|
|
| (46 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) |
| Line 43: |
Line 43: |
| =Phonology and Orthography= | | =Phonology and Orthography= |
|
| |
|
| ==Types of Orthography== | | ==Orthography== |
|
| |
|
| The native Siye orthography, Keno Siye, is an abugida with ninety basic characters (the superimposed nasal coda is not counted), the Modern Basic Syllabary, in which all series, except the w-series and the s-series distinguish initial and medial (non-initial) characters. The Archaic Syllabary was not originally organized, but later the antecedents of the Guild of Scholars organized the characters in a matrix and modified some homographs. The change from Tide to Tiye to Siye required a reorganization of the matrix, which is now known as the Modern Basic Syllabary. There are no spaces in the script.
| | [[Siye Orthography]] |
| | |
| After the effects of vowel contraction or vowel dominance, there are additional characters modified from the basic characters to indicate grammatical suffixes, distinguish cases hidden by vowel dominance, and adjectival derivation, as well as an "alphabet" that allows for corrections, foreign pronunciations, and coda consonants. The positional suffix < na > is a basic character, but the perfective positive realis suffix < na >, adjacent to the positional suffix < na >, is the basic character < ne > modified by < a >. A noun such as < wino > is pronounced identically in the absolutive and vocative, but the second character of the vocative, < no > is the absolutive < no > modified by < i >. The orthography's ability to represent foreign pronunciation is important to missionary work. Superscript consonants and vowels indicate a correction. Subscript consonants indicate codas. Subscript vowels indicate the second part of diphthongs. The subscript coda consonants, in particular, are important for an accurate transcription of Ulok in Keno Siye.
| |
| | |
| In theory, a character is composed of a "mother", the principal skeleton, and a "daughter", the smaller detached parts. Exceptions are < To > (capitalization indicates an initial syllable) and < no >, which only have "daughters". The medial characters derive from prenasalized characters in earlier stages of the language, for which reason so many of them have the nasal dash. < Ta > and <na> differ only in the presence of the nasal dash. The mother is shared wit < Ta >, < na >, < ti >, and < Li >. The daughter is shared with < Ta >, < na >, < Te >, < ne >, < Ti >, < ni >, < To >, and < no >. This daughter is a mother in < Tu > and < nu >, while < na > uses this mother and the nasal dash. As stated above, the nasal dash occurs only in medial syllables, 35 of the total 90. The orphan daughters < To > and < no > have daughters of their own. Some half-size characters, such as < ya > and < Tu >, expand to full height, but < Yo > and < Ma > remain at half-height.
| |
| | |
| There are various Romanization schemes. The principal one (Standard), the one used in this document, hews close to the phonemic scheme of the native orthography. A Practical Orthography uses phonetics as its guiding principle. This system is rarer, but still common. Cyrillic and Hebrew orthographies also exist.
| |
| | |
| Standard Practical
| |
| | |
| pi çi, schi, shchi
| |
| | |
| pu fu
| |
| | |
| ki chi
| |
| | |
| ku hu
| |
| | |
| tu tsu
| |
| | |
| si shi
| |
| | |
| Vm Vng
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Phonology== | | ==Phonology== |
|
| |
|
| {{IPA|m}} {{IPA|/m/}}
| | [[Siye Phonology]] |
|
| |
|
| {{IPA|[m]}} > {{IPA|[ⁿ]}}/V_#, V_C
| | ==Dialects== |
|
| |
|
| {{IPA|n}} {{IPA|/n/}} {{IPA|[n]}}
| | [[Siye Dialects]] |
|
| |
|
| {{IPA|p}} {{IPA|/p/}}
| | =Morphology and Syntax= |
|
| |
|
| {{IPA|[p]}}> {{IPA|[pʰ]}}/#_, {{IPA|[ɸ]}}/_u, {{IPA|[ç]}}/_i
| | ==Nominal Morphology== |
| | |
| Outside the City, {{IPA|[ç]}} merges with {{IPA|[ʃ]}}.
| |
| | |
| {{IPA|t}} {{IPA|/t/}}
| |
| | |
| {{IPA|[t]}} > {{IPA|[tʰ]}}/#_, {{IPA|[ts]}}/_u, {{IPA|[ʦʰ]}}/#_u
| |
| | |
| {{IPA|k}} {{IPA|/k/}}
| |
| | |
| {{IPA|[k]}} > {{IPA|[kʰ]}}/#_, {{IPA|[x]}}/_u, {{IPA|[ʧ]}}/_i, {{IPA|[ʧʰ]}}/#_i
| |
| | |
| {{IPA|s}} [s] {{IPA|/s/}}
| |
| | |
| {{IPA|[s]}} > {{IPA|[ʃ]}}/_i
| |
| | |
| {{IPA|w}} {{IPA|[ʋ]}}
| |
| | |
| {{IPA|y}} {{IPA|[j]}}
| |
| | |
| {{IPA|l}} {{IPA|[l]}}
| |
| | |
| {{IPA|h}} {{IPA|[0]}} placeholder after /m/ {{IPA|[ⁿ]}} and intervocalically
| |
| | |
| {{IPA|i}} {{IPA|[i]}} {{IPA|im}} {{IPA|[ɪⁿ]}}
| |
| | |
| {{IPA|e}} {{IPA|[e]}} {{IPA|em}} {{IPA|[ɛⁿ]}}
| |
| | |
| {{IPA|a}} {{IPA|[ə]}} {{IPA|[a]}} in free variation; {{IPA|am}} {{IPA|[æⁿ]}}
| |
| | |
| {{IPA|o}} {{IPA|[o]}} {{IPA|om}} {{IPA|[ɔⁿ]}}
| |
| | |
| {{IPA|u}} {{IPA|[u]}} {{IPA|um}} {{IPA|[ʊⁿ]}} {{IPA|[ʌⁿ]}} in free variation
| |
| | |
| Initial aspiration of plosives and affricates is far less common outside the City.
| |
| | |
| ===Update=== | |
| | |
| As of 2246, unvoiced consonants are officially voiced before nasal vowels. In the City, this does not affect initial aspirated consonants, but in those dialects in which initial consonants are not aspirated, this voicing rule applies.
| |
| | |
| ==Nasalization and Advanced Tongue Root==
| |
| | |
| In Standard Siye, the nasal vowels share the feature retracted tongue root (RTR), while the oral vowels share the feature advanced tongue root (ATR). In studies of Siye, the feature is defined as +ATR and -ATR. Standard Siye has the typologically rare 10-vowel ATR. The Near and Mid Provinces reduce the ATR system by removing [ə] in favor of a generalized [a].
| |
| | |
| /i/ [i] /im/ [ɪⁿ]
| |
| | |
| /e/ [e] /em/ [ɛⁿ]
| |
| | |
| /a/ [a] /am/ [aⁿ]
| |
| | |
| /o/ [o] /om/ [ɔⁿ]
| |
| | |
| /u/ [u] /um/ [ʊⁿ]
| |
| | |
| The Far Western Province uses a seven-vowel system:
| |
| | |
| /i/ [i] /im/ [ɪⁿ]
| |
| | |
| /e/ [ɛ] /em/ [ɛⁿ]
| |
| | |
| /a/ [a] /am/ [aⁿ]
| |
| | |
| /o/ [ɔ] /om/ [ɔⁿ]
| |
| | |
| /u/ [u] /um/ [ʊⁿ]
| |
| | |
| The Far Eastern Province and the Lake have a slightly different seven-vowel system:
| |
| | |
| /i/ [i] /im/ [iⁿ]
| |
| | |
| /e/ [e] /em/ [ɛⁿ]
| |
| | |
| /a/ [a] /am/ [aⁿ]
| |
| | |
| /o/ [o] /om/ [ɔⁿ]
| |
| | |
| /u/ [u] /um/ [ʊⁿ]
| |
| | |
| ==Vowel Dominance==
| |
| | |
| Standard Siye vowels have a dominance system whereby one vowel eliminates an adjacent vowel rather than creating a long vowel or diphthong. Earlier Siye lacked this feature. The impact of vowel dominance in Siye is extensive, but many exceptions exist where the meaning would have become ambiguous. The dominance pattern follows a V-shape, starting in the high back, descending to low central, and ascending to high front. Thus the dominance hierarchy is as follows: /u/ > /o/ > /a/ > /e/ > /i/.
| |
| | |
| Examples of the effects of vowel dominance include the creation of the zero-marked subject prefix of the transitive verb, the existence of the ya-conjugation, and the differentiation, or lack thereof, of the nominative and accusative cases of nouns; the development of adjectives ending in -e. Exceptions include vowel-initial verb roots with weak initial vowels, word-initial high vowels (including subject and object prefixes).
| |
| | |
| ==Stress Placement==
| |
| | |
| Stress in Siye is is trochaic-dactylic. Polysyllabic affixes can only receive stress on the initial syllable. The combination of the preceding rules creates a complex primary-secondary stress pattern. Some regualarly trisyllabic suffixes, such as /-muluyam/, have bisyllabic allomorphs to conform to this pattern.
| |
| | |
| A Siye verb receives primary stress on the first syllable of the verb root; thus the verb /pelekopuyammu/ and /lekunasonima/ receive primary stresses on /ko/ and /ku/.
| |
| | |
| The secondary stresses are distributed according to the following rules:
| |
| | |
| Firstly, there is a minimum of one and maximum of two unstressed syllables between stressed syllable
| |
| | |
| Secondly, only the first syllable of a root or suffix can be stressed.
| |
| | |
| Thirdly, the sequence of preferred placements of secondary stresses are as follows: directional suffix; causative suffix; converbal suffix; number suffix; PAM (polarity-aspect-mood suffix.
| |
| | |
| ==Isoglosses==
| |
| | |
| The Valley in which Siye is spoken stretches halfway across the Martian equator, so there are variations in speech along its length. The primary isogloss is the boundary line between nouns that use the Nominative and Accusative and those that use the Ergative and Absolutive. In Standard Siye, the dialect of the City in the Central Province and the variety on which this article is based, only pronouns and personal names can use Nominative and Accusative forms. As one travels east the range of the Nominative decreases; as one travels west towards the Mountain, the opposite occurs. Thus, all varieties of Siye use /le, la/ for the first person pronouns. All but the Far Eastern Province and the Lake use /pe, sa/ for the second person pronoun. The Mid-Eastern Province and points west place all pronouns, regardless of number, in the Nominative category. Standard Siye, from the Central Province, adds personal names to the Nominative category. The Near Western Province requires that nouns denoting humans must be in the Nominative category, reducing the number of complex cases in the spoken version of the western dialects. The Mid-Western Province treats all animate nouns as Nominative, and the Far Western Province is full nominative under the "contamination" of Ulok.
| |
| | |
| =Dialects=
| |
| | |
| [[Siye Dialects]]
| |
| | |
| =Siye Nominal Morphology=
| |
|
| |
|
| [[Siye Nominal Morphology]] | | [[Siye Nominal Morphology]] |
|
| |
|
| =Siye Verbal Morphology= | | ==Verbal Morphology== |
|
| |
|
| [[Siye Verbal Morphology]] | | [[Siye Verbal Morphology]] |
|
| |
|
| =Siye Syntax= | | ==Syntax== |
|
| |
|
| [[Siye Syntax]] | | [[Siye Syntax]] |
|
| |
|
| =Siye Texts= | | =Texts and Vocabulary= |
| | |
| | ==Texts== |
|
| |
|
| [[Siye Texts]] | | [[Siye Texts]] |
|
| |
|
| =Siye Thematic Vocabulary= | | ==Thematic Vocabulary== |
|
| |
|
| [[Siye Thematic Vocabulary]] | | [[Siye Thematic Vocabulary]] |
| | |
| | =Guild of Scholars Docket= |
| | |
| | [[Guild of Scholars Docket]] |
|
| |
|
| [[Category: Conlangs]] | | [[Category: Conlangs]] |
| [[Category:A priori conlangs]] | | [[Category:A priori conlangs]] |
