Proto-Uralic/O: Difference between revisions

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==PU *a_ə, per Aikio==
==PU *a_ə==
{|
{|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
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! Comments
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| F. *a_i ~ *oo_i, S. *oa_ē (!), Mo. *u(CCə), Ma. *o, P. *uu, Ms. *aCC/*oo, Kh. *a (~ *oo), Smy. *å(CCə)
! colspan="10"| *a_ə type 1: F. *a_i, S. *oa_ē (!), Mo. *u(CCə), Ma. *u, P. *uu, Ms. *aaC/aCC, Kh. *a (~ *oo), Smy. *å(CCə)
| default
|-
|-
| "to be"
| "to be"
| ''*ole-'' || - || *ulə- || '''*ʊla-''' || *vɤɤl(ɨ)- || vol-, val- ||style="color:red"| *aal- || *waL- || *åə-
| ''*olë-'' || - ||style="color:green"| *uľə- || '''*ŭla-''' || *vɤɤl(ɨ)- || val- ||style="color:red"| *aal- || E *waL- ~<br/>W *ooL- ||style="color:red"| *åə-
| P. *wa- → *wo-, F. unstressed shortening?
| P. *wa- > *wo-, F. unstressed shortening? Hu. *alT > olT (volt)
|-
|-
| "to sleep"
| "gadfly"
| - || *oaðē- || *udə- || - || - || al- || *aal- || *aLaa- || -
| (*parma) || *poar''ō'' || *purəmə || (*parmə) || - || - || - || (O. puurəm) || -
| cf F. *vuod-ek "bed" ??
| *parə, *parma; cf. "sleep". F. ''paarma'' (_rN?)
|-
| "sleep"
| - || - || *udəmə || *omə || *uunm || ''aalom'' || ''*uuləm'' || '''*aaLəm''',<br/> ''*wuuLəm''<br/>"dream" || -
| *aðəma; → *alma in Ug? cf. "to sleep"
|-
|-
| "gadfly"
| "to tremble"
| *parma || *poar''ō'' || *purəmə || ''*parmə'' || - || - || - || O. puurəm || -
| *tarkënë-<br/>"to stay warm" || *toarkēstē- || *turgəďə- || - || K. tural- || - || N. toorɣ- || *ta('''a''')rəɣ- || -
| *parə(ma); cf. "sleep". F. ''paarma'' (affectiv? _rN?)
|-
|-
| "raft"
| "raft"
| *parvi  || *poarē(vē) || - || - || *puurj || - || *paaraa || *parə || *pårV
| *parvi  || *poarē(vē) || - || - || *puurj || - || *paara || *parə || *pårV
| Smy ← OU?
| Smy ← OU?
|-
|-
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| *parvi || - || - || - || - || - || - || *parə || -
| *parvi || - || - || - || - || - || - || *parə || -
| Same root as prev.?
| Same root as prev.?
|-
| "clay"
| *savi || - || ''*śovəń'' || *šun || K. śun || - || style="color:red"| '''*suwľ''' || *saɣɯɯ || -
| Mo. > *-ow- > *-uw-. Kh. < *-əj.
|-
| "cold weather"
| - || *joasō || - || *juž || U. juz || - || - || - || *jat
| Smy > *a / Ć_. Cf. also SS juoskos ~ joåskos "cold"
|-
|-
| "group"
| "group"
| '''*ko/unta''' || '''*kontē''' || Mk. <font color="red">kuńďä</font> || - || - || had || *kaant || *kantəɣ || *kåntə
| '''*ko/unta''' || '''*kontē''' || Mk. <font color="green">'''końďä'''</font> || - || - || had(a-) || *kaant || *kantəɣ || *kåntə
| S & NF contam. with Gmc *hundra?
| WU contam. with Gmc *hundra?
|-
|-
| "willow"
| "willow"
| *paju || ''*poajōi'' || - || - || style="color:red"| '''*baď''' || faɟal || - || - || style="color:red"| '''*päwə'''
| *paju || ''*poajōi'' || - || - || style="color:red"| '''*baď''' || faɟal(o-) || - || - || style="color:red"| '''*päwə'''
| S. *oa per -o? Not to be conflated with *pojə "aspen"
| S. *oa per -o? Not to be conflated with *pojə "aspen"
|-
|-
| "horn"
| "horn"
| *sarvi || *čoarvē || *śurə || '''*šur''' || *śuur || sarv || *saarəp || '''*ćärpə''' || -
| *sarvi || *čoarvē || *śurə || *šur || *śuur || sarv(a-) || *saarəp || '''*ćärpə''' || -
| ← II, Ug. separately?
| ← II, Ug. separately?
|-
| "to go thru"
| - || *soaŋē- || Er. ''sova-''<br/>~ Mo. ''suva-'' || - || U. <span style="color:green">zum-</span> ~ K. sun- || av- || '''*tuu-''' || *ɬaŋ- || '''*tüj-'''
| Mo. *oŋ → oŋ
|-
|-
| "bend"
| "bend"
| - || NS moagge || - || - || '''*mög''' || - || ''*muuɣəl'' || *makəL || -
| - || NS moagge || - || - || '''*mög''' || - || ''*muuɣəl'' || *makəL || -
| *maŋkə-la → *ma(ŋ)kla in pre-Ms?
| *maŋkə-la > *ma(ŋ)kla in pre-Ms?
|-
|-
| "soft"
| "tin, lead"
| - || *loančē || - || "lënzë-" || - || laaɟ || *lanćəŋ || ''*ɭoonćə(ɣ)'' || -
| - || - || - || *wulnə || - || ''oon(o-)'' || *alən || ''*ooLnaa'' || -
| NB no palzn. in S.
| H. *alT > *olT, *Vln > VVn. Cf. WU *wala- 'to pour'
|-
|-
| "to want"
| "to want"
|style="color:red"| *hapi-- || - || - || - || - || - || *taŋk- || *ɬaŋkaa- || -
|style="color:red"| *hapi-- || - || - || - || - || - || *taŋk- || *ɬaŋkaa- || -
| *šaŋə- with analogical *v → p in F?
| *šaŋə- with F. analogical *v > p?? F. *soo- "to grant" ← *suwa- ← II.
|-
| "to bild"
| Fi. rakenta- || - || - || - || - || rak- || - || - || -
| Or Fi rather ← Gmc *rakjan
|-
|-
| "lid"
| "lid"
| *kanci || *koamtē || *kundə || *komdəš || K. kudj || - || - || - || -
| *kanci || *koamtē || *kundə || '''*komdəš''' || K. kudj || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "oak"
| "oak"
| *tammi || - || *tumə || '''*tumə''' || *tu || - || - || - || -
| *tammi || - || *tumə || *tumə || *tu || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to split"
| *halkët- || - || *Čulgə- || - || K. '''čaľal-''' || - || - || - || -
| SKES; not in UEW.
|-
|-
| "maple"
| "maple"
| *vahtera || - || *ukštər || ''*waštar'' || - || - || - || - || -
| *vahtëra || - || *ukštər || ''*waštar'' || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| Ma. *a / w_
| "barley"
| - || - || *čuž ||style="color:red"| *šož || *čuužj || - || - || - || -
|Cf. *poji "aspen"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| similar but S. *ō_ɤ, Mo. *a, P. *oo, Smy. *a / _Ć
! colspan="10"| *a_ə type 2: similar but S. *ō_ɤ, Mo. *a, P. *oo, Smy. *a / _Ć
| palatalization
|-
|-
| "butter"
| "butter"
| *voi || *vōjɤ || *vaj || '''*ü''' || U. '''vɤj''' ~<br/>K '''vɨj''' || vaj || *waaj || ''*wooj'' || -
| *voi || *vōjɤ || *vaj || '''*ü''' || U. ''vɤj'' ~<br/>K '''vɨj''' || vaj(a-) || *waaj || ''*wooj'' || -
| ~ IA *āǵja — but *w- ? F. via *voojə
| ~ IA *āǵja — but *w- ? Maybe *wëjə. F. via *voojə
|-
|-
| "to step"
| "to step"
| *askel,<br/>*as-tu- || - || Er. aśkiĺa- || ''*aškəl-'' || *ooćkVl- <!--ućkɨl- ~ vośkol- -->|| - || ''*uusəl'' || - || *asəl
| *askël,<br/>*as-tu- || - || Er. aśkiľa- || ''*aškəl-'' || *ooćkVl- <!--ućkɨl- ~ vośkol- -->|| - || ''*uusəl'' || - || *asəl
|-
|-
| "to receive"
| "to receive"
| *saa- || NW ''*sākɤ-'' || Mk. sajə- || *šo- || K. su- || - || - || - || *tåj-
| *saa- || NW ''*sākɤ-'' || Mk. sajə- || *šo- || K. su- || - || - || - || *tåj-
| *saxə. Note assim. only in S/Mo. WMa -u- cf. *kajwa-
| *saxə. Note assim. only in S/Mo. Hi. ''u'' per hiatus
|-
|-
| "grass, awn"
| "grass, awn"
| - || *kōjɤ || - || - || '''*kɨ''' || haj || *kaaj || - || Sk. *quu<br/>← *kåə
| - || *kōjɤ || - || - || '''*kɨ''' || haj(a-) || *kaaj || - || Sk. *quu<br/>< *kåə
|-
|-
| "spirit"
| "spirit"
| *vaimo || *vōjŋɤ || *vajmə || - || - || - || - || - || *wajŋə
| *vaimo || *vōjŋɤ || *vajmə || - || - || ''vaaɟ(a-)'' || - || - || *wajŋə
| F. & Mo. ← *vajŋ-ma-. Cf. S. ''*vājmō'' "heart"?
| F. & Mo. < *vajŋ-ma-. Cf. S. ''*vājmō'' "heart"?
|-
| "to spread, bed"
| - || *vōðō<br/>"bottom<br/>layer" || - || - || ''*wååľ-'' || ''aaɟ(a-)'' || *aaľ || - || -
| P. per class 4, F. ''vuode'' < vuota ← B, Mo. *aca ← Tat.
|-
| "river bend"
| - || - || - || - || K. voľ || '''völɟ(ä-)''' || CMs *wooľ ||style="color:red"| *wakəĽ || Ne. wäej
| NB *ľ?!
|-
|-
| "penis"
| "penis"
| - || *pōčɤ || - || - || - || fas || - || - || -
| - || *pōčɤ || - || - || - || fas || - || - || -
| or H. ← German
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| similar but F. *oo / _Rə (= std. PU *oo/*ox)
! colspan="10"| *a_ə type 3: similar but F. *oo / _Rə (= std. PU *oo/*ox), Ma. *o
| "long" cases
|-
|-
| "to lick"
| "to lick"
| *noole- || style="color:red"| *noalō- || '''*nola'''- || '''*nʊle-''' || *ńuul- || ńal- || '''*ńal-aamt-''' || *ńaLaa- || *ńåə-
| *noolë- || style="color:red"| *noalō- || '''*nola'''- || '''*nŭle-''' || *ńuul- || ńal- || '''*ńal-amt-''' || *ńaLaa- || *ńåə-
| F. also cf. ''*nola'' "slime". Check Kh. forms. Mo. analogy with *elä- "live"?
| F. also cf. ''*nola'' "slime". Check Kh. forms. Mo. analogy with *elä- "live"?
|-
|-
| "to die"
| "to die"
| *koole- || *koalō-<br/>"freeze" || *kulə- || *kole- || *kuul- || hal- || *kaal- || *kaLaa- || *kåə-
| *koolë- || *koalō-<br/>"freeze" || *kulə- || *kole- || *kuul- || hal- || *kaal- || *kaLaa- || *kåə-
| S. may be ← Gmc. Cf. *kal-ma "death".
| S. may be ← Gmc. Cf. *kal-ma "death".
|-
|-
| "intestine"
| "intestine"
| *sooli || *čoalē || *śulə/''a'' || *šolə || *śuulj || saal<br/>"thread" || - || ''*sooL'' || -
| *sooli || *čoalē || *śulə/''a'' || *šolə || *śuulj || ''saal(a-)''<br/>"thread" || - || ''*sooL'' || -
| ← IA ?
| ← II *ćālā
|-
| "to sleep"
| *voodë-k<br/>"bed" || *oaðē- || *udə- || - || - || al- || *aal- || *aLaa- || -
| or F. < *voota "hide"? *ad₂ə "bed" predicts *ota
|-
|-
| "mountain"
| "mountain"
| *voori || - || - || - || *vɤɤr || '''orr''' || *waar || ''*woor'' || Km. ''boor''
| *voori || - || - || - || *vɤɤr || '''orr(o-)''' || *waar || ''*woor'' || Km. ''boor''
| ~ II *aras — but *w- ? P. *wa- → *wo-. Also cf. *wara
| ~ II *aras — but *w- ? P. *wa- > *wo-. Also cf. *wara
|-
|-
| "crust"
| "crust"
| *koori || *koarē || ''*kaŕ'' || - || K. ''kɨrś'' || - || '''*kur-''' || W *karə,<br>'''*kuurəp''' || ''*kar''
| *koori || *koarē || ''*kaŕ'' || - || K. ''kɨrś'' || - || '''*kur-''' || W *karə,<br>'''*kuurəp''' || ''*kar''
| For Se. ''ker-'' cf. [[Proto-Uralic/new|*kêri]]
| For Se. ''ker-'' cf. [[Proto-Uralic/new|*kêri]]
|-
| "thicket"
| - || - || Er. kuro || - || - || - || *kaarəp || S. xar || FNe. '''kuur'''
| clearly not *kurV!
|-
|-
| "to whittle,<br/>to plane"
| "to whittle,<br/>to plane"
| *voole- || *oalō- || - || - || '''*vɤl-''' || - || ''*walt-'' || *waLt- || -
| *voolë- || *oalō- || - || - || ''*vɤl-'' || - || ''*walt-'' || *waLt- || -
| S. *vōlɤ- ← F.
| S. *vōlɤ- ← F.; P. *wa- > *wo-
|-
| "ash; heat; flame"
| - || - || - || *lom(p)ɤž || *luum- || laaŋg(o-) || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *a_ə type 4: similar but F. *o_a, P. *wåå / #_ (bled by prev. two exception classes!)
|-
| "sleep"
| - || - || *udəmə || *omə || *uunm || ''aalom(o-)'' || ''*uuləm'' || '''*aaLəm''',<br/> ''*wuuLəm''<br/>"dream" || -
| *aðəma; > *alma in P+Ug? cf. "to sleep"
|-
| "shoulder"
| *o/õlka || *oalkē || - || - || K. volɨs || vaall(a-) || ''*waaɣləp'' || - || *wajk
| Cf. BSl. *olkuti ? Ms. 'shoulderband'. NB Smy palzn
|-
| "awl"
| *ora || *oarē || *urə || - || - || aar(a-) || - || - || -
| ← II *ārā (Vo ''õra'')
|-
| "slave"
| *orja || *oarjē<br/>"south" || *uŕɜ || - || U. war || - || - || - || -
| ← II *ārya. K. '''verɤs''' 'husband' better < *wirä(s) ← IE (Katz)
|-
| "to shine"
| - || - || - || - || *vååľ(k)'' || - || *waľɣ- || N. <span style="color:green">*waĽə-</span> || -
| *w- ?? Cf. *wëlkə "light"!
|-
| "early"
| - || - || - || *ažno || *wåådź || - || - || - || -
|}
|}


==Std. PU *o_ə==
==*o_ə==
F. *o_i/e-, S. *ō_ɤ, Mo. u(CCə), Smy. *å(CCə)
F. *o_i/e-, S. *ō_ɤ, Mo. u(CCə)


{|
{|
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! Comments
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *o_ə type 1  (P. *ɤɤ, Ms. *aa, Kh. *ooC)
! colspan="10"| *o_ə type 1a > Ma. *a/*o, P. *(kʷ/w)ɤɤ, Ms. *aa, Kh *oo, Smy. *å)
| all EU cases with medial clusters?
|-
|-
| "hollow, cavity"
| "hollow, cavity"
| *o/õnci  || *vōmtɤ || *undə || - || U. '''udur''' || odur || *aantər || *oontər || -
| *o/õnci  || *vōmtɤ || *undə || - || U. '''udur''' || ''odur'' || *aantər || *oontər || -
| *omtə(-rV)
| *omtə(-rV)
|-
|-
| "hole in wood"
| "opening, mouth"
| - || *vōwtɤ || - || - || - || - || - || *ooŋət || -
| *o/õvvi || W *vōŋɤs || *oŋ-kst || '''*äŋ''' || *wɤɤm || ''ajak'' :<br/>''ajka-'' || - || *ooŋ || '''*aŋ'''
| *oŋtə, cf. prev.
| *owŋə? F. ''aukko'' ← *aŋa- "to open". Mo. *oŋ > oŋ.
|-
| "mouth"
| - || *vōŋɤs || *oŋ-kst || '''äŋ''' || *(w)ɤɤm || ''aj'' "lip" || - || *ooŋ || '''*aŋ'''
| F. ''aukko'' ← *aŋa- "to open", but cf. ''ovi''? Mo. *oŋ → oŋ. K. also '''vom'''
|-
| "hole"
| *oŋk- || *vōŋkō || - || - || - || - || *waaŋkaa || *wooŋk || *wåŋkə
| F. onk'''a'''lo cf. varsi : vartalo
|-
|-
| "to chew"
| "to chew"
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|-
|-
| "bow"
| "bow"
| *jo/?uci || *jōksɤ || *joŋs || *jaŋež || - || ''iij'' || *jaaɣət || *jookəL || '''*jïntə'''
| *jousi || *jōksɤ || *joŋs || *jaŋež || - || '''iij(a-)''' || *jaaGt || *jookəL || '''*jïntə'''
| *-ŋs-. Mo. *oŋ → oŋ
| *-ŋs-. Mo. *oŋ > oŋ
|-
|-
| "tail"
| "tail"
| *poč(ka) || *poac(kē) || - || *pač ||style="color:red"| *bɤɤž || far || ''*panš'' ||style="color:red"| *pooč || *pånčə
| *poč-ka || *poac-kē || - || *pač ||style="color:green"| *bɤɤž || ''far(o-)'' || *paanš ||style="color:red"| *pooč || *pånčə
| *-č- or *-nč-? F, S *po(n)č-ka "shin"
| *-č- or *-nč-? F, S *po(n)č-ka "shin"
|-
|-
| "thin"
| "thick; many"
| *o/õhut || - || - || - || - || - || ''*waɣtaa'' || *wooKəL || -
| - || - || - || *čaka(-ta) || K. čɤk || ''šok'' ||style="color:red"| *šaaw || - || -
| *wokšə (AA13). Check OU
| Cf. Turkic *čok
|-
| "net needle"
| - || *čōps'''ē'''mē || - || *šapš || - || - || *taas || *soopəs || -
|-
| "lung; gills"
| - || - || - || *šoðɤ || K. šɤľ || - || - || - || -
| no cluster? S. suovtē 'gills' better ← Gmc (and ≠ P anyway)
|-
|-
| "to sweep"
| ""
| Fi. '''huosi-''' || - || - || - || U. '''čuž-''' || - || *šaaš- || '''*čaač-''' ||Se čuuč-←<br/>*čåəč-
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *o_ə type 1b: similar except F. *uu (= PU *ow_ə?)
| coronal or zero-ish medials
|-
|-
| "spruce"
| "spruce"
| ''*kuusi'' || ''*kōsɤ'' || *kuz || *kož || *k(w)ɤɤz || - || style="color:red"| *kaawt || *kooL || *kåət
| ''*kuusi'' || ''*kōsɤ'' || *kuz || *kož || *kʷɤɤz || - || style="color:green"| *kaaɣt || *kooL || *kåət
| *kowtə, F. *ow → *uu?
| *kowsə?
|-
| "root, base"
| ''*juuri'' || - || *jur || - || ''*jur'' || - || - || - || *jår
| *jowrə? Smy not ~ F. jaaru
|-
| "cereal"
| ''*suurimo''<br/>"groats" || - || *surə<br/>"millet" || - ||style="color:green"| *zɤɤr<br/>"oats" || - || - || - || -
| Or F ~ Mo śu/orə 'corn' etc.
|-
|-
| "drape"
| "drape"
| ''*uudim'' || - || - || - || *(w)ɤɤn(m-) || - || *aaməl || *ooLəp || -
| ''*uudim'' || - || - || - || *wɤɤn(m-) || - || *aaməl || *ooLəp || -
| *owðəmə, F. *ow → *uu?
| *owðəmə? NB no *ð > ∅ in P. Possibly PMs *aalma > CMs *aaməl
|-
|-
| "other"
| "other"
| ''*muu'' || ''*mū-'' || - || *molə || *mɤɤd<br/>*muuket || maaš || *maat;<br/>S+E ''*mɤɤt'' ||  || -
| ''*muu'' || ''*mū-'' || - || *molə || *mɤɤd<br/>*muuket || maaš || *maat;<br/>S+E ''*mɤɤt'' ||  || -
| *mow-, F. *ow → *uu?
| *mow-?!
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *o_ə type 1c: similar except Ma. *u, P. *⁽ʷ⁾ɤ (U+KP /ɤ/, Zyrian /o/)
|-
| "to vomit"
| *oksënta- || SS vuoksedi- || *uksəndə- || ''*ukšənća-'' || ''*wɤskɨ-'' || - || - || - || -
| Core S '''*vōksē-'''-, backformation? Or F. *a > *ə / T_T?  
|-
| "to touch"
| NF *koske- || *kōskɤ- || - || ''*kuške-'' || K. kos- || - || - || - || -
| K from P. *kʷɤɤs-?
|-
| "(to) patch"
| - || W *tōŋɤ- ~<br/>E *tōvŋɤ- || - || ''*tuməš'' || K. <span style="color:green">*dɤɤm-</span> || - || - || - || -
| ŋ/m? Ma. per *a-stem?
|-
| "belly, abdomen"
| *ko/õktu || - || - || - || ''*kʷɤt'' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "dry"
| - || - || - || ''*kukšə'' || ''*kʷɤs'' || - || - || - || -
| cf. *kôśkə?
|-
| "worm"
| - || *sōksɤ || *suks || ''*šukš'' || - || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *o_ə type 1d: indistinct/unclear
|-
| "to wash"
| *mo/õskë- || - || *muśkə- || ''*mŭška-'' || ''*mɨśk-'' ||style="color:red"| ''moš-'' || - || - || *måsə-
| MaP *u, / m_?
|-
| "hole"
| *oŋk- || *vōŋkō || - || - || - || - || *waaŋka || *wooŋk || *wåŋkə
| F. onk'''a'''lo cf. varsi : vartalo
|-
| "to scorch"
| *ko/õrpët- || *kōrpɤ- || *kurv'''a'''- || - || - || - || - || - || *kårpə-
|-
| "knee"
| *po/õlvi || *pōlvɤ || *pul- || ''*pŭl'' || - || - || - || - || '''*puəj'''
| Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_
|-
| "thin"
| *o/õhut || - || - || - || - || - || *waaɣta || *wookəL || -
| *wokšə (AA13)
|-
|-
| "netstring"
| "netstring"
| - || *cōncɤ || - || - || - || - || - || *čoončəɣ || -
| - || *cōncɤ || - || - || - || - || - || *čoončəɣ || -
|-
|-
| "to vomit"
| "hole in wood"
| *oksenta- || '''*vōksē-''' || ''*uksəndə-'' || *ukšənz/ća- || U. '''ɤskɨ-'''<br/>~ K. *wɤɤs- || - || - || - || -
| - || *vōwtɤ || - || - || - || - || - || *ooŋət || -
| *oŋtə, cf. *omtə
|-
| "(to) knot"
| *so/õlmi || *čōlmɤ || *śulm'''a''' || - || - || ''čomoo'' || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "(to) patch"
| "snot"
| - || W *tōŋɤ- ~<br/>E *tōvŋɤ- || - || ''*tumɤš'' || K. <span style="color:green">*dɤɤm-</span> || - || - || - || -
| *no/õlki ||style="color:green"| *snōlkɤ || '''*nolgə''' || - || - ||style="color:red"| '''ńaal(a-)''' || - || - || -
| ŋ/m? Ma. per *a-stem?
| S. affected by Gmc *snuut?
|-
|-
| "millet; oat"
| "spear"
| - || - || *surə || - || *zɤɤr || - || - || - || -
| - || - || - ||style="color:red"| ''*umdə'' || - || - || *aaGta || *ooŋtəw || ''*aŋtə''
| Tv ''awtā'' ← *-ɣt- , WMs *owta/NMs *oowta ← *wt = Ms *-ŋt-? F. *ota better < *woča
|-
|-
| "woods"
| "woods"
| - || - || - || - || - || vad || - || *woont || -
| - || - || - || - || - || vad(a-) || - || *woont || -
| S. *vōvtē ← Gmc
| S. *vōvtē ← Gmc
|-
|-
Line 196: Line 317:
| - || - || - || - || - || - || *saalt- || - || *såjtə-
| - || - || - || - || - || - || *saalt- || - || *såjtə-
|-
|-
| ""
| "to oppose"
| || || || || || || || ||
| *to/õrju- || *toarjō- || *tuŕə- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| S. "to support". Cf. *tora
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *o_ə type 2: similar except P. *(k)wåå/*ooĆ/*uu, Ms. *u(u)
! colspan="10"| *o_ə type 2: similar except P. *(k)wåå/*ooĆ/*uu, Ms. *u(u), Smy *o
| open syllables with a dorsal medial
|-
|-
| "male"
| "male"
| - || *kōjɤ<br/> || - || - || *koom || hiim || CMs ''*kuj'',<br/>*kum || ''*kuu₂j'' || -
| - || *kōjɤ<br/> || - || - || *koom || hiim || CMs ''*kuj'',<br/>*kum || ''*kuu₂j'' || -
| *kojə(-ma). Ms. *uuj → *uj?
| *kojə(-ma). Ms. *uuj > *uj?
|-
|-
| "to sound"
| "to sound"
| *so/õi- || *čōjɤ- || - || *ša-kte- || - || †saj- || ''*suj-'' || '''*söj-''' || '''*so-'''
| *so/õi- || *čōjɤ- || - || *ša-kte- || - || †saj- || ''*suj-'' || '''*söj-''' || *så(jmå)
| Ms. *uuj → *uj? East *u?
| Ms. *uuj > *uj? Better *a?
|-
| "to find; riddle"
| - || - || *mujə- || *moa- ||style="color:red"| ''*mååď'' || ''mu(u)t'' || - || *muuj-- || -
| F. ''mu/o/õista-'' "to remember" ← R. мысл- "to think"
|-
|-
| "to bring"
| "to bring"
| *too- || *tōkɤ- || *tujə- || - || - || - || *tuul- || *tuu- || *tå- / '''*tə-'''
| *too- || *tōkɤ- || *tujə- || - || - || - || *tuul- || *tuu₂-~<br/>*tuu₁ɣ- || '''*tå-''' / '''*tə-'''
| H. *toj- "lay eggs" may be ← Trc
| H. *toj- "lay eggs" may be ← Trc
|-
|-
| "to go thru"
| "bosom"
| - || *sōŋɤ- || Er. ''sova-''<br/>~ Mo. ''suva-'' || - || U. zum- ~ K. sun- || av- || *tuu- || *ɬaŋ- || '''*tüj-'''
| *po/õvvi || *pōŋɤ || Er. poŋgo<br/>~ Mk. pov || Hi. poŋgəš<br/>~ Me. poməš || *pi || - || *puut || E puuɣəL<br/>~ N poxəL || *påŋə
| Mo. *oŋ → oŋ
| *powŋə? Mo. *oŋ > *oŋ. Smy ment'd in AA13, reflexes??
|-
|-
| "bosom"
| "to pursue"
| *po/õvi || *pōŋɤ || Er. poŋgo<br/>~ Mk. pov || Hi. poŋgəš<br/>~ Me. poməš || *pi || - || *puut || E puuɣəL<br/>~ N poxəL || *påŋə (?)
| *no/õu-ta- || - || - || - || - || - || ''*ńɤɤwl-'' || *ńuu₂/ååkəL- || *ńo-
| Mo. *oŋ → *oŋ. Check Smy
| V -uu-, Vj -ɔɔ-. Ms. cheshirization? Also cf. P. *nuu-, Ma. *nŭmala- "carry"
|-
|-
| "root, base"
| "to experience"
| ''*juuri'' || - || *jur || - || ''*jur'' || - || - || - || *jår
| *koke- || I. kuoha- || - || - || - || - || - || - || *ko-
| *jowrə, F. *ow → *uu? Smy not ~ F. jaaru
|-
|-
| "berry"
| "berry"
| Võ pal'''a''' || - || || - || K. pul || style="color:red"| '''boĺoo,<br/>boɟoo ?''' || ''*pul'' || - || Sk. '''*pəl-'''
| Võ pal'''a''' || - || || - || K. pul || style="color:red"| '''boľoo,<br/>boɟoo ?''' || ''*pul'' || - || Sk. '''*pəl-'''
| Core F. *poola probably reshaped after *joo-la- "V. uliginosum"
| Core F. *poola probably reshaped after *joo-la- "V. uliginosum"
|-
|-
| "to touch"
| "steam, fog"
| NF *koske- || *kōskɤ- || - || *kuške- || K. kos- || - || - || - || -
| - || - || - || - || *ruu || - || - || *ruu₂t || -
| K. ← P. *kwåås- ?
|-
|-
| "to say"
| "to say"
| *hoke- || - || - || - || *šuu- || - || - || - || -
| *hoke- || - || - || - || *šuu- || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "group"
| "barley"
| *jo/õukko || - || - || - || *juuk || - || - || - || -
| - || - || *čuž ||style="color:red"| *šož || *čuužj || - || - || - || -
| ← IE *jowkjo, H ɟakor something else
| substratal? note *-š-
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Indistinct between *o₁_ə and *o₂_ə
! colspan="10"| *o_ə type 3: as per [[Proto-Uralic/U|*u]] in WU+P, H. ''uu'', Ms. *u, Kh. *o, Smy *o
| open syllables with an anterior medial
|-
| "sno"
| *lumi || *lomɤ ||style="color:red"| *loŋ || *lŭm || *lɨmɨ || ''lom'' || - || - || *jom-
| Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_
|-
| "to bite"
| *pure- || *porɤ- ||style="color:green"| *poŕə- || *pŭra- || '''*puur(ɨ)-''' || - || *pur- || *por- || *por-
| Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_
|-
| "to blo"
| *puhu-<br/>*puhalta- || *posō- || - || - || K. '''puškɨ-''' || fuu- || *put- || *poLaa- || Sk. ''puttu''?
| K. ~ Fi. puhku-?
|-
| "bone"
| *luu || - || *lov''a''ža || *lu || *lɨ || - || *luw || *loɣ || '''*lɤ'''
| Mari CV ⇒ long
|-
| "mouth"
| *suu || *čovɤ, *čontɤk || - || *šu || - || '''saa-j''' || *sunt,<br/>''*suup'' ||style="color:orange"| ''*ɬuuL'' || *so
| *śowə. Mari CV ⇒ long. Kh *śowə-sa > *suu-ɬ > *ɬuuɬ??
|-
| "new"
| ''*uuci'' || *oðɤ || *od ||style="color:brown"| *u || *vɨľ || uuj(a-) || - || - || Sk. oćɨŋ
| Mari CV ⇒ long. F. length from *wu-?
|-
| "(to) coff"
| - || *kosɤ(-) || *koz(ə-) || - || *kɨz(ɨ)- || - || - || ''*kooL(-)'' || *kot(-)
|-
| "to pass by"
| - || *molɤ- ||style="color:green"| *moľə- || - || style="color:red"| *mɤɤjm || muul- || Tv ''mal-'' ~<br/>CMs *mul- || - || -
|-
| "to come"
| *tule- || *tolɤ- || - || *tola- || - || '''talaal-''' || - || - || *toj-
| Ma/H. cf. F. *talla- "tread"?
|-
| "lake"
| - || - || - || - || *tɨ || √tav- || Tv. ''too'' || *toɣ || *to
| *towə, not *toxə. PMs *tow? SKh ''tew''
|-
| "side"
| - || - || - || - || K vɨj || - || *wujəl || - || -
| Tv ''wɤjəl''
|-
|-
| "to wash"
| "hut"
| *mo/õske- || - || *muśkə- || ''*mʊška-'' || ''*mɨśk-'' || moš- || - || - || *måsə-
| - || - || - || - || U. tɨlɨs || - || *tul || - || -
| MaP *u, / m_?
| Ms. "tent pole". F. *talas/-oi  ← Baltic *tala-
|-
|-
| "to scorch"
| "steep"
| *ko/õrpet- || *kōrpɤ- || *kurv'''a'''- || - || - || - || - || - || *kårpə-
| - || - || - || - || *ńɨl- || - || *ńultəŋ || - || -  
|-
|-
| "knee"
| "remaining sno"
| *po/õlvi || *pōlvɤ || *pul- || ''*pʊl'' || - || - || - || - || '''*puəj'''
| - || W ''*jësë'',<br/>E <span style="color:red">''*jëcë''</span> || - || *jož || '''*juuž'''<br/>'hard snow' || - || - || - || -
| cf. *joččə 'path'
|-
|-
| "(to) knot"
| "sleep"
| *so/õlmi || *čōlmɤ || *śulm'''a''' || - || - || čomoo || - || - || -
| *uni || - || on || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE *oner
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Indistinct between *o₁_ə and *o₂_ə
|-
|-
| demonstrativ stem
| demonstrativ stem
| *jo- || *jō- || E. ju- || *ju- || - || - || - || - || -
| *jo- || *jō- || E. ju- || *ju- || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE?
| ← IE?
|-
| "hook, to angle"
| *o/?ŋki || *vōŋkɤ || - || *oŋgə || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE
|-
| "worm"
| - || *sōksɤ || *suks || *šukš || - || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| ""
| ""
Line 284: Line 449:
| "to dry"
| "to dry"
| - || - || - || - || - || asoo || style="color:green"| *taaš || *soos ||
| - || - || - || - || - || asoo || style="color:green"| *taaš || *soos ||
|-
| "net needle"
| F. sohi- ? || *čōpsēmē || - || *šapš || - || - || *taas || *soopəs || -
| Note irregular sibilants in OU
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| with Ms. *ɤɤ
! colspan="10"| with Ms. *ɤɤ
Line 295: Line 456:
|-
|-
| "tusk"
| "tusk"
| - || - || - || - || *wåådźer || aɟar || *ɤɤńćər || '''*eńćər''' || -
| - || - || - || - || *wåådźer || aɟar(a-) || *ɤɤńćər || '''*eńćər''' || -
|-
|-
| "ghost"
| "ghost"
| - || - || *čo(v) || - || K. šɤn || - || ''*tɤɤw'' || *ɬuu₂ŋk || -
| - || - || *čo(v) || - || K. šɤn || - || ''*tɤɤw'' || *ɬuu₂ŋk || -
| Mo. *oŋ → *oŋ, or *av → ov? Ms. cheshirization? F. ''huu'' better ← Gmc
| Mo. *oŋ > *oŋ, or *av > ov? Ms. cheshirization? F. ''huu'' better ← Gmc
|-
| "to pursue"
| *no/õu-ta- || - || - || - || - || - || ''*ńɤɤwl-'' || *ńuu₂/ååkəL- || *ńo-
| V -uu-, Vj -ɔɔ-. Ms. cheshirization? Also cf. P. *nuu-, Ma. *nʊmala- "carry"
|-
| "minor river"
| *jo/õki || *jokɤ || Er. jov || *joɣə || *juu || joo || *jɤɤ || *jååkəɳ,<br/>*jɯɯkɯɯ || -
| *jëkV, with S *ë → *u, Er. av → ov? Cf. *jëxə- "to drink/flow?"
|- style="background:#DDDDDD"
| "major river"
| *juka || - || - || || || || || *jååkəɳ || *jəka
| for comparision
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *ô_ə (S. ''*o_ɤ'', Mo. ''*o'', Ma. ''*a''?,
! colspan="10" | *ô_ə (F. ''*o'', Mo. ''*o'', Ma. ''*a''?)
|-
|-
| "to dry; rapids"
| "to dry; rapids"
| *koski || *koškɤ- || *kośkə- || *kaške(-) || *kwååś-/k || - ||style="color:green"| *kaš (?) || - || *kåsə-
| *koski || *koškɤ- || *kośkə- || *kaške(-) || *kʷååś-/k || - ||style="color:green"| *kaš (?) || - || *kåsə-
| F. → S. *kōškɤ "rapids"
| F. → S. *kōškɤ "rapids"
|-
| "birch bark vessel"
| - || *kōššē || - || - || - || - || *kus || *koćək || -
| *-śj-? F. kosio ← S.
|-
| "to experience"
| *koke- || I. kuoha- || - || - || - || - || - || - || *ko-
|-
| "snot"
| *no/õlki || '''*snōlkɤ''' || *nolgə || - || - || ńaal || - || - || -
| Or *o with Mo. irregular
|-
|-
| "stick"
| "stick"
Line 336: Line 474:
| "vessel"
| "vessel"
| - || - || *očkə || *wačkɤ || U. vɨčkɨ || - || - || - || -
| - || - || *očkə || *wačkɤ || U. vɨčkɨ || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to sieve"
| *pohtVj- || - || ponž'''a'''vto- || - || *poož- || - || - || - || -
| ← IE *powH-(ta-), *pewH-
|-
| "bent"
| - || - || Mk. nokəl(a) || - || *ńuuk || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "grain"
| "grain"
Line 360: Line 491:
| *lo/?nteh || - || londado- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *lo/?nteh || - || londado- || - || - || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *oo-a (IE loans)
! colspan="10"| IE loans
|-
|-
| "salt"
| "salt"
| suola || - || sal || Hi <font color="red">cal</font> ~  Me <font color="red">'''ćal'''</font> || U. ''sɨlal'' ~ K. sol || - || - || - || -
| suola || - || sal || Hi <font color="red">cal</font> ~  Me <font color="red">'''ćal'''</font> || U. ''sɨlal'' ~ K. sol || - || - || - || -
| ← IE, multiple loans? Mari affricated prenasally? (#sÖnćAl)
| ← IE, multiple loans? Mari affricated prenasally? (#sÖnćAl)
|-
| "to sieve"
| *pohtVj- || - || ponž'''a'''vto- || - || ''*poož-'' || - || - || - || -
| ← IE *powH-(ta-), *pewH-
|-
| "(to) hoe"
| *kookka || - || - || - || ''*kook-'' || - || - || - || -
| at least F ← Gmc *xōka
|-
| "gap"
| *lo/õvi || - || *luv || *lu || - || - || - || - || -
| ← Gmc. Mo/Ma better here than with F. *loma
|-
| "hook, to angle"
| *o/õŋki || *vōŋkɤ<br/>*oaŋkō- || - || ''*oŋgə'' || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE
|-
| "to dare"
| *tohtVj- || *tōstɤ- || - || *tošta- || - || - || - || - || -
| ← II *dʰr̥š-?
|-
|-
| "protection"
| "protection"
| suoja, hoi-va || *sōjē, šōjē || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| suoja, hoi-va || *sōjē, šōjē || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← II *sḱaajaa
| ← II *sćaajaa
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"|
! colspan="10" | Rejectable
|-
|-
| "to hack"
| "group"
| kuokki- || - || - || - || '''*kook-''' || - || - || - || -
| *jo/õukko || - || - || - || *juuk || ɟakor || - || - || -
| rowspan="2" valign="center"| Coincidental?
| F. ← Sc. *jǫukja-, P. = *jëka- 'to divide'
|-
|-
| "pit"
| "cover"
| kuoppa || || || || U. '''gop''' || || || ||
| - || NS '''goaran''' || - || - || - || - || N. xuri || *koraa || -
| better S < *koarō- 'to sew' (1), OU ← *kur- 'to skin' or *kur- 'to sew' (2), maybe Ms ← Kh.
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| std. PU ''*ox'' type 2?
! colspan="10" | Messy stuff
|-
|-
| "those"
| "those"
| nuo || *nō- || nonat || *nʊnə || K. ''nɨ-'' || - || - || - || Se. na
| *noo || *nō- || nonat || *nŭnə || K. ''nɨ-'' || - || - || - || Se. na
|-
|-
| "that"
| "that"
| tuo || *tō || to- || *tʊ || U. tu ~ K. ''tɨ'' || ta-, taa- || *tuu-, *tu- || *to- || *tå-
| *too || *tō || to- || *tŭ || U. tu ~ K. ''tɨ'' || ta-, taa- || *tuu-, *tu- || *to₂-- || *tå-
|-
| "side"
| puoli || - || pola || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "pole"
| F. vuoli || - || - || - || - || - || *ula || *(w)ooɭ || -
|- style="background:#DDDDDD"
| "pole"
| ulku || style="color:red"| *holkɤ || olga || - || K. ɨl || || *awla || *oɣəl || *uj
| for comparision
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | Messy stuff
|-
|-
| "3"
| "3"
| *kolmi || *kolmɤ || *kolmə || *kʊm ||style="color:red"| '''#kuuińm''' <!-- U. kwiń ~ K. kujim--> || style="color:red"| '''haarom''' || style="color:red"| '''*kuurəm''' || ''*kooLəm'' || -
| *kolmi || *kolmɤ || *kolmə || *kŭm ||style="color:red"| '''#kuuińm''' <!-- U. kwiń ~ K. kujim--> || style="color:green"| '''haarom''' :<br/>''harma-'' || style="color:green"| '''*kuurəm''' || *kooLəm || -
| *-rm- ? -ðm- ?? Wanderwort?!
| *-rm-, analogy to '4' outside H+Ms?
|-
|-
| "aspen"
| "aspen"
Line 412: Line 549:
| - || *ńōvɤ- || - || - || *ńij- || ńuuz- || Tv. ńooj- ~<br/>CMs *ńuj- || ||
| - || *ńōvɤ- || - || - || *ńij- || ńuuz- || Tv. ńooj- ~<br/>CMs *ńuj- || ||
| *-w-/*-j-? H. *ńoWə-ta-?
| *-w-/*-j-? H. *ńoWə-ta-?
|-
| "swan"
| *jo/?uccen || style="color:red"| '''*ńūkčɤ''' || style="color:red"| *lokś-- || *jükšə || *juuś(k-) || - || - || - || -
| *joŋćə-, Mo. *oŋ → oŋ + ŋkC → kC?)
|-
|-
| "pole"
| "pole"
Line 421: Line 554:
| Bad
| Bad
|-
|-
| "lake"
| "pole"
| - || - || - || - || *tɨ || tav- || *taa || '''*töɣ''' || *to
| Fi. vuoli || - || - || - || - || - || *ula || N. *(w)ooɭ || -
| OU here under next item?
|- style="background:#DDDDDD"
| "pole"
| ulku || style="color:red"| *holkɤ || olga || - || K. ɨl || || N. aawla || N. *oxəL || *uj
| for comparision
|-
|-
| "straight"
| "straight"
| *o/õikeda || *vōjkɤ || '''*vijəďɜ''' || '''*wij-''' || - || - || - || - || -
| *o/õikëda || *vōjkɤ || '''*vijəďɜ''' || '''*wij-''' || - || - || - || - || -
| S. may be ← F. Volg.
| S. may be ← F. Mo/Ma *wejä/*weKä?
|-
|-
| "buckle"
| "buckle"
Line 437: Line 575:
|-
|-
| "to throw"
| "to throw"
| *loo || '''*lū''' || '''*ĺijə-''' || *loŋa- || '''*lɤd-''' || loog- || || ||
| *loo || '''*lū''' || '''*ľijə-''' || *loŋa- || *lɤd- || loog- || || ||
| WTF is this shit
| WTF
|-
| "to sink"
| - || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| rokkan- || *rowt-, N. '''räɣ-''' || *raak- || -
|-
| "brittle"
| NF *rohka || - || - || *raš/čka || *rɨž, K. rɨš(k)- || - || - || - || -
| *rošə, *roš-ka? OU ''ris'' etc. ← K. Don't see how H. roš- "slow" compares. Zek "P *ruuž"
|-
| "brittle"
| - || - || - || #rot || - || ruut, rot- || - || *ratək || -
|-
|-
| "dawn"
| "dawn"
| *koi || - || - || K. ''kɨa'' || - || - || - || - || -
| *koi || - || - || - || K. ''kɨa'' || - || - || - || -
| H. ''haj'', Ms. *kuuj  cf. *kaja "sun"
| Better *kajə? H. ''haj'', Ms. *kuuj  cf. *kaja "sun"
|-
| "to stick"
| - || - || - || - || *tooj- || †toĺ- || - || - || -
|-
| "dish, chest"
| - || - || - || - || *dooz || - || - || *toL || -
|-
|-
| "a fish"
| "a fish"
| *to/õtki || - || *tutk'''a''' ||style="color:red"| *tatə || - || tat || *tokt || - || Sk. tut
| *to/õtki || - || *tutk'''a''' ||style="color:red"| *tatə || - || tat || *tokt || - || Sk. tut
| East *u?
| East *u?
|-
| "to dare"
| *tohtVj- || *tōstɤ- || - || *tošta- || - || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "cloth"
| "cloth"
| - || - || - || *tʊɣər || *te/ɤr''a'' || - || - || - || -
| - || - || - || ''*tŭɣər'' || *te/ɤr''a'' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "hill"
| - || - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| domb || *tåmp || - || -
| clearly not PU
|-
| "birch bark"
| || || || || || tidoo || || ||
| + OU per *tana
|-
| "to knock"
| - ||-  || Er tomb'''a'''- || - || U dɨbɨrt- || †tob- || Lz tååmp- || - || -
|-
| "to oppose"
| *to/õrju- || *toarjō- || *tuŕə- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| S. "to support". Cf. *tora
|-
|-
| "many"
| "many"
Line 495: Line 599:
| "to be able; to fight"
| "to be able; to fight"
| *vo/õi- || - || - || - || - || viiv- || - || - || -
| *vo/õi- || - || - || - || - || viiv- || - || - || -
|-
| "to see"
| - || - || - || - || - || oov- || - || *wuu-/waa- || '''*wë(ra)-'''
| how about *ë
|-
| "to reach; to spawn"
| - || '''*joksɤ-''' || - || - || - || (v)iiv- || - || - || -
| F. *jooksə- better from *joo- "drink, flow"? Bad without
|-
| "to go"
| - || - || - || - || - || in-- || *jaam- || - || Ne. jaam-
|-
| "middle"
| F. jotka || - || *jutkə || - || - ||-  || *jat || - || *jotV
|-
|-
| "ski"
| "ski"
| - || - || - || '''*ječe''' || - || - || *jašə || - || -
| - || - || - || '''*ječe''' || - || - || *jašə || - || -
| Bad
| Bad
|-
| "steam, fog"
| - || - || - || - || *ruu || - || - || *ruu₂ || -
|-
|-
| "weak"
| "weak"
| - || - || - || - || K. rudź- || ross || - || - || -
| - || - || - || - || K. rudź- || ross || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "soup"
| "to sweep"
| *rokka || - || - || - || - || - || LU raɣt || *rook || -
| Fi. '''huosi-''' || - || - || - || U. '''čuž-''' || - || *šaaš- || '''*čaač-''' ||Sk čuuč-←<br/>*čåəč-
|-
| "go sour"
| - || - || - || Me. šua- || U. šut- ~ K. šuź- || - || - || - || -
| Cf. čapp
|-
| "harness"
| - || *vōtɤ || - || - || - || - || *vo/ät || '''*wäät''' || Sk. *kuu
|-
|-
| "to hack"
| "moss"
| - || - || - || *rooe- || - || rov- || - || *rooɣ- || -
| - || *ńōrɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || *ńår-
| Cf. *ńërə
|-
|-
| ""
| ""
Line 533: Line 628:
|}
|}


==Std. PU *o_a==
==*o_a==
{|
{|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
Line 540: Line 635:
! Comments
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| F. *o_a, S. *oa_ē, Mo. *u_ə, Ma. *u, P. *Cuu / *(k)wåå, H. ''a/aa'', Ms. *uu, Smy. *å_å
! colspan="10"| F. *o_a, S. *oa_ē, Mo. *u_ə, Ma. *u, P. *uu, H. aa, Ms. *uu, Kh. *aa, Smy. *å_å
 
|-
| "to dry"
| - || - || - || - || *śuur- || saar- || style="color:green"| *šuur- || *saar- || -
| Or *a₂
|-
| "jaw"
| - || *oalōl || *ulə || - || - || aall || *uuləć || - || -
|-
|-
| "part; flesh"
| "part; flesh"
Line 555: Line 642:
|-
|-
| "fish trap"
| "fish trap"
| *ota- || *oacē || -  || - || K. vodž || - || *wuuš || *waač || *wåčå
| *ota- || *oacē || -  || - || K. <span style="color:brown">'''vodž'''</span> || - || *wuuš || *waač || ''*wåč''
| Mo. ''*oš'' "city" probably doesn't belong
| Mo. ''*oš'' "city" probably doesn't belong. Sk. *k⁽ʷ⁾ëččə a derivative?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|-
! colspan="10"| similar but Ms *aa
| "jaw"
| - || *oalōl || *ulə || - || - || aall(a-) || *uuləć || - || -
|-
| "awhile; to spend a night"
| NF *kotva || *koaðvē || - || - || '''*kʷɤl''' || haal- || *kuul- || *kaaL- || -
| AA15. Ma. kot "year" ← Ru. год (MZh14)
|-
| "time"
|  ||  || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to conjure"
| - || - || Er. '''al(s)ta-''' || style="color:#D08000"| *ulte- || - || aald- || - || *aaLəL- || -
|-
| "spirit"
| - || - || - || - || *kuuľj || ''haɟ'' || '''*kuľ-''' || - || *kåjkə
| *-d₂k-. F. *koljoi ← Gmc
|-
|-
| "shoulder"
| "raw, meat"
| *o/õlka || *oalkē || - || - || K. volɨs || vaall || *waaɣləp || - || ''*wajk''
| - || - || - || - || *uuľ || - || - || - || *åjå
| ~ BSl. *olkuti ? Ms. "shoulderband"
|-
|-
| "spear"
| "skin"
|style="color:red"| *ota || - || - ||style="color:red"| *umdə || || || *aawtaa || *ooŋtəw || ''*aŋtə''
| E. ''kõba'' || - || *kuvə || *kŭwə || *kuu || - || - || - || '''*kopå'''
| Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_
|-
|-
| "river bend"
| "squirrel"
| - || - || - || - || K. voĺ || '''völɟ''' || CMs *wooĺ ||style="color:red"| '''*wakəLʲ''' || Ne. wäej
| *orava || *oarēvē || ''*ur'' || *ur || K. ur || - || - || - || Mt. orop
| NB *ĺ?!
| Vo ''õrava''. PSmy *årop / *oråp
|-
|-
| "to spread, bed"
| "eagle"
| - || - || - || - || *wååĺ- || aaɟ || *aaĺ || - || -
| *kotka || *koackēmē || style="color:red"| ''*kućkan'' || *kučkəž || *kuuč || - || - || - || -
| F. ← vuota ← B, Mo. *aca ← Miš.
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| indistinct
! colspan="10"| similar but P. *kʷåå, Ms. *aa
|-
|-
| "house"
| "house"
| *kota || *koatē || *kudə || *kuðɤ || *kwåå || haaz || - || *kaat || -
| *kota || *koatē || *kudə || *kuðɤ || *kʷåå || haaz(a-) || *kaatə || *kaat || -
| ← II?
| Old Ms хоть, хоать. ← II?
|-
|-
| "ear; leaf"
| "ear; leaf"
| *ko/õrva || *koarvē || - || - || *kwåår || harap || - || - || style="color:red"| ''*kåw''
| *ko/õrva || *koarvē || - || - || *kʷåår || ''harap'' || - || - || style="color:red"| ''*kåw''
|-
| "small fly"
| - || - || - || *lŭmej || U. ľum || - || *ľaaməj || - || -
| Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| indistinct
|-
|-
| "head"
| "head"
Line 595: Line 702:
|-
|-
| "hare"
| "hare"
| - || *ńoamēlē || *numələ || - || K. '''ńimal''' || style="color:green"| ''ńuul'' || - || - || *ńåmå
| - || *ńoamēlē || *numələ || - || K. '''ńimal''' || style="color:green"| ''ńuul(a-)'' || - || - || *ńåmå
| ← *ńoxə-ma(-la)? H. *m-lenition
| ← *ńoxə-ma(-la)? H. *m-lenition
|-
|-
Line 603: Line 710:
|-
|-
| "quarrel"
| "quarrel"
| *to/õra || *toarō ||style="color:red"| *tuŕə- || Hi. '''torle-''' || - || || - || - || *tåro-
| *to/õra || *toarō ||style="color:red"| *tuŕə- || - || - || || - || - || *tåro-
| Hi. "torle-" ∄ (MZh14)
|-
|-
| "aunt"
| "aunt"
| - || *koaskē || - || - || - || - || - || - || *kåtå
| - || *koaskē || - || - || - || - || - || - || *kåtå
|-
| "shallow; to dry"
| - || *coakē- || - || - || - || - || - || - || Sk. *čëkə-
| PSmy *čåkå-?
|-
|-
| "to go"
| "to go"
Line 612: Line 724:
| *jočə-ta-? Cf. OUg *jaač "path". S. *jotē- better ← B. *judē-.
| *jočə-ta-? Cf. OUg *jaač "path". S. *jotē- better ← B. *judē-.
|-
|-
| "raw, meat"
| "to dry"
| - || - || - || - || ''*uuĺ'' || - || - || - || *åjå
| - || - || - || - || *śuur- || saar- || - || *saar- || -
|-
| Ms. <span style="color:green">''*šu(u)r(l)-''</span> ← Komi šural-?
| "skin"
| E. ''kõba'' || - || *kuvə || *kuwə || ''*kuu'' || - || - || - || '''*kopå''' 
|-
| "awl"
| *ora || *oarē || *urə || - || - || aar || - || - || -
| ← II *ārā (Vo ''õra'')
|-
|-
| "orphan"
| "orphan"
| *orpoj || *oarpēs ||style="color:red"| *urəs || - || - || aarva || - || E. '''uurwɯɯ''' || -
| *orpoj || *oarpēs ||style="color:red"| *urəs || - || - || aarva || - || E. '''uurwɯɯ''' || -
| ← IE
| ← IE *(h₃)orbʰos
|-
|-
| "squirrel"
| "to sew"
| *orava || *oarēvē || ''*ur'' || *ur || K. ''ur'' || - || - || - || "*årop ~ *oråp"
| - || - || - || *ŭrɣe-;<br/>*wŭrɣəm<br/>"cloth" || *vuurɨ- || var- || - || - || -
| (Vo ''õrava'')
| Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_
|-
| "slave"
| *orja || *oarjē || *uŕɜ || - || U. war ~ K. '''ver''' || - || - || - || -
| ← II *ārya. S. "south"
|-
| "twig"
| *oksa || *oaksē || - || *ukš || '''*oosɨ''' || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "south; day"
| "south; day"
| *lo/õuna || - || - || - || U nun, lum<br/>~ K lun || - || - || - || -
| *lo/õuna || - || - || - || U nun, lum<br/>~ K lun || - || - || - || -
| ← IE *louksnos
|-
|-
| "to gather"
| "to gather"
Line 648: Line 748:
| ← II *paču-; Ms *pääš ~ Kh *peeč indep.
| ← II *paču-; Ms *pääš ~ Kh *peeč indep.
|-
|-
| "eagle"
| "to wait"
| *kotka || *koackēmē || style="color:red"| ''*kućkan'' || *kučkəž || ''*kuuč'' || - || - || - || -
| *odotta- || *oacōttē- || *učə- || *wŭče- || - || - || - || - || -
| Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_
|-
|-
| "shaman"
| "shaman"
| *no/õjta || *noajtē || - || - || - || - || '''*ńääjt''' || - || -
| *no/õjta || *noajtē || Er. nuď-ńe-<br/>"to divine" || - || - || - || '''*ńääjt''' || - || -
|-
|-
| "sleigh"
| "sleigh"
| - || *čoanē<br/>"last sleigh" || - || - || - || - || style="color:green"| '''*šun''' || - || -
| - || *čoanē<br/>"last sleigh" || - || - || - || - || style="color:green"| '''*šun''' || - || -
|-
| "spirit"
| - || - || - || - || ''*kuuĺj'' || haɟ || '''*kuĺ-''' || - || *kåjkə
| *-ðʲk-. F. *koljoi ← Gmc
|-
|-
| "wave"
| "wave"
| - || - || - || - || - || hab || '''*ku(m)p''' || ''*ko/uump'' || *kåmpå
| - || - || - || - || - || hab(o-) || '''*ku(m)p''' || ''*ko/uump'' || *kåmpå
| Distinct from FP *kumpu "hill".
| Distinct from FP *kumpu "hill".
|-
| "hill"
| - || - || - || *mŭčə || *muuč || - || - || - || -
| *močča, Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_?
|-
|-
| "cold"
| "cold"
Line 677: Line 778:
| || || || || || || || ||
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| West *o_a, Mari *ʊ, East *ë (P ambiguous)
! colspan="10"| West *o_a, Mari *ŭ?, East *ë (P ambiguous)
|-
|-
| "man, male animal"
| "man, male animal"
Line 684: Line 785:
|-
|-
| "duck"
| "duck"
| *so/õtka || *čoaðkē || *śulgə || '''*šooe''' || *šuul || - || *sɤɤĺ || *saaj || -
| *so/õtka || *čoaðkē || *śulgə || '''*šooe''' || *šuul || - || *sɤɤľ || *saaj || -
| *ś-l → *ś-ĺ in Ug.
| *ś-l → *ś-ľ in Ug.
|-
| "ware"'
| *os-ta-<br/>"to buy" || *oasē || - || *wʊža || *vuuz || - || *wɤɤtaa || - || -
| ← IE *wosā; Ms via II?
|-
|-
| "to wait"
| "ware"
| *odotta- || *oacōttē- || *učə- || *wʊče- || - || - || - || - || -
| *os-ta-<br/>"to buy" || *oasē || - || *wŭža || *vuuz || - || *wɤɤta || - || -
| ← IE *wosā, Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_. Ms via II?
|-
|-
| "to peel"
| "to peel"
| - || - || - || *kʊðaša- || *kuuĺ- || - || *kɤɤĺ- || - || -
| - || - || - || ''*kŭðaša-'' || *kuuľ- || - || *kɤɤľ- || - || -
|-
| "to sew"
| - || - || - || *ʊrɣe- || *vuurɨ- || var- || - || - || -
| Also Ma. *wʊrɣəm "cloth"
|-
| "hill"
| - || - || - || *mʊčə || *muuč || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "to dive"
| "to dive"
| - || - || - || *šʊŋga- || *s/zuuŋ- || - || - || - || -
| - || - || - || ''*šŭŋga-'' || *s/zuuŋ- || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "to take, to pluck"
| "to take, to pluck"
Line 711: Line 802:
| *wolə-kta-?
| *wolə-kta-?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| TBS
! colspan="10"| feat. Ms. *aCC, Kh. *oo
|-
| "soft"
| - || *loančē || - || "lënzë-" || - || laaɟ || *lanćəŋ ||style="color:green"| *ɭoonćə(ɣ) || -
| NB no palzn in S.
|-
| "rare"
| '''*harva''' || *soarvē || *šurə || - || K. šur- || - || - || *ɬoorəp || '''#tïrå-'''
| S. "dry tree", K. "to dry"
|-
|-
| "cleft"
| "soup"
| *kolo || *koalō || - || - || *kwåål- || halok || *kal ||style="color:green"| *kååɭ || -
| *rokka || - || - || - || - || - || LU raɣt || *rook || -
| FS possibly ← Gmc
|-
|-
| "vessel"
| "to tire"
| F. '''purnu''' || '''*pōrnē''' || - || - || U. '''bɤrńo'''<br/>~ K. burńa || - || - || - || -
| - || - || - || *noje- || - || - || - || *nooj-<!--DN nuujə---> || -
|-
|-
| "stick"
| "to hack"
| *sompa || *soampē || - || šo/umba? || K. '''*zɨb''' || - || - || - || -
| - || - || - || *roe- || - || ''rov-'' || - || *rooɣ- || -
| F. ← S. ← II?
| Hi. ''u'' in hiatus
|-
|-
| "dung"
| "to scrape"
| *sonta || - || - || '''*šandə''' || U. zud "mud" || - || - || - || -
| - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| *vuušt- || vaaš- || style="color:red"| *ašɣ- || *woočəɣ- || -
|-
|-
| "pig"
| "to stick in"
| *po/õrsas || - || *purćis || - || '''*påårś''' || - || - || - || -
| - || - || - || - || - || ''ɟak-'' || *jɤɤkʷ- || *jooɣə- ||
| ← IE
| Or H ~ Fi tokka-, Ma *loɣe-
|-
|-
| "to prick"
| "sorcery"
| F. tokkaa- || - || - || Hi. loɣe- || - || ɟak- || - || - || -
| - || - || - || - || - || taaltoš || || *tooLt || -
| NMs ''tuultən'' "light, easy" semantically bad
|-
|-
| "small fly"
| "palm; span"
| - || - || - || *lʊmej || U. ĺum || - || *ĺaaməj || - || -
| - || - || - || - || - || marok(o-) || - || S muurəs || -
|-
|-
| "shallow; to dry"
| "collar"
| - || *coakē- || - || - || - || - || - || - || Sk. ''ča/ëkka-''
| - || - || - || - || - || - || *rɤɤkʷ || *rook || -
| Ne. *ruku ← Kh.
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| feat. P *oo
|-
|-
| "thick; many"
| "friend"
| - || - || - || *čaka(-ta) || K. čɤk || šok ||style="color:red"| *šaw || - || -
| - || - || - || - || *joort || - || - || - || #(*j)üruŋ
| Ug. cf. Turkic *čok
|-
|-
| "yellow"
| "dish, chest"
| - || - ||style="color:red"| *ťuž'''a''' || - || U. čuž || - || - || - || -
| - || - || - || - ||style="color:green"| *dooz || - || - || *toL || -
| Fairly bad
|-
|-
| "1000"
| "piece"
| - || - || - || - || *śuurs || - || style="color:green"| '''*šåtər-''' || '''*ćorəs''' ||
| - || - || - || - || *toor || - || *taawrV || - || -
| ← II *ǵʰasra, independantly?
|-
|-
| "tin"
| "twig"
| - || - || - || *wulnə || - || oon || *ålən || *ooLnaa || -
| *oksa || *oaksē || - || *ukš || *oosɨ || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "lead"
| "space; warm"
| - || - || - || - || - || oolom || *wuuləm || - || -
| *hooneh || - || - || - || *šoon- || - || - || - || -
| Or F. ← B. *šānas "side" → "room"
|-
|-
| "to peel"
| "sleigh"
| - || *oalō- || E. '''valə-''' || - || U. vɤĺɨ-<br/> ~ K. voĺ- || *wol-ćt- || - || - || -
| - || - || *nurdə || - || *noort || - || - || - || -
| With *ĺ. E. may be ← *wala- "pour"
|-
|-
| "Labrador tea"
| "narrow; to worry"
| - || ES '''*olo-''' || - || - || - || - || *waĺ || '''*wääĺ''' || -
| - || - || - || - || *šoog || aggod- , oog-|| - || - || -
| Bad. Note *ĺ.
| Semantics bad
|-
|-
| "hole"
| "to stick"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || N. waapi || - || *wåpə
| - || - || - || - || *tooj- || †toľ- || - || - || -
| Loan from Ne. → Ms?
|-
|-
| "harness"
| "to stretch"
| - || *vōtɤ || - || - || - || - || *vo/ät || '''*wäät''' || Sk. *kuu
| - || - || - || - || U <span style="color:red">nujt</span>- ~ K ńojd- || ńuujt- || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "to conjure"
| "to conjure"
| - || - || - || - || K. vom-- || †wima- || - || - || -
| - || - || - || - || K. vom-- || †wima- || - || - || -
| *wojmɜ-, cf. F. voima?? (should be H. *-w-)
| *wojmɜ-, cf. F. voima?? (should be H. *-w-)
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| feat. P *åå
|-
| "cleft"
| *kolo || *koalō || - || - || *kʷåål- || halok || *kal ||style="color:green"| *kååɭ || -
| FS possibly ← Gmc
|-
| "pig"
| *po/õrsas || - || *purćis || - || '''*påårś''' || - || - || - || -
| ← IE
|-
| "healthy"
| - || - || - || Hi. šu || *šååń || '''igen''' || - || - || -
| H. "very". Expected P -m?
|-
| "to knead"
| - || - || - || *lŭɣA- || *lååj- || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| feat. Mo *o
|-
| "wet"
| *loppa || - || *lop-''a''ftə- || *lŭp || K '''lapɨd''' || - || - || - || -
| Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_, unless *u?
|-
| "valley"
| *lotma || - || ložmo || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Phonotax non-Uralic
|-
| "bad; lazy"
| Fi. nolo || - || Mk. nola || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Better F ← S (cf AASL), Mk < *novla
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| feat. Ma *a
|-
| "slime, phloam"
| *nola, *nila || - || - || *nalɤ || U. '''ńɤl''' ~<br/>K. '''ńiľ''' || - || *ńiľ- "to peel" || *ńaL || Ne. nal-
| Cf. *ńïla. F. also '''nula'''
|-
|-
| "fat"
| "fat"
| - || *jolē || - || - || - || - || - || *jaaL || -
| style="color:red"| Fi. kuu || - || *kuja || *kaja || U. kɤj;<br/>U. kwajɨ- || haaj(a-) || - || - || -
| *u ~ *ë/*a?
| Maybe *koxa??
|-
| "dung"
| *sonta || - || - || '''*šandə''' || U. <span style="color:green">zud</span> "mud" || - || - || - || -
|-
| "brittle"
| NF *rohka || - || - || *raš/čka || *rɨž, K. rɨš(k)- || - || - || - || -
| *rošə, *roš-ka? OU ''ris'' etc. ← K. Don't see how H. roš- "slow" compares. Zek "P *ruuž"
 
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| East only
|-
| "hill"
| - || - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| domb(o-) || *tåmp || - || -
| clearly not PU
|-
| "to sink"
| - || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| rokkan- || *rowt-, N. '''räɣ-''' || *raak- || -
|-
| "birch bark"
| || || || || || tidoo || || ||
| + OU per *tana
|-
| "to see"
| - || - || - || - || - || oov- || *wɤɤ(j)- || *wuu-/waa- || '''*wë(ra)-'''
| how about *ë
|-
| "to go"
| - || - || - || - || - || in-- || *jaam- || - || Ne. jaam-
|-
| "lead"
| - || - || - || - || - || oolom(o-) || *wuuləm || - || -
|-
|-
| "friend"
| "hole"
| - || - || - || - || *joort || - || - || - || #(*j)üruŋ
| - || - || - || - || - || - || N. waapi || - || *wåpə
| Loan from Ne. → Ms?
|-
|-
| "good"
| "good"
| - || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| joo, jav- || *jomaas || E. '''*jem''', Ob. '''jiim''' || -
| - || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| joo, jav- || *jamas || '''*jem''' || -
|-
| or Kh ~ F. *imeh
| "to stick in"
| - || - || - || - || - || ɟak- || *jɤɤkʷ- || *jooɣə- ||
|-
|-
| "plane (tool)"
| "plane (tool)"
Line 794: Line 959:
| H. *rl → ll?
| H. *rl → ll?
|-
|-
| "friend"
| "to remain; thrifty"
| - || - || - || - || - || jaat || *ji/ä/at "with" || *jöt "with" || -
| - || - || - || - || - || marad- || - || - || *mərəj
| better *u?
|-
| "head"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || *ɤɤw(t) || *ååk,<br/>*uu₂ŋkəL || *ukə
| Or Ms < *ojwa?
|-
| "road"
| - || - || - || - || - || uut(a-) || *ɤɤKt || *ååkət || *uət
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| TBS
|-
| "vessel"
| F. '''purnu''' || '''*pōrnē''' || - || - || U. '''bɤrńo'''<br/>~ K. burńa || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "to sigh"
| "to sigh"
Line 801: Line 979:
| Consonants bad. F, S. better ← Gmc *swogan. F. → S. *śōkkē-
| Consonants bad. F, S. better ← Gmc *swogan. F. → S. *śōkkē-
|-
|-
| "narrow; to worry"
| "stick"
| - || - || - || - || *šoog || aggod- , oog-|| - || - || -
| *sompa || *soampē || - || šo/umba? || K. <span style="color:green">'''*zɨb'''</span> || - || - || - || -
| Semantics bad
| F. ← S. ← II?
|-
| "to prick"
| F. tokkaa- || - || - || Hi. loɣe- || - || ɟak- || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "rare"
| "yellow"
| '''*harva''' || *soarvē || *šurə || - || K. šur- || - || - || *ɬoorəp || '''#tïrå-'''
| - || - ||style="color:red"| *ťuž'''a''' || - || U. čuž || - || - || - || -
| S. "dry tree", K. "to dry"
| Fairly bad
|-
|-
| "lung; gills"
| "1000"
| - || - || - || *šoðɤ || K. šɤĺ || - || - || - || -
| - || - || - || - || *śuurs || - || style="color:green"| '''*šatər-''' || '''*ćorəs''' ||
| ← II *ǵʰasra, independantly?
|-
|-
| "space; warm"
| "to peel"
| *hooneh || - || - || - || *šoon- || - || - || - || -
| - || - || - || - || U. vɤľɨ-<br/> ~ K. *vɔľ- || *woľćt- || - || - || -
| Or F. ← B. *šānas "side" → "room"
| S. *oalō- ← *walə-; E. *valə- ← *wala- "pour"??
|-
|-
| "go sour"
| "Labrador tea"
| - || - || - || Me. šua- || U. šut- ~ K. šuź- || - || - || - || -
| - || ES '''*olo-''' || - || - || - || - || *waľ || '''*wääľ''' || -
| Cf. čapp
| Bad. Note *ľ.
|-
|-
| "elm"
| "fat"
| - || - || - || *nolɣɤ || U. ńulo || - || - || - || -
| - || *jolē || - || - || - || - || - || *jaaL || -
| Prob better *ńa/ëlka
| *u ~ *ë/*a?
|-
|-
| "to press"
| "middle; with"
| - || - || - || - || - || ńom- || *ńål- || *ńoL- || -
| Fi. jotka || - || *jutkə || - || - || jaat<br/>"friend" || E/N *jat,<br/>S/W '''*jät''' || TrJ jot,<br/>VVj '''jöt''' || ''*jotä''
|Better *u?
|-
|-
| "slow"
| "slow"
Line 833: Line 1,014:
| "club"
| "club"
| <span style="color:red">*nujja</span>,<br/>*nuhja || || || || || || || ||
| <span style="color:red">*nujja</span>,<br/>*nuhja || || || || || || || ||
|-
| "sleigh"
| - || - || *nurdə || - || *noort || - || - || - || -
|-
| "bad; lazy"
| F. nolo || - || Mk. nola || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Better F ← S (cf AASL)
|-
|-
| "diver"
| "diver"
Line 845: Line 1,019:
|-
|-
| "to press together"
| "to press together"
| - || - || - || *nʊmɤrge- || K. ńam- || ńom- || - || - || -
| - || - || - || *nŭmɤrge- || K. ńam- || ńom- || - || - || -
|-
| "slime, phloam"
| *nola, *nila || - || - || *nalɤ || U. '''ńɤl''' ~<br/>K. '''ńiĺ''' || - || *ńiĺ- "to peel" || *ńaL || Ne. nal-
| Cf. *ńïla. F. also '''nula'''
|-
|-
| "neck"
| "neck"
| - || - || - || - || ńak || - || - || - || Sk. #nukV
| - || - || - || - || ńak || - || - || - || Sk. #nukV
|-
| "moss"
| - || *ńōrɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || #når-
| Cf. *ńërə
|-
|-
| "to crawl; to grab"
| "to crawl; to grab"
| - || *ńoamē- || - || - || - || - || - || - || *ńåmå-
| - || *ńoamē- || - || - || - || ńuul- || - || - ||style="color:red"| '''*ńəʔmå-'''
|-
|-
| "to crawl"
| "to crawl"
| - || E *ńoallē- || - || - || - || - || - || - || Ne. ńalo-
| - || E *ńoallē- || - || - || - || - || - || - || Ne. ńalo-
| Suspicious
| Suspicious
|-
| "to tire"
| - || - || - || *noje- || - || - || - || *nooj-<!--DN nuujə---> || -
|-
| "to stretch"
| - || - || - || - || U <span style="color:red">nujt</span>- ~ K ńojd- || ńuujt- || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "nettle"
| "nettle"
| - || - || - || *nuž || - || - || - || - || Ne. nāca--
| - || - || - || *nuž || - || - || - || - || Ne. nāca--
| medial??
|-
|-
| "burden"
| "burden"
| - || - || - || - || U. '''nɨpɨ''' ~<br/>K. nop, nup || - || *nɤɤp || - || -
| - || - || - || - || U. '''nɨpɨ''' ~<br/>K. nop, nup || - || *nɤɤp || - || -
|-
| "healthy"
| - || - || - || Hi. šu || *šååń || '''igen''' || - || - || -
| H. "very". Expected P -m?
|-
|-
| "piece"
| "piece"
Line 885: Line 1,042:
| Rejectable; S ← Gmc
| Rejectable; S ← Gmc
|-
|-
| "to knead"
| "~protrusion"
| - || - || - || *lʊɣA- || *lååj- || - || - || - || -
| - || '''*mājrē'''<br/>"crop" || - || Hi. mɤra<br/>"beehive" || *moorɤs<br/>"breast" || mar<br/>"withers" || - || - || *mərki<br/>"shoulder"
|-
| to disassemble
| "wet"
| *loppa || - || *lop-''a''fto- || *lʊp || K '''lapɨd''' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "time"
| F. kotva || *koaðvē || - || *kot || - || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "long"
| "long"
| - || - || - || *kužə || *kuuź || ''hossuu'' ||style="color:green"| ''*košə'' || - || Km. kunzu
| - || - || - || *kužə || *kuuź || ''hoss(a-)'' ||style="color:green"| ''*kʷašə'' || - || Km. kunzu
| Cent. *o ~ East *u?
| Cent. *o ~ East *u?
|-
|-
| "fat"
| "hat"
| style="color:red"| Fi. kuu || - || *kuja || *kaja || U. kɤj;<br/>U. kwajɨ- || haaj || - || - || -
| - || - || - || ''*upšə'' || *uźɨ || - || - || - || -
| Maybe *koxa??
| Ma. *u despite _p!?
|-
|-
| "head"
| "brittle"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || *ɤɤw(t) || *ååk,<br/>*uu₂ŋkəL || #ukə
| - || - || - || #rot || - || ruut, rot- || - || *ratək || -
| Cf. *roška
|-
|-
| "road"
| "pit"
| - || - || - || - || - || uut || *ɤɤKt || *ååkət || *uət
| *kooppa || - || - || - || U. <span style="color:green">'''gop'''</span> || - || - || - || -
|-
| Coincidental?
| "hat"
| - || - || - || *upšə || *uźɨ || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| ""
| ""

Latest revision as of 00:01, 8 May 2018

PU *a_ə

Lexeme Finnic Samic Mordv. Mari Permic Hung. Mansi Khanty Samoy. Comments
*a_ə type 1: F. *a_i, S. *oa_ē (!), Mo. *u(CCə), Ma. *u, P. *uu, Ms. *aaC/aCC, Kh. *a (~ *oo), Smy. *å(CCə) default
"to be" *olë- - *uľə- *ŭla- *vɤɤl(ɨ)- val- *aal- E *waL- ~
W *ooL-		 *åə- P. *wa- > *wo-, F. unstressed shortening? Hu. *alT > olT (volt)
"gadfly" (*parma) *poarō *purəmə (*parmə) - - - (O. puurəm) - *parə, *parma; cf. "sleep". F. paarma (_rN?)
"to tremble" *tarkënë-
"to stay warm"		 *toarkēstē- *turgəďə- - K. tural- - N. toorɣ- *ta(a)rəɣ- -
"raft" *parvi *poarē(vē) - - *puurj - *paara *parə *pårV Smy ← OU?
"flock" *parvi - - - - - - *parə - Same root as prev.?
"clay" *savi - *śovəń *šun K. śun - *suwľ *saɣɯɯ - Mo. > *-ow- > *-uw-. Kh. < *-əj.
"cold weather" - *joasō - *juž U. juz - - - *jat Smy > *a / Ć_. Cf. also SS juoskos ~ joåskos "cold"
"group" *ko/unta *kontē Mk. końďä - - had(a-) *kaant *kantəɣ *kåntə WU contam. with Gmc *hundra?
"willow" *paju *poajōi - - *baď faɟal(o-) - - *päwə S. *oa per -o? Not to be conflated with *pojə "aspen"
"horn" *sarvi *čoarvē *śurə *šur *śuur sarv(a-) *saarəp *ćärpə - ← II, Ug. separately?
"to go thru" - *soaŋē- Er. sova-
~ Mo. suva-		 - U. zum- ~ K. sun- av- *tuu- *ɬaŋ- *tüj- Mo. *oŋ → oŋ
"bend" - NS moagge - - *mög - *muuɣəl *makəL - *maŋkə-la > *ma(ŋ)kla in pre-Ms?
"tin, lead" - - - *wulnə - oon(o-) *alən *ooLnaa - H. *alT > *olT, *Vln > VVn. Cf. WU *wala- 'to pour'
"to want" *hapi-- - - - - - *taŋk- *ɬaŋkaa- - *šaŋə- with F. analogical *v > p?? F. *soo- "to grant" ← *suwa- ← II.
"to bild" Fi. rakenta- - - - - rak- - - - Or Fi rather ← Gmc *rakjan
"lid" *kanci *koamtē *kundə *komdəš K. kudj - - - -
"oak" *tammi - *tumə *tumə *tu - - - -
"to split" *halkët- - *Čulgə- - K. čaľal- - - - - SKES; not in UEW.
"maple" *vahtëra - *ukštər *waštar - - - - - Ma. *a / w_
*a_ə type 2: similar but S. *ō_ɤ, Mo. *a, P. *oo, Smy. *a / _Ć palatalization
"butter" *voi *vōjɤ *vaj *ü U. vɤj ~
K vɨj		 vaj(a-) *waaj *wooj - ~ IA *āǵja — but *w- ? Maybe *wëjə. F. via *voojə
"to step" *askël,
*as-tu-		 - Er. aśkiľa- *aškəl- *ooćkVl- - *uusəl - *asəl
"to receive" *saa- NW *sākɤ- Mk. sajə- *šo- K. su- - - - *tåj- *saxə. Note assim. only in S/Mo. Hi. u per hiatus
"grass, awn" - *kōjɤ - - *kɨ haj(a-) *kaaj - Sk. *quu
< *kåə
"spirit" *vaimo *vōjŋɤ *vajmə - - vaaɟ(a-) - - *wajŋə F. & Mo. < *vajŋ-ma-. Cf. S. *vājmō "heart"?
"to spread, bed" - *vōðō
"bottom
layer"		 - - *wååľ- aaɟ(a-) *aaľ - - P. per class 4, F. vuode < vuota ← B, Mo. *aca ← Tat.
"river bend" - - - - K. voľ völɟ(ä-) CMs *wooľ *wakəĽ Ne. wäej NB *ľ?!
"penis" - *pōčɤ - - - fas - - - or H. ← German
*a_ə type 3: similar but F. *oo / _Rə (= std. PU *oo/*ox), Ma. *o "long" cases
"to lick" *noolë- *noalō- *nola- *nŭle- *ńuul- ńal- *ńal-amt- *ńaLaa- *ńåə- F. also cf. *nola "slime". Check Kh. forms. Mo. analogy with *elä- "live"?
"to die" *koolë- *koalō-
"freeze"		 *kulə- *kole- *kuul- hal- *kaal- *kaLaa- *kåə- S. may be ← Gmc. Cf. *kal-ma "death".
"intestine" *sooli *čoalē *śulə/a *šolə *śuulj saal(a-)
"thread"		 - *sooL - ← II *ćālā
"to sleep" *voodë-k
"bed"		 *oaðē- *udə- - - al- *aal- *aLaa- - or F. < *voota "hide"? *ad₂ə "bed" predicts *ota
"mountain" *voori - - - *vɤɤr orr(o-) *waar *woor Km. boor ~ II *aras — but *w- ? P. *wa- > *wo-. Also cf. *wara
"crust" *koori *koarē *kaŕ - K. kɨrś - *kur- W *karə,
*kuurəp		 *kar For Se. ker- cf. *kêri
"thicket" - - Er. kuro - - - *kaarəp S. xar FNe. kuur clearly not *kurV!
"to whittle,
to plane" 		*voolë- *oalō- - - *vɤl- - *walt- *waLt- - S. *vōlɤ- ← F.; P. *wa- > *wo-
"ash; heat; flame" - - - *lom(p)ɤž *luum- laaŋg(o-) - - -
*a_ə type 4: similar but F. *o_a, P. *wåå / #_ (bled by prev. two exception classes!)
"sleep" - - *udəmə *omə *uunm aalom(o-) *uuləm *aaLəm,
*wuuLəm
"dream"		 - *aðəma; > *alma in P+Ug? cf. "to sleep"
"shoulder" *o/õlka *oalkē - - K. volɨs vaall(a-) *waaɣləp - *wajk Cf. BSl. *olkuti ? Ms. 'shoulderband'. NB Smy palzn
"awl" *ora *oarē *urə - - aar(a-) - - - ← II *ārā (Vo õra)
"slave" *orja *oarjē
"south"		 *uŕɜ - U. war - - - - ← II *ārya. K. verɤs 'husband' better < *wirä(s) ← IE (Katz)
"to shine" - - - - *vååľ(k) - *waľɣ- N. *waĽə- - *w- ?? Cf. *wëlkə "light"!
"early" - - - *ažno *wåådź - - - -

*o_ə

F. *o_i/e-, S. *ō_ɤ, Mo. u(CCə)

Lexeme Finnic Samic Mordv. Mari Permic Hung. Mansi Khanty Samoy. Comments
*o_ə type 1a > Ma. *a/*o, P. *(kʷ/w)ɤɤ, Ms. *aa, Kh *oo, Smy. *å) all EU cases with medial clusters?
"hollow, cavity" *o/õnci *vōmtɤ *undə - U. udur odur *aantər *oontər - *omtə(-rV)
"opening, mouth" *o/õvvi W *vōŋɤs *oŋ-kst *äŋ *wɤɤm ajak :
ajka-		 - *ooŋ *aŋ *owŋə? F. aukko ← *aŋa- "to open". Mo. *oŋ > oŋ.
"to chew" - *sōskɤ- *suskə- - *sɤɤsk- - *taaɣt- *ɬookəL- #tutə-
"bow" *jousi *jōksɤ *joŋs *jaŋež - iij(a-) *jaaGt *jookəL *jïntə *-ŋs-. Mo. *oŋ > oŋ
"tail" *poč-ka *poac-kē - *pač *bɤɤž far(o-) *paanš *pooč *pånčə *-č- or *-nč-? F, S *po(n)č-ka "shin"
"thick; many" - - - *čaka(-ta) K. čɤk šok *šaaw - - Cf. Turkic *čok
"net needle" - *čōpsēmē - *šapš - - *taas *soopəs -
"lung; gills" - - - *šoðɤ K. šɤľ - - - - no cluster? S. suovtē 'gills' better ← Gmc (and ≠ P anyway)
""
*o_ə type 1b: similar except F. *uu (= PU *ow_ə?) coronal or zero-ish medials
"spruce" *kuusi *kōsɤ *kuz *kož *kʷɤɤz - *kaaɣt *kooL *kåət *kowsə?
"root, base" *juuri - *jur - *jur - - - *jår *jowrə? Smy not ~ F. jaaru
"cereal" *suurimo
"groats"		 - *surə
"millet"		 - *zɤɤr
"oats"		 - - - - Or F ~ Mo śu/orə 'corn' etc.
"drape" *uudim - - - *wɤɤn(m-) - *aaməl *ooLəp - *owðəmə? NB no *ð > ∅ in P. Possibly PMs *aalma > CMs *aaməl
"other" *muu *mū- - *molə *mɤɤd
*muuket		 maaš *maat;
S+E *mɤɤt		 - *mow-?!
*o_ə type 1c: similar except Ma. *u, P. *⁽ʷ⁾ɤ (U+KP /ɤ/, Zyrian /o/)
"to vomit" *oksënta- SS vuoksedi- *uksəndə- *ukšənća- *wɤskɨ- - - - - Core S *vōksē--, backformation? Or F. *a > *ə / T_T?
"to touch" NF *koske- *kōskɤ- - *kuške- K. kos- - - - - K from P. *kʷɤɤs-?
"(to) patch" - W *tōŋɤ- ~
E *tōvŋɤ-		 - *tuməš K. *dɤɤm- - - - - ŋ/m? Ma. per *a-stem?
"belly, abdomen" *ko/õktu - - - *kʷɤt - - - -
"dry" - - - *kukšə *kʷɤs - - - - cf. *kôśkə?
"worm" - *sōksɤ *suks *šukš - - - - -
*o_ə type 1d: indistinct/unclear
"to wash" *mo/õskë- - *muśkə- *mŭška- *mɨśk- moš- - - *måsə- MaP *u, / m_?
"hole" *oŋk- *vōŋkō - - - - *waaŋka *wooŋk *wåŋkə F. onkalo cf. varsi : vartalo
"to scorch" *ko/õrpët- *kōrpɤ- *kurva- - - - - - *kårpə-
"knee" *po/õlvi *pōlvɤ *pul- *pŭl - - - - *puəj Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_
"thin" *o/õhut - - - - - *waaɣta *wookəL - *wokšə (AA13)
"netstring" - *cōncɤ - - - - - *čoončəɣ -
"hole in wood" - *vōwtɤ - - - - - *ooŋət - *oŋtə, cf. *omtə
"(to) knot" *so/õlmi *čōlmɤ *śulma - - čomoo - - -
"snot" *no/õlki *snōlkɤ *nolgə - - ńaal(a-) - - - S. affected by Gmc *snuut?
"spear" - - - *umdə - - *aaGta *ooŋtəw *aŋtə Tv awtā ← *-ɣt- , WMs *owta/NMs *oowta ← *wt = Ms *-ŋt-? F. *ota better < *woča
"woods" - - - - - vad(a-) - *woont - S. *vōvtē ← Gmc
"to pin; to sew" - - - - - - *saalt- - *såjtə-
"to oppose" *to/õrju- *toarjō- *tuŕə- - - - - - - S. "to support". Cf. *tora
*o_ə type 2: similar except P. *(k)wåå/*ooĆ/*uu, Ms. *u(u), Smy *o open syllables with a dorsal medial
"male" - *kōjɤ
 - - *koom hiim CMs *kuj,
*kum		 *kuu₂j - *kojə(-ma). Ms. *uuj > *uj?
"to sound" *so/õi- *čōjɤ- - *ša-kte- - †saj- *suj- *söj- *så(jmå) Ms. *uuj > *uj? Better *a?
"to find; riddle" - - *mujə- *moa- *mååď mu(u)t - *muuj-- - F. mu/o/õista- "to remember" ← R. мысл- "to think"
"to bring" *too- *tōkɤ- *tujə- - - - *tuul- *tuu₂-~
*tuu₁ɣ-		 *tå- / *tə- H. *toj- "lay eggs" may be ← Trc
"bosom" *po/õvvi *pōŋɤ Er. poŋgo
~ Mk. pov		 Hi. poŋgəš
~ Me. poməš		 *pi - *puut E puuɣəL
~ N poxəL		 *påŋə *powŋə? Mo. *oŋ > *oŋ. Smy ment'd in AA13, reflexes??
"to pursue" *no/õu-ta- - - - - - *ńɤɤwl- *ńuu₂/ååkəL- *ńo- V -uu-, Vj -ɔɔ-. Ms. cheshirization? Also cf. P. *nuu-, Ma. *nŭmala- "carry"
"to experience" *koke- I. kuoha- - - - - - - *ko-
"berry" Võ pala - - K. pul boľoo,
boɟoo ?		 *pul - Sk. *pəl- Core F. *poola probably reshaped after *joo-la- "V. uliginosum"
"steam, fog" - - - - *ruu - - *ruu₂t -
"to say" *hoke- - - - *šuu- - - - -
"barley" - - *čuž *šož *čuužj - - - - substratal? note *-š-
*o_ə type 3: as per *u in WU+P, H. uu, Ms. *u, Kh. *o, Smy *o open syllables with an anterior medial
"sno" *lumi *lomɤ *loŋ *lŭm *lɨmɨ lom - - *jom- Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_
"to bite" *pure- *porɤ- *poŕə- *pŭra- *puur(ɨ)- - *pur- *por- *por- Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_
"to blo" *puhu-
*puhalta-		 *posō- - - K. puškɨ- fuu- *put- *poLaa- Sk. puttu? K. ~ Fi. puhku-?
"bone" *luu - *lovaža *lu *lɨ - *luw *loɣ *lɤ Mari CV ⇒ long
"mouth" *suu *čovɤ, *čontɤk - *šu - saa-j *sunt,
*suup		 *ɬuuL *so *śowə. Mari CV ⇒ long. Kh *śowə-sa > *suu-ɬ > *ɬuuɬ??
"new" *uuci *oðɤ *od *u *vɨľ uuj(a-) - - Sk. oćɨŋ Mari CV ⇒ long. F. length from *wu-?
"(to) coff" - *kosɤ(-) *koz(ə-) - *kɨz(ɨ)- - - *kooL(-) *kot(-)
"to pass by" - *molɤ- *moľə- - *mɤɤjm muul- Tv mal- ~
CMs *mul-		 - -
"to come" *tule- *tolɤ- - *tola- - talaal- - - *toj- Ma/H. cf. F. *talla- "tread"?
"lake" - - - - *tɨ √tav- Tv. too *toɣ *to *towə, not *toxə. PMs *tow? SKh tew
"side" - - - - K vɨj - *wujəl - - Tv wɤjəl
"hut" - - - - U. tɨlɨs - *tul - - Ms. "tent pole". F. *talas/-oi ← Baltic *tala-
"steep" - - - - *ńɨl- - *ńultəŋ - -
"remaining sno" - W *jësë,
E *jëcë		 - *jož *juuž
'hard snow'		 - - - - cf. *joččə 'path'
"sleep" *uni - on - - - - - - ← IE *oner
Indistinct between *o₁_ə and *o₂_ə
demonstrativ stem *jo- *jō- E. ju- *ju- - - - - - ← IE?
""
"to be sick" *po/õte- *pōcɤ- - - - - - - -
"true" *to/õci *tōtɤ - - - - - - -
""
"to cut" - - - - - farag *paar - *pərå- Smy. "to scrape", may not belong
"to dry" - - - - - asoo *taaš *soos
with Ms. *ɤɤ
"cheek" *po/õski - - - - - *pɤɤjət E puuɣLəm
~ W *poxLəm		 *påtə
"tusk" - - - - *wåådźer aɟar(a-) *ɤɤńćər *eńćər -
"ghost" - - *čo(v) - K. šɤn - *tɤɤw *ɬuu₂ŋk - Mo. *oŋ > *oŋ, or *av > ov? Ms. cheshirization? F. huu better ← Gmc
*ô_ə (F. *o, Mo. *o, Ma. *a?)
"to dry; rapids" *koski *koškɤ- *kośkə- *kaške(-) *kʷååś-/k - *kaš (?) - *kåsə- F. → S. *kōškɤ "rapids"
"stick" *po/?nci - Mk. ponda *pandə *pood - - - - P. also *böd "staff"
"vessel" - - *očkə *wačkɤ U. vɨčkɨ - - - -
"grain" - - *norəv - K nur(j-) - - - -
"straw" *o/õlki - *olgə - - - - - -
"corner; to hide" *so/?ppi - *śopə- - - - - - -
"bear" *o/?kci - *ovtə - - - - - - Cf. late IE *arktos
"to sink" *lo/?nteh - londado- - - - - - -
IE loans
"salt" suola - sal Hi cal ~ Me ćal U. sɨlal ~ K. sol - - - - ← IE, multiple loans? Mari affricated prenasally? (#sÖnćAl)
"to sieve" *pohtVj- - ponžavto- - *poož- - - - - ← IE *powH-(ta-), *pewH-
"(to) hoe" *kookka - - - *kook- - - - - at least F ← Gmc *xōka
"gap" *lo/õvi - *luv *lu - - - - - ← Gmc. Mo/Ma better here than with F. *loma
"hook, to angle" *o/õŋki *vōŋkɤ
*oaŋkō-		 - *oŋgə - - - - - ← IE
"to dare" *tohtVj- *tōstɤ- - *tošta- - - - - - ← II *dʰr̥š-?
"protection" suoja, hoi-va *sōjē, šōjē - - - - - - - ← II *sćaajaa
Rejectable
"group" *jo/õukko - - - *juuk ɟakor - - - F. ← Sc. *jǫukja-, P. = *jëka- 'to divide'
"cover" - NS goaran - - - - N. xuri *koraa - better S < *koarō- 'to sew' (1), OU ← *kur- 'to skin' or *kur- 'to sew' (2), maybe Ms ← Kh.
Messy stuff
"those" *noo *nō- nonat *nŭnə K. nɨ- - - - Se. na
"that" *too *tō to- *tŭ U. tu ~ K. tɨ ta-, taa- *tuu-, *tu- *to₂-- *tå-
"3" *kolmi *kolmɤ *kolmə *kŭm #kuuińm haarom :
harma-		 *kuurəm *kooLəm - *-rm-, analogy to '4' outside H+Ms?
"aspen" - - *poj - *pi - - *paaj #pij
"to flay" - *ńōvɤ- - - *ńij- ńuuz- Tv. ńooj- ~
CMs *ńuj-		 *-w-/*-j-? H. *ńoWə-ta-?
"pole" - *čōlčɤ - - - - - - *səlčə Bad
"pole" Fi. vuoli - - - - - *ula N. *(w)ooɭ - OU here under next item?
"pole" ulku *holkɤ olga - K. ɨl N. aawla N. *oxəL *uj for comparision
"straight" *o/õikëda *vōjkɤ *vijəďɜ *wij- - - - - - S. may be ← F. Mo/Ma *wejä/*weKä?
"buckle" *so/õlki *čūlkō- *śulgamə *šolkama - - - - - P. *śuul "ski" better ← *śëlka
"to feed" - - - *wurde- *vördɨ- - - - - Cf. IE *werdʰ-
"to throw" *loo *lū *ľijə- *loŋa- *lɤd- loog- WTF
"dawn" *koi - - - K. kɨa - - - - Better *kajə? H. haj, Ms. *kuuj cf. *kaja "sun"
"a fish" *to/õtki - *tutka *tatə - tat *tokt - Sk. tut East *u?
"cloth" - - - *tŭɣər *te/ɤra - - - -
"many" *mo/õni moanɤk - - *-mɨn *-vAn *-mən - - Probly ← IE
"to lern; to see" *o/õppe(j)- - - - - - *waapl- *waapəɣ- - F. → S. *oappɤ-
"to be able; to fight" *vo/õi- - - - - viiv- - - -
"ski" - - - *ječe - - *jašə - - Bad
"weak" - - - - K. rudź- ross - - -
"to sweep" Fi. huosi- - - - U. čuž- - *šaaš- *čaač- Sk čuuč-←
*čåəč-
"go sour" - - - Me. šua- U. šut- ~ K. šuź- - - - - Cf. čapp
"harness" - *vōtɤ - - - - *vo/ät *wäät Sk. *kuu
"moss" - *ńōrɤ - - - - - - *ńår- Cf. *ńërə
""
""

*o_a

Lexeme Finnic Samic Mordv. Mari Permic Hung. Mansi Khanty Samoy. Comments
F. *o_a, S. *oa_ē, Mo. *u_ə, Ma. *u, P. *uu, H. aa, Ms. *uu, Kh. *aa, Smy. *å_å
"part; flesh" *osa *oańčē Me. ü/užas - aaɟek, ost- *uunć - - ← II?
"fish trap" *ota- *oacē - - K. vodž - *wuuš *waač *wåč Mo. *oš "city" probably doesn't belong. Sk. *k⁽ʷ⁾ëččə a derivative?
"jaw" - *oalōl *ulə - - aall(a-) *uuləć - -
"awhile; to spend a night" NF *kotva *koaðvē - - *kʷɤl haal- *kuul- *kaaL- - AA15. Ma. kot "year" ← Ru. год (MZh14)
"time" - - - - - - -
"to conjure" - - Er. al(s)ta- *ulte- - aald- - *aaLəL- -
"spirit" - - - - *kuuľj haɟ *kuľ- - *kåjkə *-d₂k-. F. *koljoi ← Gmc
"raw, meat" - - - - *uuľ - - - *åjå
"skin" E. kõba - *kuvə *kŭwə *kuu - - - *kopå Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_
"squirrel" *orava *oarēvē *ur *ur K. ur - - - Mt. orop Vo õrava. PSmy *årop / *oråp
"eagle" *kotka *koackēmē *kućkan *kučkəž *kuuč - - - -
similar but P. *kʷåå, Ms. *aa
"house" *kota *koatē *kudə *kuðɤ *kʷåå haaz(a-) *kaatə *kaat - Old Ms хоть, хоать. ← II?
"ear; leaf" *ko/õrva *koarvē - - *kʷåår harap - - *kåw
"small fly" - - - *lŭmej U. ľum - *ľaaməj - - Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_
indistinct
"head" *oiva *oajvē Mk. uj- *wuj - - - - *åjwå
"to bring" - *toalvō- - - - - - - *tåjwå-
"wedge" *tolva - *tulə - *tuulj - - - *tajwA F. → ??
"hare" - *ńoamēlē *numələ - K. ńimal ńuul(a-) - - *ńåmå ← *ńoxə-ma(-la)? H. *m-lenition
"war" *so/õta - *śudə- *šuðə-
"curse"		 - - - - *såjə S. *soattē ← F.
"quarrel" *to/õra *toarō *tuŕə- - - - - *tåro- Hi. "torle-" ∄ (MZh14)
"aunt" - *koaskē - - - - - - *kåtå
"shallow; to dry" - *coakē- - - - - - - Sk. *čëkə- PSmy *čåkå-?
"to go" - - juta-, Mk. jota- - - - - - *jåtA- *jočə-ta-? Cf. OUg *jaač "path". S. *jotē- better ← B. *judē-.
"to dry" - - - - *śuur- saar- - *saar- - Ms. *šu(u)r(l)- ← Komi šural-?
"orphan" *orpoj *oarpēs *urəs - - aarva - E. uurwɯɯ - ← IE *(h₃)orbʰos
"to sew" - - - *ŭrɣe-;
*wŭrɣəm
"cloth"		 *vuurɨ- var- - - - Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_
"south; day" *lo/õuna - - - U nun, lum
~ K lun		 - - - - ← IE *louksnos
"to gather" *korjat- - - - *kuurjal- - - - - may be loan F → P (-rj-!)
"reindeer" *poro *poačōj - Hi. pučə ~
Me. püčö		 U. pudžej - - - - ← II *paču-; Ms *pääš ~ Kh *peeč indep.
"to wait" *odotta- *oacōttē- *učə- *wŭče- - - - - - Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_
"shaman" *no/õjta *noajtē Er. nuď-ńe-
"to divine"		 - - - *ńääjt - -
"sleigh" - *čoanē
"last sleigh"		 - - - - *šun - -
"wave" - - - - - hab(o-) *ku(m)p *ko/uump *kåmpå Distinct from FP *kumpu "hill".
"hill" - - - *mŭčə *muuč - - - - *močča, Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_?
"cold" - - - *juž U. juz - - - -
"bent, to bend" *no/õtko/eda *ńoackē *nučka- - - - - - -
""
""
West *o_a, Mari *ŭ?, East *ë (P ambiguous)
"man, male animal" *koira(s) - - - K. kɨr here *kɤɤr *kaar *kora *kojra ← *kojə-ra
"duck" *so/õtka *čoaðkē *śulgə *šooe *šuul - *sɤɤľ *saaj - *ś-l → *ś-ľ in Ug.
"ware" *os-ta-
"to buy"		 *oasē - *wŭža *vuuz - *wɤɤta - - ← IE *wosā, Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_. Ms via II?
"to peel" - - - *kŭðaša- *kuuľ- - *kɤɤľ- - -
"to dive" - - - *šŭŋga- *s/zuuŋ- - - - -
"to take, to pluck" *vo/õtta- - - - U. vɨtɨ- ~ K. vot- - *wɤɤt- - - *wolə-kta-?
feat. Ms. *aCC, Kh. *oo
"soft" - *loančē - "lënzë-" - laaɟ *lanćəŋ *ɭoonćə(ɣ) - NB no palzn in S.
"rare" *harva *soarvē *šurə - K. šur- - - *ɬoorəp #tïrå- S. "dry tree", K. "to dry"
"soup" *rokka - - - - - LU raɣt *rook -
"to tire" - - - *noje- - - - *nooj- -
"to hack" - - - *roe- - rov- - *rooɣ- - Hi. u in hiatus
"to scrape" - - - - *vuušt- vaaš- *ašɣ- *woočəɣ- -
"to stick in" - - - - - ɟak- *jɤɤkʷ- *jooɣə- Or H ~ Fi tokka-, Ma *loɣe-
"sorcery" - - - - - taaltoš *tooLt - NMs tuultən "light, easy" semantically bad
"palm; span" - - - - - marok(o-) - S muurəs -
"collar" - - - - - - *rɤɤkʷ *rook - Ne. *ruku ← Kh.
feat. P *oo
"friend" - - - - *joort - - - #(*j)üruŋ
"dish, chest" - - - - *dooz - - *toL -
"piece" - - - - *toor - *taawrV - -
"twig" *oksa *oaksē - *ukš *oosɨ - - - -
"space; warm" *hooneh - - - *šoon- - - - - Or F. ← B. *šānas "side" → "room"
"sleigh" - - *nurdə - *noort - - - -
"narrow; to worry" - - - - *šoog aggod- , oog- - - - Semantics bad
"to stick" - - - - *tooj- †toľ- - - -
"to stretch" - - - - U nujt- ~ K ńojd- ńuujt- - - -
"to conjure" - - - - K. vom-- †wima- - - - *wojmɜ-, cf. F. voima?? (should be H. *-w-)
feat. P *åå
"cleft" *kolo *koalō - - *kʷåål- halok *kal *kååɭ - FS possibly ← Gmc
"pig" *po/õrsas - *purćis - *påårś - - - - ← IE
"healthy" - - - Hi. šu *šååń igen - - - H. "very". Expected P -m?
"to knead" - - - *lŭɣA- *lååj- - - - -
feat. Mo *o
"wet" *loppa - *lop-aftə- *lŭp K lapɨd - - - - Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_, unless *u?
"valley" *lotma - ložmo - - - - - - Phonotax non-Uralic
"bad; lazy" Fi. nolo - Mk. nola - - - - - - Better F ← S (cf AASL), Mk < *novla
feat. Ma *a
"slime, phloam" *nola, *nila - - *nalɤ U. ńɤl ~
K. ńiľ		 - *ńiľ- "to peel" *ńaL Ne. nal- Cf. *ńïla. F. also nula
"fat" Fi. kuu - *kuja *kaja U. kɤj;
U. kwajɨ-		 haaj(a-) - - - Maybe *koxa??
"dung" *sonta - - *šandə U. zud "mud" - - - -
"brittle" NF *rohka - - *raš/čka *rɨž, K. rɨš(k)- - - - - *rošə, *roš-ka? OU ris etc. ← K. Don't see how H. roš- "slow" compares. Zek "P *ruuž"
East only
"hill" - - - - - domb(o-) *tåmp - - clearly not PU
"to sink" - - - - - rokkan- *rowt-, N. räɣ- *raak- -
"birch bark" tidoo + OU per *tana
"to see" - - - - - oov- *wɤɤ(j)- *wuu-/waa- *wë(ra)- how about *ë
"to go" - - - - - in-- *jaam- - Ne. jaam-
"lead" - - - - - oolom(o-) *wuuləm - -
"hole" - - - - - - N. waapi - *wåpə Loan from Ne. → Ms?
"good" - - - - - joo, jav- *jamas *jem - or Kh ~ F. *imeh
"plane (tool)" - - - - - ɟal(l)u, ɟarol- *jar(ɣə-) - - H. *rl → ll?
"to remain; thrifty" - - - - - marad- - - *mərəj better *u?
"head" - - - - - - *ɤɤw(t) *ååk,
*uu₂ŋkəL		 *ukə Or Ms < *ojwa?
"road" - - - - - uut(a-) *ɤɤKt *ååkət *uət
TBS
"vessel" F. purnu *pōrnē - - U. bɤrńo
~ K. burńa		 - - - -
"to sigh" *hooka- SS såagedh - #šootVć- "to rest" - - *šëëk- - - Consonants bad. F, S. better ← Gmc *swogan. F. → S. *śōkkē-
"stick" *sompa *soampē - šo/umba? K. *zɨb - - - - F. ← S. ← II?
"to prick" F. tokkaa- - - Hi. loɣe- - ɟak- - - -
"yellow" - - *ťuža - U. čuž - - - - Fairly bad
"1000" - - - - *śuurs - *šatər- *ćorəs ← II *ǵʰasra, independantly?
"to peel" - - - - U. vɤľɨ-
~ K. *vɔľ-		 *woľćt- - - - S. *oalō- ← *walə-; E. *valə- ← *wala- "pour"??
"Labrador tea" - ES *olo- - - - - *waľ *wääľ - Bad. Note *ľ.
"fat" - *jolē - - - - - *jaaL - *u ~ *ë/*a?
"middle; with" Fi. jotka - *jutkə - - jaat
"friend"		 E/N *jat,
S/W *jät		 TrJ jot,
VVj jöt		 *jotä
"slow" - *ńoacē - - *ńož(jV-) - - - -
"club" *nujja,
*nuhja
"diver" - *ńūNēl - - - - - - *ńuənä
"to press together" - - - *nŭmɤrge- K. ńam- ńom- - - -
"neck" - - - - ńak - - - Sk. #nukV
"to crawl; to grab" - *ńoamē- - - - ńuul- - - *ńəʔmå-
"to crawl" - E *ńoallē- - - - - - - Ne. ńalo- Suspicious
"nettle" - - - *nuž - - - - Ne. nāca-- medial??
"burden" - - - - U. nɨpɨ ~
K. nop, nup		 - *nɤɤp - -
"piece" - *(s)moalō - - - - - - #mAlå Rejectable; S ← Gmc
"~protrusion" - *mājrē
"crop"		 - Hi. mɤra
"beehive"		 *moorɤs
"breast"		 mar
"withers"		 - - *mərki
"shoulder" 		to disassemble
"long" - - - *kužə *kuuź hoss(a-) *kʷašə - Km. kunzu Cent. *o ~ East *u?
"hat" - - - *upšə *uźɨ - - - - Ma. *u despite _p!?
"brittle" - - - #rot - ruut, rot- - *ratək - Cf. *roška
"pit" *kooppa - - - U. gop - - - - Coincidental?
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