang-Hindangg Nandang (Nggaung-Hundangg Nandeng), Grandmother Moon, presides over the cult of women and the left side of the tent. | ||
Kandaxangg is a member of the proposed Kandaxangg-Pantaammu language family with Pantaammu, spoken in the Nampassii islands to the (immediate) south. | |||
A favorite game of the Nggang is Tangahanggang Arangg, or Tangahanggang, a combination of Twenty (in this case fifteen) questions and Bingo. | |||
=Phonology and Orthography= | |||
==Consonants== | |||
In phonotaxis, the consonants are divided into coronal and non-coronal consonants. The non-coronal consonants are further divided into glottal and non-glottal consonants. | |||
There are three voiceless obstruents: coronal, velar, and glottal {{IPA|[t]}} {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|[k]}} {{IPA|/k/}}, and {{IPA|[Ɂ]}} {{IPA|/x/}}. | |||
There are two voiced prenasalized obstruents: coronal and velar {{IPA|[ⁿd]}} {{IPA|/nd/}} and {{IPA|[ⁿg]}} {{IPA|/ngg/}}. | |||
There are two nasals, coronal and velar {{IPA|[n]}} {{IPA|/n/}} and {{IPA|[ŋ]}} {{IPA|/ng/}} | |||
There is one fricative: glottal {{IPA|[h]}} {{IPA|/h/}}. | |||
There is one lateral/rhotic: uvular {{IPA|[ᴚ]}} {{IPA|/r/}}. Whether{{IPA|/r/}} is grouped with non-coronal non-glottal or non-coronal glottal consonants, and therefore whether the vowel is nasalized or not, is a primarily isolect in Kandaxangg. | |||
==Vowels== | |||
In the original anthropological orthography, there are three vowels phonetically but two vowels orthographically. | |||
{{IPA|[i]}} {{IPA|/i/}} is a close unrounded front vowel. It is considerably rarer than {{IPA|/a/}}. | |||
{{IPA|[ɯ]}} is the close unrounded back allophone of {{IPA|[i]}} after a non-coronal consonant. | |||
{{IPA|[ɯⁿ]}} is the close unrounded back nasalized allophone of {{IPA|[i]}} after a glottal consonant. | |||
{{IPA|[ɐ]}} {{IPA|/a/}} is an mid open unrounded vowel. | |||
{{IPA|[ɑ]}} is the mid open unrounded allophone of {{IPA|[ɐ]}} after a non-coronal consonant. | |||
{{IPA|[ɑⁿ]}} is the mid open unrounded allophone of {{IPA|[ɑ]}} after a glottal consonant. | |||
{{IPA|[ə]}} {{IPA|/a/}} is a true mid unrounded vowel, originally epenthetic. | |||
{{IPA|[ʌ]}} is the true mid allophone of {{IPA|[ə]}} after a non-coronal consonant. | |||
{{IPA|[ʌⁿ]}} is the true mid allophone of {{IPA|[ə]}} after a glottal consonant. | |||
==Alternative Orthography== | |||
Although most scholars of Kandaxangg use the orthography detailed above, an alternative orthography (Alternate Vowel Orthography or AVO) exists, based on the desire to more clearly distinguish the non-coronal allophones. In AVO, the non-coronal allophones of {{IPA|/i/}} are written as 'u' and those of {{IPA|/a/}} as 'o', and all allophones of {{IPA|/ə/}} as 'e'. The majority opinion objects to this because the orthographical presence of back vowels implies rounding which is not present in Kandaxangg, to which the minority opinion responds that the two-vowel orthographic system is unnecessarily confusing and does not adequately reflect the surface forms. | |||
Although some scholars still use AVO, BVO is now more common. BVO renders {{IPA|[i]}} as {{IPA|/i/}}, {{IPA|[ɯ]}} (oral and nasal) as {{IPA|/u/}}, {{IPA|[ə]}} as {{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|[ʌ]}} (oral and nasal) as {{IPA|/o/}}, {{IPA|[ɐ]}} as {{IPA|/a/}, and {{IPA|[ɑ]}} (oral and nasal) as {{IPA|/au/} | |||
=Nouns= | =Nouns= | ||
| Line 41: | Line 91: | ||
==Basic Nouns== | ==Basic Nouns== | ||
Kandaxangg lacks grammatical gender, although some nouns have a natural gender. | Kandaxangg lacks grammatical gender, although some nouns have a natural gender. If gender specification is needed, the following nouns are used: | ||
nanggingg man | nanggingg (nanggungg) man | ||
nirangg woman | nirangg (niraungg) woman | ||
xanding stone | xanding (xaunding) a variation on xangganding (xanganding) stone | ||
==Pronouns== | ==Pronouns== | ||
nangg - | There are five basic personal pronouns in Kandaxangg | ||
{|class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Personal Pronouns | |||
! 1st | |||
! 2nd familiar | |||
! 2nd polite | |||
! 3rd | |||
! 4th (Obviative) | |||
! Generic | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
| nangg (nangg) | |||
| hanggang (haunggaung) | |||
| handang (haundang) | |||
| andang (andang) | |||
| ndanga (ndangau) | |||
| nggang (nggaung) | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
4th person is used to differentiate two otherwise identical 3rd person arguments. | |||
=Numbers= | |||
Kandaxangg numbers are quinary. After the initial binary system (the Nggang have no concept of zero), the system operates with a central focus number flanked by two lesser subtractive numbers and two greater additive numbers. It is rare that a Nggang needs to count discrete objects higher than fifteen (15). Scholars of Kandaxangg hypothesize that the proto-Kandaxangg system was ternary, later expanded to quinary by subtraction and to the current system by subtraction and addition. Kandaxangg also possesses a detailed set of measurement words which ameliorates the paucity of the number system. | |||
1 ndang (ndang) | |||
2 kand (kaund) | |||
3 kand kang randax (kaund kaung raundax) | |||
4 ndang kang randax (ndang kaung raundax) | |||
5 randax (raundax) | |||
6 randax tandax ndang (raundax tandax ndang) | |||
7 randax tandax kand (raundax tandax kaund) | |||
8 kand kang nandik (kaund kaung nandik) | |||
9 ndang kang nandik (ndang kaung nandik) | |||
10 nandik (nandik) | |||
11 nandik tandax ndang (nandik tandax ndang) | |||
12 nandik tandax kand (nandik tandax kaund) | |||
13 kand kang arangg (kond kaung araungg) | |||
14 ndang kang arangg (ndang kaung araungg) | |||
15 arangg (arongg) | |||
16 arangg tandax ndang (araungg tandax ndang) | |||
17 arangg tandax kand (arongg tandax kaund) | |||
=Colors= | |||
white - ndarand (ndarautnd) | |||
black - tanggeningga (tanggoninggau) | |||
red - randingg (raundingg) | |||
blue/green - rahand (rauhaund) | |||
= | yellow - ndirand (ndiraund) | ||
=Animals= | |||
cat - harangg (hauraungg) | |||
fox - tandax (tandax) | |||
gnat - nandahax (nandahaux) | |||
mouse - nandah (nandah) | |||
seal - hanggar (haunggaur) | |||
=Birds= | |||
flightless bird - handangand (haundangaund) | |||
flying bird - ndahand (ndahaund) | |||
ptarmigan - kandaxang (kaundexaung) | |||
=Constellations= | |||
Axihangg (Axuhaungg) - The Sea Dragon (Draco) | |||
Hanggar Kand (Haunggaur Kaund)- The Seals (Ursa Major and Minor) | |||
Ndakara (Ndakaura) - The Spear (Orion's Belt) | |||
[[Category: Conlangs]] | [[Category: Conlangs]] | ||
[[Category:A priori conlangs]] | [[Category:A priori conlangs]] | ||
Latest revision as of 11:56, 26 November 2018
| Kandaxangg (Kandexaungg) | |
|---|---|
| Pronounced: | ['kɑ.ⁿdə.Ɂɑⁿg] |
| Timeline and Universe: | Polycosm, Unknown World |
| Species: | Humanoid |
| Spoken: | Nangah-Riki (Nangauh-Ruku) Archipelago |
| Total speakers: | 10,000-13,000. |
| Writing system: | None |
| Genealogy: | Kandaxangg-Pantavaamu Family? |
| Typology: | |
| Morphology: | Isolating |
| Morphosyntax: | Nominative |
| Word order: | SVO |
| Credits | |
| Creator: | Linguarum Magister |
| Created: | Spring, 2016 (updated Summer 2017) |
Background
Kandaxangg (Kaundexaungg) is the language of the Nggang (Nggaung), the human inhabitants of the Nangah-Riki (Nangauh-Ruku), the Northern Archipelago, who dwell in villages upon the shores while the fey Nggang-Angik (Nggaung-Anguk), the Predecessors, live within the mirror-world of the glaciers. Tangg-Nggang (Tangg-Nggaung) culture is paleolithic, animist, and illiterate. The Nggang hunt seals and sometimes birds (including the ptarmigan, 'kandaxang' (kondaxaung). Despite this nomadic lifestyle, Tangg-Nggang culture is highly unified in worship and ethics, valuing cooperation, honesty, and piety towards the triple goddess Handangangg (Haundengaungg), Iring (Irung), and Xanggah (Xaunggauh). Tangg-Nggang men have a cult of Nggang-Hindangg Handangand (Nggaung-Hundangg Haundengaund), Grandfather Sun, who stays long months in the sky in the summer months, but leaves on a hunting expedition in the winter. Nggang-Hindangg Nandang (Nggaung-Hundangg Nandeng), Grandmother Moon, presides over the cult of women and the left side of the tent.
Kandaxangg is a member of the proposed Kandaxangg-Pantaammu language family with Pantaammu, spoken in the Nampassii islands to the (immediate) south.
A favorite game of the Nggang is Tangahanggang Arangg, or Tangahanggang, a combination of Twenty (in this case fifteen) questions and Bingo.
Phonology and Orthography
Consonants
In phonotaxis, the consonants are divided into coronal and non-coronal consonants. The non-coronal consonants are further divided into glottal and non-glottal consonants.
There are three voiceless obstruents: coronal, velar, and glottal [t] /t/, [k] /k/, and [Ɂ] /x/.
There are two voiced prenasalized obstruents: coronal and velar [ⁿd] /nd/ and [ⁿg] /ngg/.
There are two nasals, coronal and velar [n] /n/ and [ŋ] /ng/
There is one fricative: glottal [h] /h/.
There is one lateral/rhotic: uvular [ᴚ] /r/. Whether/r/ is grouped with non-coronal non-glottal or non-coronal glottal consonants, and therefore whether the vowel is nasalized or not, is a primarily isolect in Kandaxangg.
Vowels
In the original anthropological orthography, there are three vowels phonetically but two vowels orthographically.
[i] /i/ is a close unrounded front vowel. It is considerably rarer than /a/.
[ɯ] is the close unrounded back allophone of [i] after a non-coronal consonant.
[ɯⁿ] is the close unrounded back nasalized allophone of [i] after a glottal consonant.
[ɐ] /a/ is an mid open unrounded vowel.
[ɑ] is the mid open unrounded allophone of [ɐ] after a non-coronal consonant.
[ɑⁿ] is the mid open unrounded allophone of [ɑ] after a glottal consonant.
[ə] /a/ is a true mid unrounded vowel, originally epenthetic.
[ʌ] is the true mid allophone of [ə] after a non-coronal consonant.
[ʌⁿ] is the true mid allophone of [ə] after a glottal consonant.
Alternative Orthography
Although most scholars of Kandaxangg use the orthography detailed above, an alternative orthography (Alternate Vowel Orthography or AVO) exists, based on the desire to more clearly distinguish the non-coronal allophones. In AVO, the non-coronal allophones of /i/ are written as 'u' and those of /a/ as 'o', and all allophones of /ə/ as 'e'. The majority opinion objects to this because the orthographical presence of back vowels implies rounding which is not present in Kandaxangg, to which the minority opinion responds that the two-vowel orthographic system is unnecessarily confusing and does not adequately reflect the surface forms.
Although some scholars still use AVO, BVO is now more common. BVO renders [i] as /i/, [ɯ] (oral and nasal) as /u/, [ə] as /e/, [ʌ] (oral and nasal) as /o/, [ɐ] as {{IPA|/a/}, and [ɑ] (oral and nasal) as {{IPA|/au/}
Nouns
Basic Nouns
Kandaxangg lacks grammatical gender, although some nouns have a natural gender. If gender specification is needed, the following nouns are used:
nanggingg (nanggungg) man
nirangg (niraungg) woman
xanding (xaunding) a variation on xangganding (xanganding) stone
Pronouns
There are five basic personal pronouns in Kandaxangg
| Personal Pronouns | 1st | 2nd familiar | 2nd polite | 3rd | 4th (Obviative) | Generic |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nangg (nangg) | hanggang (haunggaung) | handang (haundang) | andang (andang) | ndanga (ndangau) | nggang (nggaung) |
4th person is used to differentiate two otherwise identical 3rd person arguments.
Numbers
Kandaxangg numbers are quinary. After the initial binary system (the Nggang have no concept of zero), the system operates with a central focus number flanked by two lesser subtractive numbers and two greater additive numbers. It is rare that a Nggang needs to count discrete objects higher than fifteen (15). Scholars of Kandaxangg hypothesize that the proto-Kandaxangg system was ternary, later expanded to quinary by subtraction and to the current system by subtraction and addition. Kandaxangg also possesses a detailed set of measurement words which ameliorates the paucity of the number system.
1 ndang (ndang)
2 kand (kaund)
3 kand kang randax (kaund kaung raundax)
4 ndang kang randax (ndang kaung raundax)
5 randax (raundax)
6 randax tandax ndang (raundax tandax ndang)
7 randax tandax kand (raundax tandax kaund)
8 kand kang nandik (kaund kaung nandik)
9 ndang kang nandik (ndang kaung nandik)
10 nandik (nandik)
11 nandik tandax ndang (nandik tandax ndang)
12 nandik tandax kand (nandik tandax kaund)
13 kand kang arangg (kond kaung araungg)
14 ndang kang arangg (ndang kaung araungg)
15 arangg (arongg)
16 arangg tandax ndang (araungg tandax ndang)
17 arangg tandax kand (arongg tandax kaund)
Colors
white - ndarand (ndarautnd)
black - tanggeningga (tanggoninggau)
red - randingg (raundingg)
blue/green - rahand (rauhaund)
yellow - ndirand (ndiraund)
Animals
cat - harangg (hauraungg)
fox - tandax (tandax)
gnat - nandahax (nandahaux)
mouse - nandah (nandah)
seal - hanggar (haunggaur)
Birds
flightless bird - handangand (haundangaund)
flying bird - ndahand (ndahaund)
ptarmigan - kandaxang (kaundexaung)
Constellations
Axihangg (Axuhaungg) - The Sea Dragon (Draco)
Hanggar Kand (Haunggaur Kaund)- The Seals (Ursa Major and Minor)
Ndakara (Ndakaura) - The Spear (Orion's Belt)
