Appendix D: Shemspreg-English Lexicon

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The entries have the following structure:

Shemspreg: English gloss; Part of speech; Etymological form; Source (numbers refer to Pokorny 1959; GI is Gamqrelidze and Ivanov's Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans, and IW marks an international word)

A - B - CH - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - R - S - T - U - V - W - Y - Index

A

aamer: day; noun; a:mer-; 35

aano: ring, anus; noun; a:no-; 47

aazh-: desire, need; verb; a:(i)jʰ-; 14

ab: river, current, stream; noun; ab-; 1

abalo-no: tree; apple tree; noun; abalo-no-; GI

abel: tree; apple; noun; abel- (2ebo:l); 1

ach: sharp; adjective; ac-; 18

achmo: stone; noun; acmo- (2acmo:); 19

ad: at; to, by; preposition; ad-; 3

ad: grain; noun; had-; GI

ades: grain; spelt; noun; ades-; 3

adro: canal, river; noun; ad-ro-; 4

aghuno: lamb; noun; agʰʷ-no-s; 9

aich: spear; noun; aic-; 15

aidh-: burn, shine; verb; ai-dʰ-; 11

aig: tree; oak; noun; aig-; 13

aig-: swing; verb; aig-; 13

aig- swe: swing (refl); verb; aig-; 13

aighw-: be ashamed; verb; aigʰʷ-; 14

aij: goat; noun; aij- (2eij-); 13

ais-: wish; verb; ais-; 16

aisk: clear, bright, shining; adjective; aisk-; 16

aj-: drive (livestock); verb; aj- (2ej-); 4

aj-: lead; verb; aj- (2ej-); 4

ajro: pasture; unworked field for grazing; noun; aj-ro-s (2ejros); 6

aks: axle; noun; 2ecs; 6

akwa: river; noun; akʷa:-; 23

akwa: water; noun; akʷa:-; 23

al: white, glinting; adjective; al-; 29

alghu/w-: value; noun; algʰʷ-; 32

alghw-: earn; verb; algʰʷ-; 32

alisa: tree; alder; noun; alisa:; 302

alnos: all; quantifier; al-no-s; 24

alu: bitter; adjective; alu-; 33

alvi: grain; barley; noun; albʰi-; 29

alvo: white, light colored; adjective; albʰo-; 30

alyo: other; adjective; alyos-; 25

am: time of ripening; harvest time; noun; ham-; GI

am-: harvest; verb; ham-; GI

ambi: around; preposition; ambʰi; 34

an: grandmother; noun; han-; GI

an: on; preposition; an; 39

an-: breathe, inhale; verb; an(h)-; 38

anat: bird; duck; noun; anht- (an2t-s); 41

anata: doorpost; noun; anhta: (2(e)n2t); 42

aner: man; noun; aner- (2ne:r); 765

aner: masculine life force, male strength; maturity; noun; Hner-(t)-; GI

ang: joint; noun; ang-; 46

angwi: snake, viper; noun; ang(ʰ)ʷi-; 43

ani: breath; noun; anh-; GI

animo: breath; noun; anh- (2an1mo-s); 38

anj: narrow; adjective; anjʰ-; 42

anj-: strangle; verb; anjʰ- (2anjʰ-); 42

anjen: soul, breath; noun; anjʰen-; 43

anju: narrow; adjective; hanjʰ-u-; GI

ank: hook; noun; hankʰ-; GI

ank-: bend; verb; ank-; 45

ans: favorable; adjective; ans-; 47

ansu: ghost, demon; noun; ansu-; 48

ant: front, forehead; noun; ant-s; 48

anti: against; preposition; anti; 48

ap-: grasp; pluck, pick; verb; ap-; 50

apo: from, as of; preposition; apo; 53

ar: also; clitic; ar; 62

ar: tree; nut; noun; ar-; 61

ar-: fit, correspond, unite; verb; ar- (2ar-); 55

ar-: work land, plow; verb; har-; GI

ardi: tip, point; noun; ardi-; 63

arimo: arm; noun; arh-mo-; 58

arj: white, glinting; adjective; ar(e)-j- (2erj-); 64

arjint: metal; silver; noun; ar(e)-j- (2erj-nt-); 64

aru-: plow; verb; ar(h)- (2er3-); 62

aru-tro: plow; noun; arh-trom (2er3-trom); 62

aru/w-: field; noun; ar(h)w- (2er3-); 63

aru/w-: freeman; noun; arw-; GI

arw-: pray, offer prayer; verb; arw-; GI

arwa: guts; noun; arwa:; 68

aryo: lord, master, host; noun; ar(y)o-; GI

as: hearth; noun; has-; GI

aster: star; noun; haster-; GI

au: away from; preposition; au-; 72

au-: perceive; verb; au-; 78

aug-: increase; verb; aug-; 84

aukh: neck; noun; augʰ-; 87

aulo: tube; noun; au-lo-s; 88

aus: dawn; noun; (a)us-o:s (2uso:s); 86

aus: ear; noun; o:us- (2awsos); 785

aus: east; noun; (a)us-o:s (2uso:s); 86

aus-: create; verb; aus-; 90

aus-aano: earring; noun

auso: metal; gold; noun; auso-; 86

av: sudden; adjective; abʰ-; 2

avro: strong, violent; adjective; abʰro-; 2

awe: bird; noun; awei- (2awi-s-); 86

awij: grain; oats; noun; awij-; 88

awo: grandfather; noun; awo-s (2eu2os); 89

ayer: day; noun; aier-; 12

ayos: metal; noun; ayos- (2eios); 15

ayos: metal; bronze, iron; noun; ayos; 15

ayu: life; youthful life force; eternity; lifespan; noun; ayu-; 17

ayu-wo: alive, vigorous; adjective; ayu-; 17

azher: day; noun; ajʰer-; 7

B

banan(a): banana; noun; origin unknown; IW

C

cha: there; adverb; co-; 609

chak: branch, pole, stake; noun; cak-; GI

chas: grey; adjective; cas-; 533

chasno: hare; noun; cas-no- (chs); 533

chatro: fight; noun; cat(e)ro-; 534

che: here; adverb; ce-; 609

che-chuk-ent: clean; adjective; ceuk-; GI

cheeko: grass, fodder; noun; ceeko-; GI

chel: cold; adjective; cel-; 551

chenk-: hang; verb; cenk-; 566

chens-: solemnly proclaim, prescribe, announce; verb; cens-; GI

cher-wo: bull, ox (originally ʰhorned’); noun; ce/or-w-; GI

cherd: heart; noun; cerd-; 579

cherisir/n-: head; noun; c(e)rHs-r/n-; GI

ches-: cut; verb; ces-; 586

chestro: knife; noun; ces-tro-m; 586

cheu: hollow; adjective; ceu-; 592

cheuk-: clean; verb; ceuk-; GI

chimtom: 100; numeral; cMtóm; 192

chirn: horn; noun; cer- (cRn-); 574

chirsen: hornet (horned insect); noun; cRs-en-; GI

chleu-: hear; verb; cleu-; 605

chlewo: glory; noun; clewo-; GI

cho: yonder; adverb; co-; 609

cholimo: pipe, tube; noun; colhmo-s; 612

chyee: dark brown; dark; adjective; cye:-; GI

D

daap: ritual food offered to the gods; noun; dahp-; GI

dachru: tear(s); noun; dacru-; 179

dai-: tear up; verb; da:i- (da2i-); 175

daiwer: brother-in-law (husband’s brother); noun; da:iwe:r (day2we:r); 179

de: of; preposition; de; 181

dechim: 10; numeral; decM-t; 191

dechim-oyno: 11; numeral

deech: design, predestination, indication, direction, law; noun; deic-; GI

deech-: show; verb; deic-; 188

deechtro: finger; noun; deic-; 188

dei-: shine; verb; dei-; GI

deks: rightside; adjective; decs-; 190

del-: count; verb; del-; 193

dem-: build; verb; dem-; 198

demi-: tame; verb; demh-; GI

dench-: bite; verb; denc-; 201

dens: thick; adjective; dens-; 202

der-: remove skin, bark; flay; verb; der-; 206

derch-: see; verb; derc-; 213

deru: tree; noun; deru-; 214

deu-: fit; verb; deu- (dew2-); 217

deuk-: pull; lead; verb; deuk-; 220

dewos: god; noun; deiwo-s; 185

deyeu: sky, heaven; noun; deyeu- (dye:w-s); 184

dezhom: dirt; noun; jʰdʰem- (dejʰo:m); 414

dezhom: earth, ground; noun; jʰdʰem- (dejʰo:m); 414

dikh: goat; noun; digʰ-; GI

dilgho: long (duration); adjective; dLgʰó- (dL1gʰo-s); 197

dinju: language; noun; dNjʰu:- (dNjʰwa2-s); 223

dinju: tongue; noun; dNjʰu:- (dNjʰwa2-s); 223

diw: day; noun; diw-; 185

diw-u: daily; adjective; diw-; 185

diw-u-ne: daily; adverb; diw-; 185

domo: house, building; noun; do:mo- (domhos); 198

domo: tame; adjective; domo-s (dom2o-s); 199

dont: tooth; noun; (e)d-ont-; 289

doo-: give (take); verb; do:- (de3-); 223

draa-: run; verb; dra:- (dra2-); 204

dru: wood (oak); noun; d(o)ru-; GI

dus: bad, wrong; mistaken; adjective; dus-; GI

dwei-: fear; verb; dwei-; 227

dwo: 2; numeral; dwo: (duo-1); 228

dwo-pel: double; verb; dwo:; 228

dwoo-dechim: 20; numeral

dyeu: sky; god (esp sky or sun god); noun; dyeu- ~ diw- ~ deiwo-; GI

dyeus-pater: sky-father; supreme deity; noun; dyeu(s)-pHter-; GI

E

echwo: horse; noun; ecwo-s (1ecuos); 301

ed-: eat; verb; ed- (1ed-); 287

edhlo: tree: conifer; noun; edʰlo-; GI

eek-: own; verb; e:ik-; 298

ees: ice; noun; ei-s-; 301

eesiro: endowed with sacred power; sacred; adjective; eishro-; GI

egni: fire (as an active force); noun; egnis (Ngni-); 293

egwer: mountain; peak; noun; hegʷr- ~ hgʷe/or- ~ hgʷr; GI

ei-: go; verb; ei- (1ei-); 293

ej: 1s(s); pronoun; ej- (ej2); 291

ekhs: out; preposition; egʰs; 292

ekw-: drink; verb; ekʷ-; GI

el-: bend; verb; el-; 307

elch: elk; noun; (e)l-c-; GI

elen: fawn; noun; el-en- ~ el-N-; GI

elinbo: doe; noun; el-N-bʰo-s; GI

elun: tree; juniper; noun; el-en- (el-w-n); 303

em-: take; verb; 1em- (1em-); 310

en: in; preposition; en; 311

en: year; noun; en-; 314

ench: death, plague, fate, compulsion; noun; henc- ~ hnec-; GI

ensi: sword; noun; Nsi- ~ ensi-; GI

enter: between; preposition; enter; 313

enu: without; preposition; enu; 318

epi: beside, by; preposition; epi; 323

er-: row; verb; er(e)- (1er1-); 338

er-: start; verb; er-; 326

eri: lamb, ram; noun; er(i)-; GI

ers: buttocks; noun; ers-; 340

es-: be; verb; es-; 340

esen: harvest time; summer; noun; (e)s-en-; GI

esir/n-: blood; noun; es-R/n- (es2-R); 343

esu: good; adjective; esu-s; 342

eth: needle; noun; edʰ; GI

eti: beyond; preposition; eti; 344

eu-: put on, pull on; verb; eu-; GI

euk-: get used to; verb; euk-; 347

eus-: burn, glow; cremate; verb; eus-; GI

euth: udder; noun; eudʰ; GI

ezhi: hedgehog; noun; ejʰi-; 292

ezhi: snake; noun; ejʰi-; 43

F

faa-: glint, shine; verb; bʰa:-; 104

faaghu: forearm; noun; bʰa:gʰú-s; 108

faago: tree; beech; noun; bʰa:go-s; 107

faazhu: elbow; forearm; noun; bʰaajʰu-; GI

fad: good; adjective; bʰad-; 106

fag-: share; verb; bʰag-; 107

fago: share, part; noun; bʰago-s; 107

fardha: beard; noun; bʰardʰa:; 110

fares: grain; barley; noun; bʰares-; 111

fau-: beat; verb; bʰau-; 112

fe: without; preposition; b(ʰ)e; 112

fedh-: dig; verb; bʰe/odʰ-; GI

fee: bee; noun; bʰei-; 116

feg-: break; verb; bʰeg-; 114

fegh-: quarrel; verb; bʰegʰ-; GI

fei-: hit; verb; bʰei(h)-; 117

fend-: tie; verb; bʰendʰ-; 127

fer-: bring; carry; verb; bʰer-; 128

fer-: work with a sharp tool; verb; bʰer-; GI

ferij: tree; birch; noun; bʰerhj-; 139

ferij-: shine, be bright; verb; bʰerhj-; GI

fero: brown; adjective; bʰero-s; 136

fersh: fortress, fortification; high mountain; noun; bʰ(e)rjʰ-; GI

fersh: high, top; noun; bʰerjʰ-; GI

fersh: mountain; noun; bʰerjʰos; 140

fersh: tower; noun; bʰ(e)rjʰ-; GI

ferzh-: rise, stand up, get up; verb; bʰerjʰ-; GI

feu-: be, exist, become (inanimate); verb; bʰeu-; 146

feudh-: awaken; verb; bʰeudʰ-; GI

feug-: bend; verb; bʰeug-; 152

finj-u: thick, solid; adjective; bʰNjʰu-s; 127

fiver: beaver; noun; bʰibʰer ~ bʰebʰer; GI

flaagh-men: priest (?); noun; bʰlaagʰ-men; GI

flaj-: beat; verb; bʰlaj-; 154

flee-wo: blue; adjective; bʰle:-wo-s; 160

floo: plant; noun; bʰel- ~ bʰloh- ~ bʰlH; GI

fo: if; conjunction; bʰo; 113

fog-: bake; verb; bʰog-; 113

fog-achmo: brick; noun

fraater: brother; noun; bʰra:ter- (bʰré2t(e:)r); 163

fred-: wade; verb; bʰred(ʰ)-; 164

freej: white, glinting; adjective; bʰre:j-; 139

freu-: brew, ferment; verb; bʰrew-; 145

fruj-: roast; verb; bʰrej- ~ bʰruj-; GI

fruu: eyebrow(s); noun; bʰruh-; GI

fujo: goat; noun; bʰujo-; GI

G

gadu: cat; noun; gad-u-; GI

gem: load; noun; gem-; 368

gem-: stuff; verb; gem-; 368

gemo: twin; noun; gemo; GI

ger-: crow, make noise; verb; ger-; GI

geu-: chew; verb; g(y)eu-; 400

glakt: milk; noun; glakt; 400

glob-u: round; adjective; glob; AHD

gnoo-: know; verb; gnoo-; AHD

gref: crab; noun; grebʰ-; GI

grev-: etch, scratch, write; verb; grebʰ-; 392

grev-: scratch, scrape, draw; verb; (s)grebʰ-; GI

groof: tree; hornbeam; noun; gro:b(ʰ)o-s; 404

gurau: millstone; noun; gʷraau-; GI

gwaa-: step; verb; gʷa:- (gʷa2-); 463

gwee: all living things; noun; gʷey-; 467

gwei-: live; verb; gʷey-; 467

gwela: acorn; noun; gʷla:- (gʷelh); 472

gwelf: womb; fetus, young animal; noun; gʷelbʰ-; GI

gwem-: come; verb; gʷem-; 463

gwena: woman; wife; noun; gʷena:-; 473

gwer: heat, warmth; noun; gʰʷer-; GI

gwer: heavy; adjective; gʷer-; 476

gwer-: swallow; verb; gʷer- (gʷer3-); 474

gweru: heavy; adjective; gʷ(e)r-u-; GI

gwes-: extinguish; verb; gʷes-; 479

gwey-ent: alive, living; adjective; gʷey-; 467

gwi-wo: alive, having life; adjective; gʷiwo-s; 467

gwolgwol: musical instrument; noun; gʰolgʰol; GI

gwoo: bovine; cow; noun; gʷou- (gʷe2us); 482

H

hirth: clan; descendant; noun; hRdʰ-; GI

hoyes: pole; noun; his- ~ hoi-es- ~ hois; GI

I

in-: word negation; PFX; N-; 756

in-mir-to: immortal; adjective; N-mR-tó-s; 735

inchechuki: unclean; adjective; ceuk-; GI

inder: under; preposition; Ndʰer; 771

ing: cross, surly; adjective; ing-; 13

irkso: bear; noun; Rc-s-o-s; 875

isu: arrow; noun; isu-s; B

iwo: tree; yew; noun; (e)i-wo-; 297

J

jalo: sister-in-law; noun; jal(ou-); GI

=je: emphasis; clitic; -je; 418

jem-: marry (of a man); verb; jem(e)-; 369

jemb-: bite, tear apart, break into pieces; verb; jembʰ-; 369

jen-: acknowledge, become aware; acknowledge guilt or sin; verb; jen- ~ jn-; GI

jen-: beget; verb; jen-; 373

jen-ta: clan, tribe, kin collectivity; noun; jen-(t-); GI

jenu: jaw, chin; noun; jenu-; 381

jenu: knee; noun; jenu-; 380

jer-: age; verb; jer-; 390

jeront: old man (participle of jer- ʰage’); noun; jer(ont); GI

jeus-: choose; verb; jeus-; 399

jirno: grain; noun; jR-no-m; 390

jombo: peg; noun; jombʰo-s; 369

K

kaar: wax; noun; ka:r-; 532

kaau-: strike, cut, forge; verb; kahu-; GI

kaave: coffee; noun; < Turkish ʰkahveʰ; IW

kach: small, thin; adjective; kac-; GI

kais: hair; noun; kais-; 520

kajo: goat; noun; kajo-; 517

kaka: manure, excrement; noun; kakka-; 521

kan-: sing; verb; kan-; 525

kap-: catch, seize; verb; kap- (ka2p-); 527

kapel: head; noun; kap-el-; GI

kaput: head; noun; kap-ut-; 529

kar: tree: nut; noun; qar-; GI

karkar: crab; noun; karkar-; GI

kat: cat; noun; kat-; GI

kel: mountain, high place; noun; kel-; GI

kelch: cup; noun; kel-c-; 550

kelp: pot; noun; kelp-; 555

kerk: bird: chicken, hen, rooster; noun; kerk-; GI

kerp: implement for harvesting; noun; kerp-; GI

kes-: comb; verb; kes-; GI

kes-: scrape; shave; verb; kes-; 585

khav-: grasp, take; have; verb; gʰabʰ-; 407

khed-: defecate; verb; gʰed-; 423

khelsh: metal; copper, bronze; noun; gʰel(e)jʰ-; 435

khelu: turtle; noun; gʰelu; GI

kher-: fence in, surround, circle, enclose; verb; gʰer-; GI

kherth: fence; enclosure; noun; gʰ(e)r-dʰ-; GI

kherto: land; noun

khevel: head; noun; gʰebʰ-el- (gʰebʰ2l-); 423

khiv: left; noun; gʰibʰ-ol-o-; GI

khnid: nit; noun; gʰnid; GI

khos-: devour; verb; gʰos-; 452

khosti: host, guest; stranger; noun; gʰosti-s; 453

khou-: pay attention to; verb; gʰou-; GI

khree-: grow; verb; gʰre:-; 454

khwel-: want; verb; gʰʷel-; 489

khwelu: hungry; adjective; gʰʷel-; 489

khwen-: hit, kill; destroy; pursue (enemy); verb; gʰʷen-; 491

khwer: warm; adjective; gʰʷer-; 493

khwerm: warmth, heat; noun; gʰʷer-m-; GI

khweyi: tendon; noun; gʰʷeih-; 489

khwiislo: fiber; noun; gʰʷi:slo- (gʰʷihslo-); 489

kili-wo: bald; adjective; kelhwo- (kLhwo-); 554

kilni: hill; noun; kL-ni- ~ kol-ni-; GI

kirno: tree; cherry; noun; kRnos; 572

kleno: tree; maple; noun; kleno-; 603

klep-: steal; verb; klep-; 604

kneu: tree: nut; noun; kneu-; GI

koj: goat; noun; qoj-; GI

kokso: groin; noun; kocsa:-; 611

kom: with; preposition; kom; 612

kor-: crow, make noise; verb; ke/or- ~ kR-; GI

korch: weak, thin; adjective; korc-; GI

koslo: tree; hazel; noun; kos(e)lo-; 616

kost: bone; noun; qe/os-t-; GI

koyot: coyote; noun; < Nahuatl koyotl; IW

kree-: buy; verb; kʷrei- (kʷrei2-); 648

krem: soup prepared by heating, fermentation; noun; kr-em-; GI

kreui: raw flesh, raw meat; noun; kreuh- ~ kruh-; GI

kwaas-: cough; verb; kʷa2s-; R

kwas: cheese; noun; kwas-; GI

=kwe: and; conjunction; -kʷe; 635

kwekulo: wheel; noun; kʷekʷlo-; 640

kwel: cattle herder; noun; kʷel-; GI

kwel-: rotate, turn; verb; kʷel-; 639

kwelo: circle; noun; kʷelo-; 639

kwento: holy; adjective; cwen-to-; GI

kwep: boar; noun; qwep-; GI

kwer: bowl; noun; gʷer-; 642

kwer-: buy; verb; kʷer-(ei-); GI

kwer-: do, make; connect; make by hand; form; verb; kʷer-; GI

kwetwer: 4; numeral; kʷetwer-; 642

kwetwer-pel: quadruple; verb; kʷetwer-; 642

kwi: what, who; pronoun; kʷo-; 644

kwii-: want; verb; kwi:-; 632

kwirmi: worm; ant; noun; kʷRmi-; GI

kwoi-: punish, compensate, pay price, avenge; verb; kʷe/oi-(naa-); GI

kwon: dog; noun; cwon-; 632

L

laab: lip; noun; la:b-; 655

laawo: people, folk; army, campaign; noun; lah(w)o; GI

laiwo: leftside; adjective; laiwo-; 652

laks: salmon (derivative of lac- ʰred; spotted’); noun; lacs-; GI

lau: booty, plunder; noun; lau-; GI

lau-: take plunder; verb; lau-; GI

lav-: catch, seize; verb; labʰ-; 652

lee: slick; adjective; lei-; 662

lee-: poor; adjective; le:(i)-; 665

leeg-: bind; swear an oath, bind in obligation; verb; leig-; GI

leekw-: leave (tr); verb; leikʷ-; 669

lees: rut, track; noun; leis-; 671

leeto: warmth; noun; le:to- (le1t-); 680

leewo: smooth; adjective; leiwo-; 662

leezh-: lick; verb; leijʰ-; 668

legh-: lay; verb; legʰ-; 658

legh- se: lie; verb; legʰ-; 658

leghu: light; adjective; legʰʷ-; GI

lei: mortar; noun

lej-: gather, collect; verb; lej-; GI

lenta: tree; linden; noun; lenta:; 677

leu: lion; noun; leu-; GI

leudhero: free people; folk; noun; leudʰero-; GI

leuj-: break; verb; leuj-; 686

leuk: light; noun; leuk-; 687

leuk-: shine; verb; leuk-; 687

leuv-: love; verb; leubʰ-; 683

levont: elephant; noun; lebʰont- ~ Lbʰont-; GI

lezh-: crawl, creep; spread; verb; lejʰ-; GI

lino: flax; noun; lino-; GI

longo: long (dimension); adjective; (d)longʰo-s; 197

look-snaa: shining body; noun; louksnaa-; GI

looko: meadow; noun; lowko-s; R

lus: louse; noun; lus (luhs); 692

M

maalo: fruit; noun; mahlo-; GI

maater: mother; noun; ma:ter- (mé2t(e:)r); 700

maatro: uncle (MoBr); noun; ma:tro:- (me2tro:us); 701

marko: horse; noun; marko-; GI

marsk: swamp; noun; mor- ~ mar-(sc-); GI

matro: aunt; noun; ma:ter- (mé2t(e:)r); 700

me: 1s(o); pronoun; me-; 702

med-: measure, weigh; verb; med-; 705

medh: honey, mead; noun; medʰu; 707

medh-u: sweet; adjective; medʰu; 707

medhi: middle; adjective; medʰi-; 706

mee-: measure; verb; meh-; GI

mee-: ripen; verb; meh(i)-; GI

meems: meat; noun; me:mso- (me:ms-); 725

meens: moon, month; noun; me:ns- (me:1Ns); 731

meezh-: urinate; verb; meijʰ-; 713

mei-: change, exchange; verb; mei-(n)-; GI

mej: big; adjective; mej- (mej2-s); 708

mel: black, dark; adjective; mel-; GI

mel-: crush, divide; thresh, grind grate; verb; mel-; GI

mel-: deceive; verb; mel-; 719

mel-: grind; verb; mel- (molh-); 716

mel-: say, pronounce; verb; mel-; GI

meld-: pray while offering sacrifice; make a sound; verb; mel-dʰ-; GI

meli: honey; noun; meli; 723

melit: sweet; adjective; mel-i-t-; GI

melj-: milk; verb; 29melj-; 722

men: thought, mind, reason; noun; men-; GI

men-: rise, stand out; verb; m(e)n-; GI

men-: think, remember; verb; men-; 726

ment: mountain heights; noun; m(e)n-t-; GI

mer-: die; verb; mer-; 735

merk-: soak; verb; merk-; 739

mesk-: sink; verb; mezg-; 745

meu: semen, sperm; noun; meu- ~ mu-; GI

meus: moss; noun; m(e)us-; GI

mil: grinder, mill; noun; mL- ~ mul-; GI

mild: soft; adjective; mLdu- (mLdʰ-); 718

milyo: bad, evil; adjective; mel-yo-; 719

mir-: put into (someone’s) possession, govern; hold; verb; mHr-/n-(t)-; GI

mir-to: mortal; adjective; mRt-ós; 735

mir/n-: hand; noun; mh-n-és (mhr-/n-); 740

mod: manner; noun; mod; AHD

moks: soon; adverb; mocs; 747

mono: back of head, occiput; neck; noun; mon(o)-; 747

mor: black, dark; adjective; mor-; 734

mori: sea, lake; noun; mori; 748

moro: tree: mulberry (tree and fruit); noun; moro-; GI

moru/w-: ant; noun; mor-w- ~ wor-m-; GI

morva: form; noun; morbʰ-aa; GI

mosko: marrow; noun; mos-ko-; 750

mrezhu: short; adjective; mrejʰu-; GI

mug-: pray; pronounce the words of a prayer; verb; mug-; GI

mus: fly, gadfly; noun; mu(s)-

muus: mouse; noun; mu:s (muhs); 752

N

naa-: fear, revere (gods); be ashamed; verb; nah-; GI

naau: boat, ship; noun; nahw-; GI

nas: nose; noun; nas-; 755

ne: 1p(o); pronoun; ne-; 758

ne: not; clitic; ne; 756

nech-: die; disappear; verb; hnec-; GI

neegw-: wash; verb; neigʷ-; 761

nem-: give, allot; take; verb; nem-; 763

nepot: grandson; noun; nepo:t-; 764

nepti: granddaughter; noun; nepʰtʰí; GI

nes-: return home; be reunited with relatives; verb; nes-; GI

nevos: cloud; noun; nebʰos; 315

newin: 9; numeral; newnoun; 318

newo: new; adjective; newo-s; 769

nii: low, bottom; noun; ni:-; GI

nist: nest; noun; ni-zd-os; 887

nogu: naked; adjective; nogʷ-; 769

nokut: night; noun; nokʷt-s; 762

nomen: name; noun; nomN (1ne:3mN); 321

noodo: knot; noun; no:do-s; 758

nos: 1p(o); pronoun; nos; 758

nov: navel; noun; nobʰ- ~ Nbʰ- ~Mbʰ; GI

nu: now; adverb; nu-; 770

O

o-: consider true, believe an omen; verb; ho-; GI

od-: smell; verb; od- (3od-); 773

odhes: axe; noun; a/odʰes-; GI

oghwi: snake, viper; noun; ogʰʷi-; 43

okto: 8; numeral; octo:; 775

okw-: see; verb; okʷ- (3okʷ-); 775

okwes: eye; noun; okʷ(e)s-; 775

ol: bird: water bird, water fowl; noun; e/ol-; GI

ol: brown, red; adjective; e/ol-; GI

olina: elbow; noun; olina: (olVna2); 307

olmo: tree; elm; noun; ol-mo-s; 303

om: unripe, bitter; adjective; om- ~ M-; GI

omo-: swear; verb; omh- (3om3-); 778

omso: shoulder; noun; om(e)so-s; 778

ond: mountain, cliff, rock; noun; ond- ~ Nd-; GI

oner-: dream; verb; oner- (3ner-); 779

ongu/w-: oil; ointment, salve; noun; ongʰʷ; GI

ongw-: anoint; verb; ongʷ-; 779

onokh: claw; noun; onogʰ- (3nogʰ-s); 780

ons-: give birth, produce; kin; verb; hons- ~ hNs-; GI

oochu: swiftly; adverb; o:cu-s; 775

oos: mouth; noun; o:us- (ohs); 784

oos: tree; ash; noun; o:s-; 782

oowi: egg; noun; o:wi-om ((2)o:wio-m); 783

opir/n-: goods, wealth, possessions; trade; noun; hop-r/n-; GI

or: bird; eagle; noun; or-; 325

or-: rise, get up, heave; verb; 3or-; R

or-: supplicate, entreat gods; verb; or-; GI

ori: village boundary; noun; e/orh-; GI

orji: testicle; noun; orjʰ-i-; GI

ors: buttocks; noun; ors-; GI

orvo: indigent; orphan, slave; noun; orbʰo-; 781

osonos: donkey (borrowed?); noun; os(o)nos; GI

osp: tree; poplar, aspen; noun; apsa: (osp-); 55

ost: bone; noun; ost- (2ost); 783

osto: branch, twig; noun; ozdo-s (3osdo-s); 785

ovi: towards; preposition; obʰi; 287

ow-: put on footwear; verb; hou-; B

owent: shoe; noun; hou-; B

owi: sheep; noun; owi-s (3euis); 784

owi-paa: shepherd; noun; howi-pah-; GI

oyno: 1; numeral; oi-nos; 286

P

paa-: feed; verb; pa:-; 787

paa-: guard (livestock), herd; verb; pah- ~ poh(i)-; GI

paaj-: fasten; verb; pa:j- (pa2g-); 787

pard: leopard; noun; pard-; GI

patat(a): potato; noun; < Taino ʰbatataʰ; IW

pater: father; noun; phte(r) (p2te:r); 829

pecho: hair, fur; noun; p(e)c-o-; GI

pechu: domestic animals, livestock; noun; pec-u-; 797

ped: foot; noun; ped- (po:d-s); 790

peech: spotted; adjective; p(e)ic-; GI

peens: sand; noun; pe:ns; 824

pees: mortar and pestle; noun; peis- ~ pis-; GI

pees-: thresh, mill (grain); verb; peis- ~ pis-; GI

peesk: fish; noun; peisk-; 796

pekw-: cook, prepare; verb; pekʷ-; 798

pel: dust, powder; noun; pel-; 802

pel: fortress, fortified city; noun; pel-; GI

pel: skin; noun; pel-; 803

pel: smooth; adjective; pel-; GI

pel-: multiply, fold together; verb; pel-; GI

pelechu: axe; noun; pelecu-; GI

pelit: wide, flat; adjective; p(e)l-h-t-; GI

pen: bog, mud; noun; pen-; 807

penkwe: 5; numeral; penkʷe; 808

perch: spotted; adjective; perc-; GI

perch-: furrow; scratch, make hole or depression in the earth; verb; perc-; GI

perd-: fart; verb; perd-; 819

peri: front; noun; per-h-; GI

perkwu: forest; noun; perkʷu-; GI

perkwu: tree; oak; noun; perkʷu-s; 822

perkwu-no: god of war and military campaigns; noun; per(kʷ)u-no-; GI

pero: feather; noun; pero-m; R

pes: penis; noun; pes-; 824

pet-: fall, fly; verb; pet- (pet2-); 825

petir: wing; noun; pet-R-; 825

peuch: tree; pine, spruce; noun; peuc-; 828

peuch: tree: fir, pine; noun; peuc- ~ puc-; GI

peuch-: prick; verb; peuc-; 828

pik: pitch; noun; pik; GI

pilma: palm; noun; pL-ma: (pL2ma2); 805

pilno: full; adjective; pL-no- (pL1no-s); 798

pinksti: fist; noun; pNksti-; 839

pint: path; noun; pNt-H; GI

pint: road; noun; pNt-H; GI

pinti: track; noun; pNt(h)h-; 808

pit: tree: pine, fir; noun; pit; GI

pitro: uncle; noun; phte(r) (p2te:r); 829

plaa-: spread; verb; pla:-; 805

plech-: plait, braid, intertwine; verb; plec-; 834

pleu-: float, sail, swim; soak, make wet; verb; pleu-; 835

pleumon: lung (from pleu- ʰto float’); noun; pl(e)u-mon-; 837

ploo: flea; noun; plou-; 102

plu: many, much; quantifier; pelu-; 800

pneu-: blow; verb; pneu-; 838

pol: half; pair; numeral; p(o)l-; GI

pol: shield; noun; pol-; GI

poli: city, town; noun; pel- (p(o)lh-); 798

polt-: fold; verb; p(o)l-t-; GI

poo: few; quantifier; po:u-; 842

poo-: drink; verb; po:(i)- (po3-); 839

poolo: foal; noun; po:(u)-lo-s (p(o:)lh-); 842

porcho: piglet; noun; porco-s; 841

post: behind; preposition; pos (post); 841

poti: master, sovereign, husband; noun; poti-s; 842

potni: lady; noun; pot-ni-; GI

prech-: ask; verb; prec-; 821

preu-: jump; verb; preu-; GI

preus: frost; noun; preus-; 846

preuso-: freeze, cold; verb; preu-so-; GI

pro: ahead, before; preposition; pro; 813

pur, pawir: fire (for cooking); noun; pur (pa2wR); 828

putlo: boy; noun; putlo-s; R

puur: grain; wheat; noun; puur-; GI

R

raad: root; noun; w(e)ra:d- (wra2d-); 1167

ree: possessions, property; noun; reh(i); GI

ree-: travel by ship; verb; erH- ~ reh-; GI

reej: strong, efficient; adjective; rehj-; GI

reej-: break; verb; wre:j-; 1181

rej: king; noun; re:j-s (3re:j-s); 854

rej: right, straight; adjective; rej- (3Rju-s); 854

rej-: direct, correct, straighten, even out; verb; rej-; GI

rej-: make wet, irrigate; verb; rej-; GI

rem-: support; verb; rem-; 864

ren: lamb; noun; wr-en-; GI

ret-: run, ride, walk; verb; ret(h)- (hret-); 866

ret-: walk; verb; ret(h)- (hret-); 866

reu-: roar; verb; reu-j-; GI

reudh: red metal; copper; noun; r(e)udʰ-; GI

reuth: red; adjective; reudʰ-; 872

rod: rose; wild rose; noun; wrod-; GI

roto: wheel; noun; roto- (hrot2-); 866

roto-wo: cart; noun; roto- (hrot2-); 866

royko: heather; noun; wroi-ko-; GI

rughyo: grain; rye; noun; wrugʰyo-; 1183

S

saag-: recognize by signs; ask (the gods’ will); verb; saag-; GI

saag-: seek; verb; sa:g-; 876

saimen: cord, rope; noun; s2ime:n; R

sak: holy; adjective; sak-; GI

sak: rite; noun; sak-; GI

sak-: sanctify; verb; sak-; GI

sak-: set apart; sanctify; verb; sak-; 878

sal: salt; noun; sal- (se2l-); 878

samlu: tree: apple; noun; (s)amlu-; GI

saus: dry; adjective; saus-/sus-; GI

sawel: sun; noun; sawel- (so2wL); 881

sed-: set; verb; sed-; 884

sed- swe: sit; verb; sed-; 884

see-: sow; press into the ground; verb; se:(i)- (se1-); 889

see-: tie, bind, twist; verb; seh(i)-; GI

see-men: seed, semen; noun; seh(i)-men-; GI

seemi: 1/2; numeral; se:m-i-; 903

seku/w-: eye, view; noun; se/okʷ-; GI

sekw-: follow; verb; se/okʷ-; GI

sekw-: notice; verb; se3-; 897

sekw-: see, look; perceive; verb; sekʷ-; 897

sel: living space; noun; sel-; GI

sel-: take, grab; verb; sel-; 899

selj-: hunt; verb; selj-; GI

selp: butter; grease, fat; noun; selp-; 901

sem: together; adjective; sem-; 902

sema: summer; noun; sema:-; 905

sen: summer and fall; noun; sen-; GI

sengw-: sing; verb; sengʷ-; 906

seno: old; adjective; sen(o)-; 906

sep-: bury; verb; sep-; GI

septim: 7; numeral; septM; 909

ser-: protect; verb; ser-; 910

serk-: compensate a loss; verb; serk-; GI

serp: sickle, implement for harvesting; noun; serp-; GI

serw-: take plunder; verb; se/orw-; GI

seu-: wring, squeeze out (liquid); press (juice); chase out; verb; seu- ~ su-; GI

seur: urine; noun; sehur; GI

sewi-: give birth; verb; seuh- ~ suh-; GI

sezh-: win, triumph; verb; sejʰ-; 888

shaiso: spear; noun; jʰaiso-; 410

shan-: yawn; verb; jʰan-; 411

shans: bird; goose; noun; jʰan-s-; 412

shee-: yawn; verb; jʰe:-; 419

sheem: winter; noun; jʰei- (jʰeim-); 425

shel: gall, bile; noun; jʰel-; 429

shel: yellow (metal); adjective; jʰel-; 429

shem: person, human being; noun; jʰdʰem- (dejʰo:m); 414

sher-: fence in; encircle, surround; verb; jʰer-; 442

shers: grain; barley; noun; jʰers-; 446

shes: yesterday; adverb; jʰdʰyés; 416

shesir: hand; noun; jʰesor- (jʰesR-); 447

sheslo: 1000; numeral; jʰéslo-; 446

shleu: green; adjective; jʰleu-; 433

shokolat: chocolate; noun; < Nahuatl ʰxocolatlʰ; IW

shorna: gut; noun; jʰor-na:; 443

shorto: enclosure; noun; jʰor-to-s; 442

shuu, dezhu: fish; noun; jʰdʰu:- (djʰuh-s); 414

shwer: wild animals; noun; jʰwer-; GI

sinjo: lion; noun; sinjʰo-; GI

skei-: divide, separate; verb; skei-; 919

skep-: split with a tool; verb; (s)kep-; 930

sker: crooked; adjective

sker-: carve, shear, cut; shave; verb; sker-; 938

sker/n-: feces; manure; noun; scer/n-(d-); GI

skeu-: cut, divide, scratch; verb; ske:u-; 954

slee: slick; adjective; slei-; 662

sleeb-: slip; verb; (s)leib-; 663

sleedh-: slide; verb; sleidʰ-; 960

sme: very; adverb; sme; 966

smee-: smear; verb; sme:-; 966

smekir: chin; noun; smekr-; GI

smer-: remember; verb; (s)mer-; 969

smeru: grease, fat; noun; smeru-; 970

snaa-: swim; verb; sna:- (sne2-); 971

snee-: spin (yarn); verb; sneh-(i/u-); GI

sneewir/n-: bowstring; tendon, sinew; noun; sne:w-(e)r- (sne1wR); 977

sner-: snore; verb; sner-; AHD

sneuv: marriage; bride; noun; (s)neubʰ-; GI

sneuv-: marry, take as wife; verb; sneubʰ-; 977

snighu/w-: snow; noun; snigʰʷ-; 974

snuso: daughter-in-law; noun; snuso-s; 978

so: 3s; pronoun; so; 978

sokto-: guard, take care of (a sick person); verb; sokto-; GI

solu/w-: health; noun; sol-(w-); GI

som: one; numeral; se/om-; GI

somen: song, singing; noun; shomen-; GI

-sor: woman; suffix; sor; GI

sorw-: take plunder; verb; se/orw-; GI

spelsh: spleen; noun; speljʰ-; GI

spen-: spin; verb; (s)pen-(d-); 988

spend-: perform a libation, sprinkle; verb; spend-; GI

speno: breast; noun; speno- (psteno-s); 990

sperg: bird; sparrow, starling; noun; sper-g-; GI

spiko: bird; woodpecker; noun; (s)piko-; GI

spingo: bird; small bird; finch; noun; (s)pingo-; GI

splei-: split (tr); verb; splei-; 1000

splei- swe: split (refl); verb; splei-; 1000

spreg-: talk (impromptu activity); verb; (s)p(h)re:g-; 996

spyeu-: spit; verb; (s)p(h)ye:u-; 999

sreu-: flow, stream; verb; sreu-; 1003

sreu-men: stream; noun; sreu-men-; 1003

sreu-to: stream; noun; sreu-to-; 1003

sriig-: cold, freeze; verb; sriig-; GI

staa-: stand (tr); verb; sta:- (sta2-); 1004

staa- swe: stand (refl); verb; sta:- (sta2-); 1004

stai: thief; noun; (s)tahi-; GI

stai-: rob, steal; conceal; verb; (s)tahi-; GI

steb: stem, trunk; noun; steb(ʰ); 1011

steeg: sharp, sharpened; adjective; (s)teig-; GI

steeg-: stab; verb; (s)teig-; GI

stel-: place; verb; stel-; 1019

stemp: dull; adjective

sten-: thunder; verb; (s)ten-; 1021

steno: breast; noun; steno- (psteno-s); 990

ster: star; noun; ster- (2ste:r); 1027

ster-: steal; verb; ster-; 1028

sterg-: be sick; verb; s(t)erg-; GI

steud-: push, shove; verb; steud-; 1033

steuro: steer; noun; steu-ro-; 1010

streu-: scatter; verb

su: good; adjective; wesu-/su-; GI

su: pig; noun; su-s; 1038

sunu: son; noun; sunu-s; 913

suu: rain; noun; su2-; R

suuro: sour; adjective; su:-ro-; 1039

swa-: rain; verb; su2-; R

swaad: sugar; noun; swa:d-; 1039

swaad: sweet; adjective; swa:d-; 1039

swe-: reflexive; pronoun; sʷe-; GI

swe-dhu: daughter-in-law; noun; swe-lo-; 1046

swe-ma: mother-in-law; noun; swe-lo-; 1046

swe-pa: father-in-law; noun; swe-lo-; 1046

swe-su: son-in-law; noun; swe-lo-; 1046

swe-swe: sister-in-law; noun; swe-lo-; 1046

swe-vra: brother-in-law; noun; swe-lo-; 1046

swekru-dhugater: daughter-in-law; noun; swekru-; 1043

swekru-maater: mother-in-law; noun; swekru-; 1043

swekru-pater: father-in-law; noun; swekru-; 1043

swekru-sunu: son-in-law; noun; swekru-; 1043

swekru-swesor: sister-in-law; noun; swekru-; 1043

swekru-vraater: brother-in-law; noun; swekru-; 1043

sweks: 6; numeral; swecs; 1044

swelik: tree; willow; noun; weli-ka: (swVlyk); 1140

swelk: furrow; noun; swelk-; GI

swen-to: strong, healthy; adjective; swen-to-; GI

swep-: sleep; verb; swep-; 1048

swer: dark color; adjective; sʷer-; GI

swer: pole; noun; swer-; 1050

swesor: sister; noun; swesor- (sueso:r); 1051

sweth: custom; noun; swedʰ-; 883

syuu-: sew; verb; syu: (syuh-); 915

T

ta: that; pronoun; to-; 1086

taa-: melt; verb; ta:- (ta2-); 1053

tauro: aurochs; bull, wild bull; noun; thuro-s (te2uros); 1083

te: 2s(o); pronoun; te; 1097

te: this; pronoun; to-; 1086

tek: child; noun; tʰekʰ-; GI

teks-: compose poetry; verb; tecs-; GI

teks-: prepare, weave, braid, work (material), mold; verb; tecs-; GI

tekw-: run, flow, rush along; verb; tekʷ-; 1059

tem: dirty; adjective; tem(h)-; 1063

ten-: stretch; verb; ten-; 1065

tenu: thin; adjective; tenu-s; 1069

tep: warmth, heat, blaze; noun; tep-; GI

ter-: conquer, overcome; verb; terh- ~ tRh-; GI

ter-: rub, polish, abrade; drill, bore hole; verb; ter-; GI

terk-: twist; verb; terk-; 1077

ters: dry; adjective; ters-; 1078

ters: dry; verb; ters-; 1078

teter: black grouse (?); noun; tet(e)r-; GI

teu-t-ono: leader of a people; noun; teu-t-ono-; GI

teu-ta: tribe, people; society; noun; teu-ta:-; 1080

thanu: tree; pine, fir; noun; tʰanu-; 234

the-: put, place; verb; dʰe:- (dʰe1-); 235

the- cherdom: believe (lit: ʰplace (one’s) heart’); verb; cred-dʰeh-; GI

the- chlewom: acquire glory, fame; verb; clewo- dʰeh-; GI

the- nomenom: establish a name; give a name; verb; nome/on dʰeh-; GI

thee-: suck; suckle, nurse, give milk; verb; dʰe:(i)- (dʰe1-); 241

theem: pertaining to the ritual establishment; adjective; dʰeh-m-; GI

thees: holy; adjective; dʰe:s- (dʰe1s-); 259

theesh: clay; material for pottery; noun; dʰeijʰ-; GI

theezh-: mix clay, mold; verb; dʰeijʰ-; GI

theghw-: burn (intr); be angry; verb; dʰegʰʷ-; GI

then-: flow (of water); verb; dʰen-; GI

theu-: disappear, die (from dʰeu- ʰexhale’); verb; dʰeu-; GI

theub: deep; adjective; dʰeu-b-; 267

theugh-: squeeze, give milk; verb; dʰeugʰ-; GI

theun: settlement on a hill; noun; dʰeun-; GI

theus: asphyxia, breath, breathing; soul; noun; dʰeu-(h/s)- ~ dʰu-(h/s)-; GI

theus-: blow, exhale, gasp; verb; dʰeu-(h/s)- ~ dʰu-(h/s)-; GI

thev(-u): small; adjective; dʰebʰ-; GI

thregh-: run; verb; dʰregʰ-; 273

threu-: run, flow; verb; dʰreu-; 274

threukh: friend; comrade (at arms); noun; dʰreugʰ-; GI

thrikh: hair; noun; dʰrigʰ-; 276

thugater: daughter; noun; dʰug(h)hter (dʰug2te:r); 277

thur: harness; noun; dʰur-; GI

thur-: harness; verb; dʰur-; GI

thuumo: smoke; noun; dʰu:-mo- (dʰu2mo-s); 261

thwer: door; noun; dʰwer-; 278

to: 3p; pronoun; to-; 1086

to: yonder; pronoun; to-; 1086

tree: 3; numeral; trei-; 1090

tree-dechim: 30; numeral

tree-pel: triple; verb; tree; 1090

tu: 2s(s); pronoun; tu (tuh); 1097

twako: skin; noun; twakos; 1099

twek: body; body part; membrane, skin; noun; twek-; GI

U

udero: belly; noun; udero-; 1104

udhir: weather; noun; hw-dʰr-; GI

uksen: bull, ox; noun; uks-en-; 1118

ulkwo: wolf; noun; wLkʷos; 1178

uper: over; preposition; upér; 1105

ut: up, out; preposition; ut; GI

W

waasto: empty, devastated; adjective; wa:sto-; GI

waat: soothsayer, prophet; noun; waat-; GI

waat-: be aroused or inspired to poetic creation; prophesy; verb; waat-; GI

we: 1p(s); pronoun; we-; 1114

we: or; conjunction; we-; 75

wech: village; a group of houses; noun; we/oc-; GI

wed: wet; adjective; wed-; AHD

wedh-: lead away, carry off a bride (by force); verb; hwedʰ-(mno-); GI

wedh-: wed; verb; wedʰ-; 1115

wedir/n-: water; noun; wed-(r/n-t-) ~ ud-(r/n-t-); GI

wee-: blow; verb; we:- (2we1-); 81

weed: wolf; noun; weid-(n)-; GI

weed-: see; verb; weid-; 1125

weeno: wine; noun; w(e/o)ino-; GI

weewer: squirrel; small forest mammal; noun; we(i)wer-; GI

weg: damp; adjective

weghw-: praise solemnly while making sacrifice; verb; heugʰʷ- ~ hwegʰʷ-; GI

wei-: chase; verb; wei- (wey1-); 1123

wei-: twist, plait; verb; wei-; GI

weku/w-: voice; noun; hwekʷ-; GI

wekw-: speak, talk; compose, praise; verb; wekʷ-; 1135

wekwos: word; noun; wekʷos-; 1135

wel: pasture, meadow; dwelling of the dead; noun; wel; GI

wel-: wish; verb; wel-; 1137

wem-: vomit; verb; wem-; 1146

wend-: weave, plait; verb; wendʰ-; GI

went: wind; noun; hwent-; GI

wer: heather; noun; wer-; GI

wer-: burn; verb; wer-; GI

wer-: defend (oneself), save (oneself), protect (oneself); verb; wer-; GI

wer-: find; verb; wer- (wer1-); 1160

wer-: look, pay attention; to be careful; verb; wer-; GI

wer-: turn away; verb; wer-; 1152

werg-: serve; verb; wwerg-; AHD

werj-: make; verb; werj-; 1168

wern: tree: alder, poplar; log, beam, mast; noun; wer-n-; GI

wers-: pour, spill; verb; wers-; GI

wersen: bull (originally ʰpouring forth semen’); noun; wers-en- ~ wRs-en-; GI

wert: wheel, circle; cart; noun; hwer-t- ~ hwer-jʰ-; GI

wert-: rotate, turn; verb; hwer-t- ~ hwer-jʰ-; GI

wes-: be, exist, become (animate); verb; hwes-; GI

wes-: clothe oneself; verb; wes-; 1172

wes-: dress; verb; wes-; GI

wes-: dwell, stay; verb; (a)wes- (2wes-); 72, 1170

wes-: wear; verb; wes-; 1172

wesir/n-: spring and summer; noun; wesr-/n-; GI

wesno: price, trade, value; noun; ues-no-; 1173

wesperos: evening; noun; wesperos; 1173

wesperos: west; noun; wesperos; 1173

wester: shepherd, herder; noun; wes-ter-; GI

wesu: good; adjective; wesu-; 1174

wet: year; noun; wet-; 1175

weto: old; adjective; weto-; GI

wev-: braid, tie, twist, weave; verb; webʰ-; 1114

wezh-: ride, carry (in a vehicle); verb; wejʰ-; 1118

wezh-o: cart, wagon; noun; wejʰ-o-; GI

wi: twice; numeral; wi-; 1176

wich: household; village; noun; uic-; 1131

wichimti: 20; numeral; wi-cMt-í (wícMti1); 1177

wichimti-oyno: 21; numeral

widheu: widow; noun; widʰewa: (widʰeu-); 1127

wiis: power; noun; wís- (wihs); 1123

wiis-wo: powerful; adjective; wís- (wihs); 1123

wiks: mistletoe; noun; wiks-; GI

wilkwos: wolf; noun; wLkʷos; 1178

wilna: wool; noun; wL-na:-; 1139

wilp: wolf; noun; wLp-; GI

wir: people; noun; wir; GI

wirmo: worm; noun; wRmi- ~ wRmo-; GI

wiro: man; noun; wiro-s (uihro-); 1177

wirsen: male; adjective; wRsen-; 81

wobsa: wasp; noun; wobʰsaa-; GI

wodir: water; noun; wedo:r (wodR); 78

woghwoni: plow; verb; wogʰʷoni-; GI

woid-: know, understand; verb; woid-; 1125

wos: 2p(o); pronoun; wos-; 513

wos-: buy, sell; verb; we/os-(n-); GI

Y

yaa-: ride, travel; journey; verb; yah-; GI

yaam: already; adverb; ya:m; 285

yeek-: do; verb; ye:k-; 502

yeek-: treat, cure; verb; yehk- ~ yHk-; GI

yeg: cold, ice; noun; yeg-; 503

yekwir/n-: liver; noun; yekʷ-R; 504

yeniter: husbandʰs brother’s wife; noun; (y)enHter-; GI

yeu: young; adjective; yeu-; 510

yeu-: bind, yoke; wed; verb; yeu-g-; 508

yev: elephant; ivory; noun; yebʰ-; GI

yev-: copulate; verb; eibʰ- ~ yebʰ-; GI

yewo: establishment, ritual rule, ritual norm; noun; yewo-; GI

yewo: grain; barley; noun; yewo-; 512

yewo: grain; wheat; noun; yewo ((h)ieu-); 512

yewos: law; noun; yewos-; 512

yos-: gird (oneself); verb; (h)ie3s; B

yos-men: belt; noun; yo:s-men- (yo3s-); 513

yu: 2p(s); pronoun; yu- (yuh); 513

yugom: yoke; noun; yukʰom; GI

yuus: (meat) soup, broth; noun; yu:s- (yuhs); 507

Index

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