Appendix D: Shemspreg-English Lexicon

The entries have the following structure:

Shemspreg

English gloss

Part of speech

Etymological form

Source (numbers refer to Pokorny 1959; GI is Gamqrelidze and Ivanov's Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans, and IW marks an international word)

A - B - CH - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - R - S - T - U - V - W - Y - Index

A

aamer

day

noun

a:mer-

35

aano

ring, anus

noun

a:no-

47

aazh-

desire, need

verb

a:(i)jʰ-

14

ab

river, current, stream

noun

ab-

1

abalo-no

tree; apple tree

noun

abalo-no-

GI

abel

tree; apple

noun

abel- (2ebo:l)

1

ach

sharp

adjective

ac-

18

achmo

stone

noun

acmo- (2acmo:)

19

ad

at; to, by

preposition

ad-

3

ad

grain

noun

had-

GI

ades

grain; spelt

noun

ades-

3

adro

canal, river

noun

ad-ro-

4

aghuno

lamb

noun

agʰʷ-no-s

9

aich

spear

noun

aic-

15

aidh-

burn, shine

verb

ai-dʰ-

11

aig

tree; oak

noun

aig-

13

aig-

swing

verb

aig-

13

aig- swe

swing (refl)

verb

aig-

13

aighw-

be ashamed

verb

aigʰʷ-

14

aij

goat

noun

aij- (2eij-)

13

ais-

wish

verb

ais-

16

aisk

clear, bright, shining

adjective

aisk-

16

aj-

drive (livestock)

verb

aj- (2ej-)

4

aj-

lead

verb

aj- (2ej-)

4

ajro

pasture; unworked field for grazing

noun

aj-ro-s (2ejros)

6

aks

axle

noun

2ecs

6

akwa

river

noun

akʷa:-

23

akwa

water

noun

akʷa:-

23

al

white, glinting

adjective

al-

29

alghu/w-

value

noun

algʰʷ-

32

alghw-

earn

verb

algʰʷ-

32

alisa

tree; alder

noun

alisa:

302

alnos

all

quantifier

al-no-s

24

alu

bitter

adjective

alu-

33

alvi

grain; barley

noun

albʰi-

29

alvo

white, light colored

adjective

albʰo-

30

alyo

other

adjective

alyos-

25

am

time of ripening; harvest time

noun

ham-

GI

am-

harvest

verb

ham-

GI

ambi

around

preposition

ambʰi

34

an

grandmother

noun

han-

GI

an

on

preposition

an

39

an-

breathe, inhale

verb

an(h)-

38

anat

bird; duck

noun

anht- (an2t-s)

41

anata

doorpost

noun

anhta: (2(e)n2t)

42

aner

man

noun

aner- (2ne:r)

765

aner

masculine life force, male strength; maturity

noun

Hner-(t)-

GI

ang

joint

noun

ang-

46

angwi

snake, viper

noun

ang(ʰ)ʷi-

43

ani

breath

noun

anh-

GI

animo

breath

noun

anh- (2an1mo-s)

38

anj

narrow

adjective

anjʰ-

42

anj-

strangle

verb

anjʰ- (2anjʰ-)

42

anjen

soul, breath

noun

anjʰen-

43

anju

narrow

adjective

hanjʰ-u-

GI

ank

hook

noun

hankʰ-

GI

ank-

bend

verb

ank-

45

ans

favorable

adjective

ans-

47

ansu

ghost, demon

noun

ansu-

48

ant

front, forehead

noun

ant-s

48

anti

against

preposition

anti

48

ap-

grasp; pluck, pick

verb

ap-

50

apo

from, as of

preposition

apo

53

ar

also

clitic

ar

62

ar

tree; nut

noun

ar-

61

ar-

fit, correspond, unite

verb

ar- (2ar-)

55

ar-

work land, plow

verb

har-

GI

ardi

tip, point

noun

ardi-

63

arimo

arm

noun

arh-mo-

58

arj

white, glinting

adjective

ar(e)-j- (2erj-)

64

arjint

metal; silver

noun

ar(e)-j- (2erj-nt-)

64

aru-

plow

verb

ar(h)- (2er3-)

62

aru-tro

plow

noun

arh-trom (2er3-trom)

62

aru/w-

field

noun

ar(h)w- (2er3-)

63

aru/w-

freeman

noun

arw-

GI

arw-

pray, offer prayer

verb

arw-

GI

arwa

guts

noun

arwa:

68

aryo

lord, master, host

noun

ar(y)o-

GI

as

hearth

noun

has-

GI

aster

star

noun

haster-

GI

au

away from

preposition

au-

72

au-

perceive

verb

au-

78

aug-

increase

verb

aug-

84

aukh

neck

noun

augʰ-

87

aulo

tube

noun

au-lo-s

88

aus

dawn

noun

(a)us-o:s (2uso:s)

86

aus

ear

noun

o:us- (2awsos)

785

aus

east

noun

(a)us-o:s (2uso:s)

86

aus-

create

verb

aus-

90

aus-aano

earring

noun

auso

metal; gold

noun

auso-

86

av

sudden

adjective

abʰ-

2

avro

strong, violent

adjective

abʰro-

2

awe

bird

noun

awei- (2awi-s-)

86

awij

grain; oats

noun

awij-

88

awo

grandfather

noun

awo-s (2eu2os)

89

ayer

day

noun

aier-

12

ayos

metal

noun

ayos- (2eios)

15

ayos

metal; bronze, iron

noun

ayos

15

ayu

life; youthful life force; eternity; lifespan

noun

ayu-

17

ayu-wo

alive, vigorous

adjective

ayu-

17

azher

day

noun

ajʰer-

7

B

banan(a)

banana

noun

origin unknown

IW

C

cha

there

adverb

co-

609

chak

branch, pole, stake

noun

cak-

GI

chas

grey

adjective

cas-

533

chasno

hare

noun

cas-no- (chs)

533

chatro

fight

noun

cat(e)ro-

534

che

here

adverb

ce-

609

che-chuk-ent

clean

adjective

ceuk-

GI

cheeko

grass, fodder

noun

ceeko-

GI

chel

cold

adjective

cel-

551

chenk-

hang

verb

cenk-

566

chens-

solemnly proclaim, prescribe, announce

verb

cens-

GI

cher-wo

bull, ox (originally ʰhorned’)

noun

ce/or-w-

GI

cherd

heart

noun

cerd-

579

cherisir/n-

head

noun

c(e)rHs-r/n-

GI

ches-

cut

verb

ces-

586

chestro

knife

noun

ces-tro-m

586

cheu

hollow

adjective

ceu-

592

cheuk-

clean

verb

ceuk-

GI

chimtom

100

numeral

cMtóm

192

chirn

horn

noun

cer- (cRn-)

574

chirsen

hornet (horned insect)

noun

cRs-en-

GI

chleu-

hear

verb

cleu-

605

chlewo

glory

noun

clewo-

GI

cho

yonder

adverb

co-

609

cholimo

pipe, tube

noun

colhmo-s

612

chyee

dark brown; dark

adjective

cye:-

GI

D

daap

ritual food offered to the gods

noun

dahp-

GI

dachru

tear(s)

noun

dacru-

179

dai-

tear up

verb

da:i- (da2i-)

175

daiwer

brother-in-law (husband’s brother)

noun

da:iwe:r (day2we:r)

179

de

of

preposition

de

181

dechim

10

numeral

decM-t

191

dechim-oyno

11

numeral

deech

design, predestination, indication, direction, law

noun

deic-

GI

deech-

show

verb

deic-

188

deechtro

finger

noun

deic-

188

dei-

shine

verb

dei-

GI

deks

rightside

adjective

decs-

190

del-

count

verb

del-

193

dem-

build

verb

dem-

198

demi-

tame

verb

demh-

GI

dench-

bite

verb

denc-

201

dens

thick

adjective

dens-

202

der-

remove skin, bark; flay

verb

der-

206

derch-

see

verb

derc-

213

deru

tree

noun

deru-

214

deu-

fit

verb

deu- (dew2-)

217

deuk-

pull; lead

verb

deuk-

220

dewos

god

noun

deiwo-s

185

deyeu

sky, heaven

noun

deyeu- (dye:w-s)

184

dezhom

dirt

noun

jʰdʰem- (dejʰo:m)

414

dezhom

earth, ground

noun

jʰdʰem- (dejʰo:m)

414

dikh

goat

noun

digʰ-

GI

dilgho

long (duration)

adjective

dLgʰó- (dL1gʰo-s)

197

dinju

language

noun

dNjʰu:- (dNjʰwa2-s)

223

dinju

tongue

noun

dNjʰu:- (dNjʰwa2-s)

223

diw

day

noun

diw-

185

diw-u

daily

adjective

diw-

185

diw-u-ne

daily

adverb

diw-

185

domo

house, building

noun

do:mo- (domhos)

198

domo

tame

adjective

domo-s (dom2o-s)

199

dont

tooth

noun

(e)d-ont-

289

doo-

give (take)

verb

do:- (de3-)

223

draa-

run

verb

dra:- (dra2-)

204

dru

wood (oak)

noun

d(o)ru-

GI

dus

bad, wrong; mistaken

adjective

dus-

GI

dwei-

fear

verb

dwei-

227

dwo

2

numeral

dwo: (duo-1)

228

dwo-pel

double

verb

dwo:

228

dwoo-dechim

20

numeral

dyeu

sky; god (esp sky or sun god)

noun

dyeu- ~ diw- ~ deiwo-

GI

dyeus-pater

sky-father; supreme deity

noun

dyeu(s)-pHter-

GI

E

echwo

horse

noun

ecwo-s (1ecuos)

301

ed-

eat

verb

ed- (1ed-)

287

edhlo

tree: conifer

noun

edʰlo-

GI

eek-

own

verb

e:ik-

298

ees

ice

noun

ei-s-

301

eesiro

endowed with sacred power; sacred

adjective

eishro-

GI

egni

fire (as an active force)

noun

egnis (Ngni-)

293

egwer

mountain; peak

noun

hegʷr- ~ hgʷe/or- ~ hgʷr

GI

ei-

go

verb

ei- (1ei-)

293

ej

1s(s)

pronoun

ej- (ej2)

291

ekhs

out

preposition

egʰs

292

ekw-

drink

verb

ekʷ-

GI

el-

bend

verb

el-

307

elch

elk

noun

(e)l-c-

GI

elen

fawn

noun

el-en- ~ el-N-

GI

elinbo

doe

noun

el-N-bʰo-s

GI

elun

tree; juniper

noun

el-en- (el-w-n)

303

em-

take

verb

1em- (1em-)

310

en

in

preposition

en

311

en

year

noun

en-

314

ench

death, plague, fate, compulsion

noun

henc- ~ hnec-

GI

ensi

sword

noun

Nsi- ~ ensi-

GI

enter

between

preposition

enter

313

enu

without

preposition

enu

318

epi

beside, by

preposition

epi

323

er-

row

verb

er(e)- (1er1-)

338

er-

start

verb

er-

326

eri

lamb, ram

noun

er(i)-

GI

ers

buttocks

noun

ers-

340

es-

be

verb

es-

340

esen

harvest time; summer

noun

(e)s-en-

GI

esir/n-

blood

noun

es-R/n- (es2-R)

343

esu

good

adjective

esu-s

342

eth

needle

noun

edʰ

GI

eti

beyond

preposition

eti

344

eu-

put on, pull on

verb

eu-

GI

euk-

get used to

verb

euk-

347

eus-

burn, glow; cremate

verb

eus-

GI

euth

udder

noun

eudʰ

GI

ezhi

hedgehog

noun

ejʰi-

292

ezhi

snake

noun

ejʰi-

43

F

faa-

glint, shine

verb

bʰa:-

104

faaghu

forearm

noun

bʰa:gʰú-s

108

faago

tree; beech

noun

bʰa:go-s

107

faazhu

elbow; forearm

noun

bʰaajʰu-

GI

fad

good

adjective

bʰad-

106

fag-

share

verb

bʰag-

107

fago

share, part

noun

bʰago-s

107

fardha

beard

noun

bʰardʰa:

110

fares

grain; barley

noun

bʰares-

111

fau-

beat

verb

bʰau-

112

fe

without

preposition

b(ʰ)e

112

fedh-

dig

verb

bʰe/odʰ-

GI

fee

bee

noun

bʰei-

116

feg-

break

verb

bʰeg-

114

fegh-

quarrel

verb

bʰegʰ-

GI

fei-

hit

verb

bʰei(h)-

117

fend-

tie

verb

bʰendʰ-

127

fer-

bring; carry

verb

bʰer-

128

fer-

work with a sharp tool

verb

bʰer-

GI

ferij

tree; birch

noun

bʰerhj-

139

ferij-

shine, be bright

verb

bʰerhj-

GI

fero

brown

adjective

bʰero-s

136

fersh

fortress, fortification; high mountain

noun

bʰ(e)rjʰ-

GI

fersh

high, top

noun

bʰerjʰ-

GI

fersh

mountain

noun

bʰerjʰos

140

fersh

tower

noun

bʰ(e)rjʰ-

GI

ferzh-

rise, stand up, get up

verb

bʰerjʰ-

GI

feu-

be, exist, become (inanimate)

verb

bʰeu-

146

feudh-

awaken

verb

bʰeudʰ-

GI

feug-

bend

verb

bʰeug-

152

finj-u

thick, solid

adjective

bʰNjʰu-s

127

fiver

beaver

noun

bʰibʰer ~ bʰebʰer

GI

flaagh-men

priest (?)

noun

bʰlaagʰ-men

GI

flaj-

beat

verb

bʰlaj-

154

flee-wo

blue

adjective

bʰle:-wo-s

160

floo

plant

noun

bʰel- ~ bʰloh- ~ bʰlH

GI

fo

if

conjunction

bʰo

113

fog-

bake

verb

bʰog-

113

fog-achmo

brick

noun

fraater

brother

noun

bʰra:ter- (bʰré2t(e:)r)

163

fred-

wade

verb

bʰred(ʰ)-

164

freej

white, glinting

adjective

bʰre:j-

139

freu-

brew, ferment

verb

bʰrew-

145

fruj-

roast

verb

bʰrej- ~ bʰruj-

GI

fruu

eyebrow(s)

noun

bʰruh-

GI

fujo

goat

noun

bʰujo-

GI

G

gadu

cat

noun

gad-u-

GI

gem

load

noun

gem-

368

gem-

stuff

verb

gem-

368

gemo

twin

noun

gemo

GI

ger-

crow, make noise

verb

ger-

GI

geu-

chew

verb

g(y)eu-

400

glakt

milk

noun

glakt

400

glob-u

round

adjective

glob

AHD

gnoo-

know

verb

gnoo-

AHD

gref

crab

noun

grebʰ-

GI

grev-

etch, scratch, write

verb

grebʰ-

392

grev-

scratch, scrape, draw

verb

(s)grebʰ-

GI

groof

tree; hornbeam

noun

gro:b(ʰ)o-s

404

gurau

millstone

noun

gʷraau-

GI

gwaa-

step

verb

gʷa:- (gʷa2-)

463

gwee

all living things

noun

gʷey-

467

gwei-

live

verb

gʷey-

467

gwela

acorn

noun

gʷla:- (gʷelh)

472

gwelf

womb; fetus, young animal

noun

gʷelbʰ-

GI

gwem-

come

verb

gʷem-

463

gwena

woman; wife

noun

gʷena:-

473

gwer

heat, warmth

noun

gʰʷer-

GI

gwer

heavy

adjective

gʷer-

476

gwer-

swallow

verb

gʷer- (gʷer3-)

474

gweru

heavy

adjective

gʷ(e)r-u-

GI

gwes-

extinguish

verb

gʷes-

479

gwey-ent

alive, living

adjective

gʷey-

467

gwi-wo

alive, having life

adjective

gʷiwo-s

467

gwolgwol

musical instrument

noun

gʰolgʰol

GI

gwoo

bovine; cow

noun

gʷou- (gʷe2us)

482

H

hirth

clan; descendant

noun

hRdʰ-

GI

hoyes

pole

noun

his- ~ hoi-es- ~ hois

GI

I

in-

word negation

PFX

N-

756

in-mir-to

immortal

adjective

N-mR-tó-s

735

inchechuki

unclean

adjective

ceuk-

GI

inder

under

preposition

Ndʰer

771

ing

cross, surly

adjective

ing-

13

irkso

bear

noun

Rc-s-o-s

875

isu

arrow

noun

isu-s

B

iwo

tree; yew

noun

(e)i-wo-

297

J

jalo

sister-in-law

noun

jal(ou-)

GI

=je

emphasis

clitic

-je

418

jem-

marry (of a man)

verb

jem(e)-

369

jemb-

bite, tear apart, break into pieces

verb

jembʰ-

369

jen-

acknowledge, become aware; acknowledge guilt or sin

verb

jen- ~ jn-

GI

jen-

beget

verb

jen-

373

jen-ta

clan, tribe, kin collectivity

noun

jen-(t-)

GI

jenu

jaw, chin

noun

jenu-

381

jenu

knee

noun

jenu-

380

jer-

age

verb

jer-

390

jeront

old man (participle of jer- ʰage’)

noun

jer(ont)

GI

jeus-

choose

verb

jeus-

399

jirno

grain

noun

jR-no-m

390

jombo

peg

noun

jombʰo-s

369

K

kaar

wax

noun

ka:r-

532

kaau-

strike, cut, forge

verb

kahu-

GI

kaave

coffee

noun

< Turkish ʰkahveʰ

IW

kach

small, thin

adjective

kac-

GI

kais

hair

noun

kais-

520

kajo

goat

noun

kajo-

517

kaka

manure, excrement

noun

kakka-

521

kan-

sing

verb

kan-

525

kap-

catch, seize

verb

kap- (ka2p-)

527

kapel

head

noun

kap-el-

GI

kaput

head

noun

kap-ut-

529

kar

tree: nut

noun

qar-

GI

karkar

crab

noun

karkar-

GI

kat

cat

noun

kat-

GI

kel

mountain, high place

noun

kel-

GI

kelch

cup

noun

kel-c-

550

kelp

pot

noun

kelp-

555

kerk

bird: chicken, hen, rooster

noun

kerk-

GI

kerp

implement for harvesting

noun

kerp-

GI

kes-

comb

verb

kes-

GI

kes-

scrape; shave

verb

kes-

585

khav-

grasp, take; have

verb

gʰabʰ-

407

khed-

defecate

verb

gʰed-

423

khelsh

metal; copper, bronze

noun

gʰel(e)jʰ-

435

khelu

turtle

noun

gʰelu

GI

kher-

fence in, surround, circle, enclose

verb

gʰer-

GI

kherth

fence; enclosure

noun

gʰ(e)r-dʰ-

GI

kherto

land

noun

khevel

head

noun

gʰebʰ-el- (gʰebʰ2l-)

423

khiv

left

noun

gʰibʰ-ol-o-

GI

khnid

nit

noun

gʰnid

GI

khos-

devour

verb

gʰos-

452

khosti

host, guest; stranger

noun

gʰosti-s

453

khou-

pay attention to

verb

gʰou-

GI

khree-

grow

verb

gʰre:-

454

khwel-

want

verb

gʰʷel-

489

khwelu

hungry

adjective

gʰʷel-

489

khwen-

hit, kill; destroy; pursue (enemy)

verb

gʰʷen-

491

khwer

warm

adjective

gʰʷer-

493

khwerm

warmth, heat

noun

gʰʷer-m-

GI

khweyi

tendon

noun

gʰʷeih-

489

khwiislo

fiber

noun

gʰʷi:slo- (gʰʷihslo-)

489

kili-wo

bald

adjective

kelhwo- (kLhwo-)

554

kilni

hill

noun

kL-ni- ~ kol-ni-

GI

kirno

tree; cherry

noun

kRnos

572

kleno

tree; maple

noun

kleno-

603

klep-

steal

verb

klep-

604

kneu

tree: nut

noun

kneu-

GI

koj

goat

noun

qoj-

GI

kokso

groin

noun

kocsa:-

611

kom

with

preposition

kom

612

kor-

crow, make noise

verb

ke/or- ~ kR-

GI

korch

weak, thin

adjective

korc-

GI

koslo

tree; hazel

noun

kos(e)lo-

616

kost

bone

noun

qe/os-t-

GI

koyot

coyote

noun

< Nahuatl koyotl

IW

kree-

buy

verb

kʷrei- (kʷrei2-)

648

krem

soup prepared by heating, fermentation

noun

kr-em-

GI

kreui

raw flesh, raw meat

noun

kreuh- ~ kruh-

GI

kwaas-

cough

verb

kʷa2s-

R

kwas

cheese

noun

kwas-

GI

=kwe

and

conjunction

-kʷe

635

kwekulo

wheel

noun

kʷekʷlo-

640

kwel

cattle herder

noun

kʷel-

GI

kwel-

rotate, turn

verb

kʷel-

639

kwelo

circle

noun

kʷelo-

639

kwento

holy

adjective

cwen-to-

GI

kwep

boar

noun

qwep-

GI

kwer

bowl

noun

gʷer-

642

kwer-

buy

verb

kʷer-(ei-)

GI

kwer-

do, make; connect; make by hand; form

verb

kʷer-

GI

kwetwer

4

numeral

kʷetwer-

642

kwetwer-pel

quadruple

verb

kʷetwer-

642

kwi

what, who

pronoun

kʷo-

644

kwii-

want

verb

kwi:-

632

kwirmi

worm; ant

noun

kʷRmi-

GI

kwoi-

punish, compensate, pay price, avenge

verb

kʷe/oi-(naa-)

GI

kwon

dog

noun

cwon-

632

L

laab

lip

noun

la:b-

655

laawo

people, folk; army, campaign

noun

lah(w)o

GI

laiwo

leftside

adjective

laiwo-

652

laks

salmon (derivative of lac- ʰred; spotted’)

noun

lacs-

GI

lau

booty, plunder

noun

lau-

GI

lau-

take plunder

verb

lau-

GI

lav-

catch, seize

verb

labʰ-

652

lee

slick

adjective

lei-

662

lee-

poor

adjective

le:(i)-

665

leeg-

bind; swear an oath, bind in obligation

verb

leig-

GI

leekw-

leave (tr)

verb

leikʷ-

669

lees

rut, track

noun

leis-

671

leeto

warmth

noun

le:to- (le1t-)

680

leewo

smooth

adjective

leiwo-

662

leezh-

lick

verb

leijʰ-

668

legh-

lay

verb

legʰ-

658

legh- se

lie

verb

legʰ-

658

leghu

light

adjective

legʰʷ-

GI

lei

mortar

noun

lej-

gather, collect

verb

lej-

GI

lenta

tree; linden

noun

lenta:

677

leu

lion

noun

leu-

GI

leudhero

free people; folk

noun

leudʰero-

GI

leuj-

break

verb

leuj-

686

leuk

light

noun

leuk-

687

leuk-

shine

verb

leuk-

687

leuv-

love

verb

leubʰ-

683

levont

elephant

noun

lebʰont- ~ Lbʰont-

GI

lezh-

crawl, creep; spread

verb

lejʰ-

GI

lino

flax

noun

lino-

GI

longo

long (dimension)

adjective

(d)longʰo-s

197

look-snaa

shining body

noun

louksnaa-

GI

looko

meadow

noun

lowko-s

R

lus

louse

noun

lus (luhs)

692

M

maalo

fruit

noun

mahlo-

GI

maater

mother

noun

ma:ter- (mé2t(e:)r)

700

maatro

uncle (MoBr)

noun

ma:tro:- (me2tro:us)

701

marko

horse

noun

marko-

GI

marsk

swamp

noun

mor- ~ mar-(sc-)

GI

matro

aunt

noun

ma:ter- (mé2t(e:)r)

700

me

1s(o)

pronoun

me-

702

med-

measure, weigh

verb

med-

705

medh

honey, mead

noun

medʰu

707

medh-u

sweet

adjective

medʰu

707

medhi

middle

adjective

medʰi-

706

mee-

measure

verb

meh-

GI

mee-

ripen

verb

meh(i)-

GI

meems

meat

noun

me:mso- (me:ms-)

725

meens

moon, month

noun

me:ns- (me:1Ns)

731

meezh-

urinate

verb

meijʰ-

713

mei-

change, exchange

verb

mei-(n)-

GI

mej

big

adjective

mej- (mej2-s)

708

mel

black, dark

adjective

mel-

GI

mel-

crush, divide; thresh, grind grate

verb

mel-

GI

mel-

deceive

verb

mel-

719

mel-

grind

verb

mel- (molh-)

716

mel-

say, pronounce

verb

mel-

GI

meld-

pray while offering sacrifice; make a sound

verb

mel-dʰ-

GI

meli

honey

noun

meli

723

melit

sweet

adjective

mel-i-t-

GI

melj-

milk

verb

29melj-

722

men

thought, mind, reason

noun

men-

GI

men-

rise, stand out

verb

m(e)n-

GI

men-

think, remember

verb

men-

726

ment

mountain heights

noun

m(e)n-t-

GI

mer-

die

verb

mer-

735

merk-

soak

verb

merk-

739

mesk-

sink

verb

mezg-

745

meu

semen, sperm

noun

meu- ~ mu-

GI

meus

moss

noun

m(e)us-

GI

mil

grinder, mill

noun

mL- ~ mul-

GI

mild

soft

adjective

mLdu- (mLdʰ-)

718

milyo

bad, evil

adjective

mel-yo-

719

mir-

put into (someone’s) possession, govern; hold

verb

mHr-/n-(t)-

GI

mir-to

mortal

adjective

mRt-ós

735

mir/n-

hand

noun

mh-n-és (mhr-/n-)

740

mod

manner

noun

mod

AHD

moks

soon

adverb

mocs

747

mono

back of head, occiput; neck

noun

mon(o)-

747

mor

black, dark

adjective

mor-

734

mori

sea, lake

noun

mori

748

moro

tree: mulberry (tree and fruit)

noun

moro-

GI

moru/w-

ant

noun

mor-w- ~ wor-m-

GI

morva

form

noun

morbʰ-aa

GI

mosko

marrow

noun

mos-ko-

750

mrezhu

short

adjective

mrejʰu-

GI

mug-

pray; pronounce the words of a prayer

verb

mug-

GI

mus

fly, gadfly

noun

mu(s)-

muus

mouse

noun

mu:s (muhs)

752

N

naa-

fear, revere (gods); be ashamed

verb

nah-

GI

naau

boat, ship

noun

nahw-

GI

nas

nose

noun

nas-

755

ne

1p(o)

pronoun

ne-

758

ne

not

clitic

ne

756

nech-

die; disappear

verb

hnec-

GI

neegw-

wash

verb

neigʷ-

761

nem-

give, allot; take

verb

nem-

763

nepot

grandson

noun

nepo:t-

764

nepti

granddaughter

noun

nepʰtʰí

GI

nes-

return home; be reunited with relatives

verb

nes-

GI

nevos

cloud

noun

nebʰos

315

newin

9

numeral

newnoun

318

newo

new

adjective

newo-s

769

nii

low, bottom

noun

ni:-

GI

nist

nest

noun

ni-zd-os

887

nogu

naked

adjective

nogʷ-

769

nokut

night

noun

nokʷt-s

762

nomen

name

noun

nomN (1ne:3mN)

321

noodo

knot

noun

no:do-s

758

nos

1p(o)

pronoun

nos

758

nov

navel

noun

nobʰ- ~ Nbʰ- ~Mbʰ

GI

nu

now

adverb

nu-

770

O

o-

consider true, believe an omen

verb

ho-

GI

od-

smell

verb

od- (3od-)

773

odhes

axe

noun

a/odʰes-

GI

oghwi

snake, viper

noun

ogʰʷi-

43

okto

8

numeral

octo:

775

okw-

see

verb

okʷ- (3okʷ-)

775

okwes

eye

noun

okʷ(e)s-

775

ol

bird: water bird, water fowl

noun

e/ol-

GI

ol

brown, red

adjective

e/ol-

GI

olina

elbow

noun

olina: (olVna2)

307

olmo

tree; elm

noun

ol-mo-s

303

om

unripe, bitter

adjective

om- ~ M-

GI

omo-

swear

verb

omh- (3om3-)

778

omso

shoulder

noun

om(e)so-s

778

ond

mountain, cliff, rock

noun

ond- ~ Nd-

GI

oner-

dream

verb

oner- (3ner-)

779

ongu/w-

oil; ointment, salve

noun

ongʰʷ

GI

ongw-

anoint

verb

ongʷ-

779

onokh

claw

noun

onogʰ- (3nogʰ-s)

780

ons-

give birth, produce; kin

verb

hons- ~ hNs-

GI

oochu

swiftly

adverb

o:cu-s

775

oos

mouth

noun

o:us- (ohs)

784

oos

tree; ash

noun

o:s-

782

oowi

egg

noun

o:wi-om ((2)o:wio-m)

783

opir/n-

goods, wealth, possessions; trade

noun

hop-r/n-

GI

or

bird; eagle

noun

or-

325

or-

rise, get up, heave

verb

3or-

R

or-

supplicate, entreat gods

verb

or-

GI

ori

village boundary

noun

e/orh-

GI

orji

testicle

noun

orjʰ-i-

GI

ors

buttocks

noun

ors-

GI

orvo

indigent; orphan, slave

noun

orbʰo-

781

osonos

donkey (borrowed?)

noun

os(o)nos

GI

osp

tree; poplar, aspen

noun

apsa: (osp-)

55

ost

bone

noun

ost- (2ost)

783

osto

branch, twig

noun

ozdo-s (3osdo-s)

785

ovi

towards

preposition

obʰi

287

ow-

put on footwear

verb

hou-

B

owent

shoe

noun

hou-

B

owi

sheep

noun

owi-s (3euis)

784

owi-paa

shepherd

noun

howi-pah-

GI

oyno

1

numeral

oi-nos

286

P

paa-

feed

verb

pa:-

787

paa-

guard (livestock), herd

verb

pah- ~ poh(i)-

GI

paaj-

fasten

verb

pa:j- (pa2g-)

787

pard

leopard

noun

pard-

GI

patat(a)

potato

noun

< Taino ʰbatataʰ

IW

pater

father

noun

phte(r) (p2te:r)

829

pecho

hair, fur

noun

p(e)c-o-

GI

pechu

domestic animals, livestock

noun

pec-u-

797

ped

foot

noun

ped- (po:d-s)

790

peech

spotted

adjective

p(e)ic-

GI

peens

sand

noun

pe:ns

824

pees

mortar and pestle

noun

peis- ~ pis-

GI

pees-

thresh, mill (grain)

verb

peis- ~ pis-

GI

peesk

fish

noun

peisk-

796

pekw-

cook, prepare

verb

pekʷ-

798

pel

dust, powder

noun

pel-

802

pel

fortress, fortified city

noun

pel-

GI

pel

skin

noun

pel-

803

pel

smooth

adjective

pel-

GI

pel-

multiply, fold together

verb

pel-

GI

pelechu

axe

noun

pelecu-

GI

pelit

wide, flat

adjective

p(e)l-h-t-

GI

pen

bog, mud

noun

pen-

807

penkwe

5

numeral

penkʷe

808

perch

spotted

adjective

perc-

GI

perch-

furrow; scratch, make hole or depression in the earth

verb

perc-

GI

perd-

fart

verb

perd-

819

peri

front

noun

per-h-

GI

perkwu

forest

noun

perkʷu-

GI

perkwu

tree; oak

noun

perkʷu-s

822

perkwu-no

god of war and military campaigns

noun

per(kʷ)u-no-

GI

pero

feather

noun

pero-m

R

pes

penis

noun

pes-

824

pet-

fall, fly

verb

pet- (pet2-)

825

petir

wing

noun

pet-R-

825

peuch

tree; pine, spruce

noun

peuc-

828

peuch

tree: fir, pine

noun

peuc- ~ puc-

GI

peuch-

prick

verb

peuc-

828

pik

pitch

noun

pik

GI

pilma

palm

noun

pL-ma: (pL2ma2)

805

pilno

full

adjective

pL-no- (pL1no-s)

798

pinksti

fist

noun

pNksti-

839

pint

path

noun

pNt-H

GI

pint

road

noun

pNt-H

GI

pinti

track

noun

pNt(h)h-

808

pit

tree: pine, fir

noun

pit

GI

pitro

uncle

noun

phte(r) (p2te:r)

829

plaa-

spread

verb

pla:-

805

plech-

plait, braid, intertwine

verb

plec-

834

pleu-

float, sail, swim; soak, make wet

verb

pleu-

835

pleumon

lung (from pleu- ʰto float’)

noun

pl(e)u-mon-

837

ploo

flea

noun

plou-

102

plu

many, much

quantifier

pelu-

800

pneu-

blow

verb

pneu-

838

pol

half; pair

numeral

p(o)l-

GI

pol

shield

noun

pol-

GI

poli

city, town

noun

pel- (p(o)lh-)

798

polt-

fold

verb

p(o)l-t-

GI

poo

few

quantifier

po:u-

842

poo-

drink

verb

po:(i)- (po3-)

839

poolo

foal

noun

po:(u)-lo-s (p(o:)lh-)

842

porcho

piglet

noun

porco-s

841

post

behind

preposition

pos (post)

841

poti

master, sovereign, husband

noun

poti-s

842

potni

lady

noun

pot-ni-

GI

prech-

ask

verb

prec-

821

preu-

jump

verb

preu-

GI

preus

frost

noun

preus-

846

preuso-

freeze, cold

verb

preu-so-

GI

pro

ahead, before

preposition

pro

813

pur, pawir

fire (for cooking)

noun

pur (pa2wR)

828

putlo

boy

noun

putlo-s

R

puur

grain; wheat

noun

puur-

GI

R

raad

root

noun

w(e)ra:d- (wra2d-)

1167

ree

possessions, property

noun

reh(i)

GI

ree-

travel by ship

verb

erH- ~ reh-

GI

reej

strong, efficient

adjective

rehj-

GI

reej-

break

verb

wre:j-

1181

rej

king

noun

re:j-s (3re:j-s)

854

rej

right, straight

adjective

rej- (3Rju-s)

854

rej-

direct, correct, straighten, even out

verb

rej-

GI

rej-

make wet, irrigate

verb

rej-

GI

rem-

support

verb

rem-

864

ren

lamb

noun

wr-en-

GI

ret-

run, ride, walk

verb

ret(h)- (hret-)

866

ret-

walk

verb

ret(h)- (hret-)

866

reu-

roar

verb

reu-j-

GI

reudh

red metal; copper

noun

r(e)udʰ-

GI

reuth

red

adjective

reudʰ-

872

rod

rose; wild rose

noun

wrod-

GI

roto

wheel

noun

roto- (hrot2-)

866

roto-wo

cart

noun

roto- (hrot2-)

866

royko

heather

noun

wroi-ko-

GI

rughyo

grain; rye

noun

wrugʰyo-

1183

S

saag-

recognize by signs; ask (the gods’ will)

verb

saag-

GI

saag-

seek

verb

sa:g-

876

saimen

cord, rope

noun

s2ime:n

R

sak

holy

adjective

sak-

GI

sak

rite

noun

sak-

GI

sak-

sanctify

verb

sak-

GI

sak-

set apart; sanctify

verb

sak-

878

sal

salt

noun

sal- (se2l-)

878

samlu

tree: apple

noun

(s)amlu-

GI

saus

dry

adjective

saus-/sus-

GI

sawel

sun

noun

sawel- (so2wL)

881

sed-

set

verb

sed-

884

sed- swe

sit

verb

sed-

884

see-

sow; press into the ground

verb

se:(i)- (se1-)

889

see-

tie, bind, twist

verb

seh(i)-

GI

see-men

seed, semen

noun

seh(i)-men-

GI

seemi

1/2

numeral

se:m-i-

903

seku/w-

eye, view

noun

se/okʷ-

GI

sekw-

follow

verb

se/okʷ-

GI

sekw-

notice

verb

se3-

897

sekw-

see, look; perceive

verb

sekʷ-

897

sel

living space

noun

sel-

GI

sel-

take, grab

verb

sel-

899

selj-

hunt

verb

selj-

GI

selp

butter; grease, fat

noun

selp-

901

sem

together

adjective

sem-

902

sema

summer

noun

sema:-

905

sen

summer and fall

noun

sen-

GI

sengw-

sing

verb

sengʷ-

906

seno

old

adjective

sen(o)-

906

sep-

bury

verb

sep-

GI

septim

7

numeral

septM

909

ser-

protect

verb

ser-

910

serk-

compensate a loss

verb

serk-

GI

serp

sickle, implement for harvesting

noun

serp-

GI

serw-

take plunder

verb

se/orw-

GI

seu-

wring, squeeze out (liquid); press (juice); chase out

verb

seu- ~ su-

GI

seur

urine

noun

sehur

GI

sewi-

give birth

verb

seuh- ~ suh-

GI

sezh-

win, triumph

verb

sejʰ-

888

shaiso

spear

noun

jʰaiso-

410

shan-

yawn

verb

jʰan-

411

shans

bird; goose

noun

jʰan-s-

412

shee-

yawn

verb

jʰe:-

419

sheem

winter

noun

jʰei- (jʰeim-)

425

shel

gall, bile

noun

jʰel-

429

shel

yellow (metal)

adjective

jʰel-

429

shem

person, human being

noun

jʰdʰem- (dejʰo:m)

414

sher-

fence in; encircle, surround

verb

jʰer-

442

shers

grain; barley

noun

jʰers-

446

shes

yesterday

adverb

jʰdʰyés

416

shesir

hand

noun

jʰesor- (jʰesR-)

447

sheslo

1000

numeral

jʰéslo-

446

shleu

green

adjective

jʰleu-

433

shokolat

chocolate

noun

< Nahuatl ʰxocolatlʰ

IW

shorna

gut

noun

jʰor-na:

443

shorto

enclosure

noun

jʰor-to-s

442

shuu, dezhu

fish

noun

jʰdʰu:- (djʰuh-s)

414

shwer

wild animals

noun

jʰwer-

GI

sinjo

lion

noun

sinjʰo-

GI

skei-

divide, separate

verb

skei-

919

skep-

split with a tool

verb

(s)kep-

930

sker

crooked

adjective

sker-

carve, shear, cut; shave

verb

sker-

938

sker/n-

feces; manure

noun

scer/n-(d-)

GI

skeu-

cut, divide, scratch

verb

ske:u-

954

slee

slick

adjective

slei-

662

sleeb-

slip

verb

(s)leib-

663

sleedh-

slide

verb

sleidʰ-

960

sme

very

adverb

sme

966

smee-

smear

verb

sme:-

966

smekir

chin

noun

smekr-

GI

smer-

remember

verb

(s)mer-

969

smeru

grease, fat

noun

smeru-

970

snaa-

swim

verb

sna:- (sne2-)

971

snee-

spin (yarn)

verb

sneh-(i/u-)

GI

sneewir/n-

bowstring; tendon, sinew

noun

sne:w-(e)r- (sne1wR)

977

sner-

snore

verb

sner-

AHD

sneuv

marriage; bride

noun

(s)neubʰ-

GI

sneuv-

marry, take as wife

verb

sneubʰ-

977

snighu/w-

snow

noun

snigʰʷ-

974

snuso

daughter-in-law

noun

snuso-s

978

so

3s

pronoun

so

978

sokto-

guard, take care of (a sick person)

verb

sokto-

GI

solu/w-

health

noun

sol-(w-)

GI

som

one

numeral

se/om-

GI

somen

song, singing

noun

shomen-

GI

-sor

woman

suffix

sor

GI

sorw-

take plunder

verb

se/orw-

GI

spelsh

spleen

noun

speljʰ-

GI

spen-

spin

verb

(s)pen-(d-)

988

spend-

perform a libation, sprinkle

verb

spend-

GI

speno

breast

noun

speno- (psteno-s)

990

sperg

bird; sparrow, starling

noun

sper-g-

GI

spiko

bird; woodpecker

noun

(s)piko-

GI

spingo

bird; small bird; finch

noun

(s)pingo-

GI

splei-

split (tr)

verb

splei-

1000

splei- swe

split (refl)

verb

splei-

1000

spreg-

talk (impromptu activity)

verb

(s)p(h)re:g-

996

spyeu-

spit

verb

(s)p(h)ye:u-

999

sreu-

flow, stream

verb

sreu-

1003

sreu-men

stream

noun

sreu-men-

1003

sreu-to

stream

noun

sreu-to-

1003

sriig-

cold, freeze

verb

sriig-

GI

staa-

stand (tr)

verb

sta:- (sta2-)

1004

staa- swe

stand (refl)

verb

sta:- (sta2-)

1004

stai

thief

noun

(s)tahi-

GI

stai-

rob, steal; conceal

verb

(s)tahi-

GI

steb

stem, trunk

noun

steb(ʰ)

1011

steeg

sharp, sharpened

adjective

(s)teig-

GI

steeg-

stab

verb

(s)teig-

GI

stel-

place

verb

stel-

1019

stemp

dull

adjective

sten-

thunder

verb

(s)ten-

1021

steno

breast

noun

steno- (psteno-s)

990

ster

star

noun

ster- (2ste:r)

1027

ster-

steal

verb

ster-

1028

sterg-

be sick

verb

s(t)erg-

GI

steud-

push, shove

verb

steud-

1033

steuro

steer

noun

steu-ro-

1010

streu-

scatter

verb

su

good

adjective

wesu-/su-

GI

su

pig

noun

su-s

1038

sunu

son

noun

sunu-s

913

suu

rain

noun

su2-

R

suuro

sour

adjective

su:-ro-

1039

swa-

rain

verb

su2-

R

swaad

sugar

noun

swa:d-

1039

swaad

sweet

adjective

swa:d-

1039

swe-

reflexive

pronoun

sʷe-

GI

swe-dhu

daughter-in-law

noun

swe-lo-

1046

swe-ma

mother-in-law

noun

swe-lo-

1046

swe-pa

father-in-law

noun

swe-lo-

1046

swe-su

son-in-law

noun

swe-lo-

1046

swe-swe

sister-in-law

noun

swe-lo-

1046

swe-vra

brother-in-law

noun

swe-lo-

1046

swekru-dhugater

daughter-in-law

noun

swekru-

1043

swekru-maater

mother-in-law

noun

swekru-

1043

swekru-pater

father-in-law

noun

swekru-

1043

swekru-sunu

son-in-law

noun

swekru-

1043

swekru-swesor

sister-in-law

noun

swekru-

1043

swekru-vraater

brother-in-law

noun

swekru-

1043

sweks

6

numeral

swecs

1044

swelik

tree; willow

noun

weli-ka: (swVlyk)

1140

swelk

furrow

noun

swelk-

GI

swen-to

strong, healthy

adjective

swen-to-

GI

swep-

sleep

verb

swep-

1048

swer

dark color

adjective

sʷer-

GI

swer

pole

noun

swer-

1050

swesor

sister

noun

swesor- (sueso:r)

1051

sweth

custom

noun

swedʰ-

883

syuu-

sew

verb

syu: (syuh-)

915

T

ta

that

pronoun

to-

1086

taa-

melt

verb

ta:- (ta2-)

1053

tauro

aurochs; bull, wild bull

noun

thuro-s (te2uros)

1083

te

2s(o)

pronoun

te

1097

te

this

pronoun

to-

1086

tek

child

noun

tʰekʰ-

GI

teks-

compose poetry

verb

tecs-

GI

teks-

prepare, weave, braid, work (material), mold

verb

tecs-

GI

tekw-

run, flow, rush along

verb

tekʷ-

1059

tem

dirty

adjective

tem(h)-

1063

ten-

stretch

verb

ten-

1065

tenu

thin

adjective

tenu-s

1069

tep

warmth, heat, blaze

noun

tep-

GI

ter-

conquer, overcome

verb

terh- ~ tRh-

GI

ter-

rub, polish, abrade; drill, bore hole

verb

ter-

GI

terk-

twist

verb

terk-

1077

ters

dry

adjective

ters-

1078

ters

dry

verb

ters-

1078

teter

black grouse (?)

noun

tet(e)r-

GI

teu-t-ono

leader of a people

noun

teu-t-ono-

GI

teu-ta

tribe, people; society

noun

teu-ta:-

1080

thanu

tree; pine, fir

noun

tʰanu-

234

the-

put, place

verb

dʰe:- (dʰe1-)

235

the- cherdom

believe (lit: ʰplace (one’s) heart’)

verb

cred-dʰeh-

GI

the- chlewom

acquire glory, fame

verb

clewo- dʰeh-

GI

the- nomenom

establish a name; give a name

verb

nome/on dʰeh-

GI

thee-

suck; suckle, nurse, give milk

verb

dʰe:(i)- (dʰe1-)

241

theem

pertaining to the ritual establishment

adjective

dʰeh-m-

GI

thees

holy

adjective

dʰe:s- (dʰe1s-)

259

theesh

clay; material for pottery

noun

dʰeijʰ-

GI

theezh-

mix clay, mold

verb

dʰeijʰ-

GI

theghw-

burn (intr); be angry

verb

dʰegʰʷ-

GI

then-

flow (of water)

verb

dʰen-

GI

theu-

disappear, die (from dʰeu- ʰexhale’)

verb

dʰeu-

GI

theub

deep

adjective

dʰeu-b-

267

theugh-

squeeze, give milk

verb

dʰeugʰ-

GI

theun

settlement on a hill

noun

dʰeun-

GI

theus

asphyxia, breath, breathing; soul

noun

dʰeu-(h/s)- ~ dʰu-(h/s)-

GI

theus-

blow, exhale, gasp

verb

dʰeu-(h/s)- ~ dʰu-(h/s)-

GI

thev(-u)

small

adjective

dʰebʰ-

GI

thregh-

run

verb

dʰregʰ-

273

threu-

run, flow

verb

dʰreu-

274

threukh

friend; comrade (at arms)

noun

dʰreugʰ-

GI

thrikh

hair

noun

dʰrigʰ-

276

thugater

daughter

noun

dʰug(h)hter (dʰug2te:r)

277

thur

harness

noun

dʰur-

GI

thur-

harness

verb

dʰur-

GI

thuumo

smoke

noun

dʰu:-mo- (dʰu2mo-s)

261

thwer

door

noun

dʰwer-

278

to

3p

pronoun

to-

1086

to

yonder

pronoun

to-

1086

tree

3

numeral

trei-

1090

tree-dechim

30

numeral

tree-pel

triple

verb

tree

1090

tu

2s(s)

pronoun

tu (tuh)

1097

twako

skin

noun

twakos

1099

twek

body; body part; membrane, skin

noun

twek-

GI

U

udero

belly

noun

udero-

1104

udhir

weather

noun

hw-dʰr-

GI

uksen

bull, ox

noun

uks-en-

1118

ulkwo

wolf

noun

wLkʷos

1178

uper

over

preposition

upér

1105

ut

up, out

preposition

ut

GI

W

waasto

empty, devastated

adjective

wa:sto-

GI

waat

soothsayer, prophet

noun

waat-

GI

waat-

be aroused or inspired to poetic creation; prophesy

verb

waat-

GI

we

1p(s)

pronoun

we-

1114

we

or

conjunction

we-

75

wech

village; a group of houses

noun

we/oc-

GI

wed

wet

adjective

wed-

AHD

wedh-

lead away, carry off a bride (by force)

verb

hwedʰ-(mno-)

GI

wedh-

wed

verb

wedʰ-

1115

wedir/n-

water

noun

wed-(r/n-t-) ~ ud-(r/n-t-)

GI

wee-

blow

verb

we:- (2we1-)

81

weed

wolf

noun

weid-(n)-

GI

weed-

see

verb

weid-

1125

weeno

wine

noun

w(e/o)ino-

GI

weewer

squirrel; small forest mammal

noun

we(i)wer-

GI

weg

damp

adjective

weghw-

praise solemnly while making sacrifice

verb

heugʰʷ- ~ hwegʰʷ-

GI

wei-

chase

verb

wei- (wey1-)

1123

wei-

twist, plait

verb

wei-

GI

weku/w-

voice

noun

hwekʷ-

GI

wekw-

speak, talk; compose, praise

verb

wekʷ-

1135

wekwos

word

noun

wekʷos-

1135

wel

pasture, meadow; dwelling of the dead

noun

wel

GI

wel-

wish

verb

wel-

1137

wem-

vomit

verb

wem-

1146

wend-

weave, plait

verb

wendʰ-

GI

went

wind

noun

hwent-

GI

wer

heather

noun

wer-

GI

wer-

burn

verb

wer-

GI

wer-

defend (oneself), save (oneself), protect (oneself)

verb

wer-

GI

wer-

find

verb

wer- (wer1-)

1160

wer-

look, pay attention; to be careful

verb

wer-

GI

wer-

turn away

verb

wer-

1152

werg-

serve

verb

wwerg-

AHD

werj-

make

verb

werj-

1168

wern

tree: alder, poplar; log, beam, mast

noun

wer-n-

GI

wers-

pour, spill

verb

wers-

GI

wersen

bull (originally ʰpouring forth semen’)

noun

wers-en- ~ wRs-en-

GI

wert

wheel, circle; cart

noun

hwer-t- ~ hwer-jʰ-

GI

wert-

rotate, turn

verb

hwer-t- ~ hwer-jʰ-

GI

wes-

be, exist, become (animate)

verb

hwes-

GI

wes-

clothe oneself

verb

wes-

1172

wes-

dress

verb

wes-

GI

wes-

dwell, stay

verb

(a)wes- (2wes-)

72, 1170

wes-

wear

verb

wes-

1172

wesir/n-

spring and summer

noun

wesr-/n-

GI

wesno

price, trade, value

noun

ues-no-

1173

wesperos

evening

noun

wesperos

1173

wesperos

west

noun

wesperos

1173

wester

shepherd, herder

noun

wes-ter-

GI

wesu

good

adjective

wesu-

1174

wet

year

noun

wet-

1175

weto

old

adjective

weto-

GI

wev-

braid, tie, twist, weave

verb

webʰ-

1114

wezh-

ride, carry (in a vehicle)

verb

wejʰ-

1118

wezh-o

cart, wagon

noun

wejʰ-o-

GI

wi

twice

numeral

wi-

1176

wich

household; village

noun

uic-

1131

wichimti

20

numeral

wi-cMt-í (wícMti1)

1177

wichimti-oyno

21

numeral

widheu

widow

noun

widʰewa: (widʰeu-)

1127

wiis

power

noun

wís- (wihs)

1123

wiis-wo

powerful

adjective

wís- (wihs)

1123

wiks

mistletoe

noun

wiks-

GI

wilkwos

wolf

noun

wLkʷos

1178

wilna

wool

noun

wL-na:-

1139

wilp

wolf

noun

wLp-

GI

wir

people

noun

wir

GI

wirmo

worm

noun

wRmi- ~ wRmo-

GI

wiro

man

noun

wiro-s (uihro-)

1177

wirsen

male

adjective

wRsen-

81

wobsa

wasp

noun

wobʰsaa-

GI

wodir

water

noun

wedo:r (wodR)

78

woghwoni

plow

verb

wogʰʷoni-

GI

woid-

know, understand

verb

woid-

1125

wos

2p(o)

pronoun

wos-

513

wos-

buy, sell

verb

we/os-(n-)

GI

Y

yaa-

ride, travel; journey

verb

yah-

GI

yaam

already

adverb

ya:m

285

yeek-

do

verb

ye:k-

502

yeek-

treat, cure

verb

yehk- ~ yHk-

GI

yeg

cold, ice

noun

yeg-

503

yekwir/n-

liver

noun

yekʷ-R

504

yeniter

husbandʰs brother’s wife

noun

(y)enHter-

GI

yeu

young

adjective

yeu-

510

yeu-

bind, yoke; wed

verb

yeu-g-

508

yev

elephant; ivory

noun

yebʰ-

GI

yev-

copulate

verb

eibʰ- ~ yebʰ-

GI

yewo

establishment, ritual rule, ritual norm

noun

yewo-

GI

yewo

grain; barley

noun

yewo-

512

yewo

grain; wheat

noun

yewo ((h)ieu-)

512

yewos

law

noun

yewos-

512

yos-

gird (oneself)

verb

(h)ie3s

B

yos-men

belt

noun

yo:s-men- (yo3s-)

513

yu

2p(s)

pronoun

yu- (yuh)

513

yugom

yoke

noun

yukʰom

GI

yuus

(meat) soup, broth

noun

yu:s- (yuhs)

507

Index

1. Introduction to Shemspreg
2. Shemspreg sounds
3. Shemspreg nouns
4. Shemspreg pronouns and other particles
5. Shemspreg verbs
6. Shemspreg adjectives
7. Shemspreg sentences

• Proto-Indo-European to Shemspreg
• Shemspreg texts
• Glossary of grammatical terms
• Shemspreg-English Lexicon