Proto-Uralic/A: Difference between revisions

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'''Bold''' marks apparent vocalic irregularities (note tho that rules for Permic are partly unclear), <font color="red">red</font> consonantal. ''Italic'' cases are unclear.
'''Bold''' marks apparent vocalic irregularities (note tho that rules for Permic are partly unclear), <font color="red">red</font> consonantal. ''Italic'' cases are unclear.


Mari and Permic use the following ''ad hoc'' reconstruction:
==Standard PU *a_a==
* short vowels = branches agree
By default: F&Mo *a, S. *ō, Ma. *a/*o ([[Mari#The distribution of *a vs. *o|conditioning??]]) P. *uu, Ms *uu, Smy *å
** except *ɤ = Meadow Mari /o/
* Mari *aa *oo *ɤɤ = /a o ɤ/ in Hill Mari, /o u u/ in Meadow Mari
* Permic *aa *oo *ɤɤ = /o (v)o (v)ɤ/ in Komi, /a u ɯ/ in Udmurt
** In Komi, /v/ appears initially


Abbreviations used:
'''B.''' = Baltic, '''Cf.''' = 'compare', '''En''' = Enets, '''Er.''' = Erźa, '''Es.''' = Estonian, '''F.''' = Finnish, '''Gmc.''' = Germanic, '''H.''' = Hungarian, '''Hi.''' = Hill Mari, '''IA''' = Indo-Aryan, '''IE''' = Indo-European, '''K.''' = Komi, '''Ka.''' = Kamass, '''Kh.''' = Khanty, '''Li.''' = Livonian, '''Ma.''' = Mari, '''Me.''' = Meadow Mari, '''Mk.''' = Mokša, '''Mo.''' = Mordvinic, '''Ms.''' = Mansi, '''N''' = North, '''Ne.''' = Nenets, '''Ng.''' = Nganasan, '''P.''' = Permic, '''PU''' = Proto-Uralic, '''S.''' = Samic, South, '''Se.''' = Selkup, '''Smy.''' = Samoyedic, '''U.''' = Udmurt, '''Ve.''' = Veps
==Standard PU *a==
{| cellpadding="0"|
{| cellpadding="0"|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme !! FM example !! Samic !! Mari !! Permic !! Hungarian !! Mansi !! Khanty !! Samoyedic
! Lexeme
! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoyedic]]
! Comments
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="9" | S. ''*ó'', Ma. ''*aa'', P. ''*oo'', H. ''a'', Ms. & Kh. ''*uu'', Smy. ''*å''
! colspan="10" | *a_ə (forking; formerly under *oo, *o_a)
|-
| "thru"
| F. pahki || - || Mk. pačk || - || K. '''pɨšji''' || - || *puuš || - || Se. ''pooč''
| check Se.
|-
| "twig"
| - || *tōrkɤ || - || Me. tor || - || - || - || *tuu₁ɣər || -
| or S ← Sc.
|-
|-
| "bit"
| "wolf"
| F. pala || *pólé || '''*pultəš''' || - || fal || *puul || *puul || *pålä
| - || <s>*čōrmɤ</s> || - || '''*šŭrmə''' || '''*śör''' || - || - || *ćuu₁rəm || *sårm'''å'''
| Possibly K. '''palak''' "hole"
| Ma. "lynx", P. "marten" may not belong
|-
|-
| "to open"
| "ground"
| Er. panžo- || *póncé || *paača- || -|| - || *puunš || *puunč || -
| F. tanner || *tōntɤr || - || - || - || - || - || - || *tåntə-
|-
|-
| "pot"
| "birch bark"
| F. pata || - || *paat || - || fazeek || *puut || *puut || -
| - || - || - || - || *tooj || - || - || - || '''*təj'''
| Better *tojə, ~ H tidoo
|-
|-
| "young deer"
| "to stand"
| Mk. śarda || - || *šaarðɤ || - || - || *suurtə || *suurtə || Ne. '''siraj''' ?
| *saisë- || *čōnčō- || - || '''*šĭnće-''' || K. '''sidź-''' || - || *tuuńć- || W *ɬaańć-,<br/>E '''*ɬɯɯńť-''' || '''*tänsə-'''
| Ma. & Smy. point to original *ä. (Mo. *śta- ← IE?)
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *a₁_a: H. ''a'', Ms. *uu, Kh. *uu₁
|-
|-
| "to scoop"
| "fish"
| F. amme- || - || - || - || - || *uum- || *uum- || -
| *kala || *kōlē || *kal || *kol || - || hal(a-) || *kuul || *kuu₁L || *kålä
| Smy. *-å → *-ä after *l
|-
|-
| "marsh"
| "bit"
| F. aro || - || - || - || - || *uuraj || *uurə || -
| *pala || *pōlē || *pal || - || - || fal-at- || *puul ||style="color:green"| *puu₁ɭ || *pålä
| Smy. *-å → *-ä after *l. Possibly K. '''palak''' "hole". Hi. '''pultəš''' ← *purəltəš ← *purə- "to bite".
|-
|-
| "to step"
| "pot"
| F. askel- || - || *aaškəl- || *ooćkVl- <!--ućkɯl- ~ vośkol- -->|| - || *uusəl || - || *äsəl
| *pata || - || - || *pat || - || fazeek(a-) || *puut || *puu₁t || *pat''ə''-
| Smy. *a → ä before a palzd. coda.
| Smy *a → *a between stops?
|-
|-
| "twig"
| "to open"
| - || *tórkɤ || Me. tor || - || - || - || *tuuɣər || -
| - || *pōncō<br/>"naked" || *panžə- || *pača- || K. pudž- || - || *puunš- || *puu₁ɳč- || -
|-
|-
| "mountain"
| "young deer"
| - || '''*váré''' || - || *vɤɤr || - || '''*wur''' || *wuur || *wårå
| - || - || Mk. śarda || *šarðə || - || - || - || *suu₁rtə || Ne. '''siraj''' ?
| P. *oo → *ɤɤ next to a labial <!--Permic is also K. "forest", U. "hill".-->
| Ms. '''*surtə''' ← Kh?
|-
|-
| "to hit"
| "to scoop"
| Mk. šavo- || '''*cáŋmé-''' || *čaaŋɣe- || - || - || ''*šɯɯŋkʷ-'' || '''*čooŋk-''' || *čåŋå-
|style="color:brown"| *ammɜ-- || - || *amuĺa- || - || - || - || *uum- || *uu₁m- || -
| Ms. transfer of labialization?
|-
|-
| "village"
| "salmon sp."
| F. palva- || - || - || - || falu || ''*pɯɯwəl'' || *puuɣəl || -
| - || - || - || - || K. udž || - || *uuš || *uu₁ɳč || #ånčɜ
| Ms. transfer of labialization?
|-
|-
| "sun"
| "sun"
| F. kaja- || NS guoje || *kaaja- || - || - || - || - || *kåjå
| F. kaja- || NS guoje || Er. kaje- || *kaja- || - || haj(-) || CMs *kuj || - || *kåjå
| Ms *uuj → *uj. H/Ms. "dawn", better here than with F. koi
|-
|-
| "to peel"
| "in heat"
| Mk. vatka- || *vótké- || *waatka- || - || - || - || - || Ne. waataa-
| F. '''suota''' || *čōðē- || - || - || K. ćulal- || salad- || - || - || style="color:red"| ''*såjä''
| F. ← S? Smy palatal assimilation? *-å → *-ä after *l/*ðʲ
|-
|-
| "to present"
| "to present"
| Mk. kaźe- || - || '''*kužək''' || *koodźim <!--kudźɯm ~ koźin--> || hason || - || - || *kåsɯ ?
| - || - || *kaźə- || - || *koodźim <!--kudźɨm ~ koźin--> || hason(o-) || - || - || *kåso
| *a-ə possible. P. palzn. Ma. *kućək "dowry" ← P.
|-
|-
| "to dig"
| "to dig"
| F. kaiva- || ''*koajvó-'' || ''*kooe-'' || *kooj- || hajiit- || - || - || *käjwå-
| F. kaiva- || '''*koajvō-''' || *kaj''a''- || ''*koe-'' || *kooj- || hajiit- || - || - || *kajwå-
| Smy. palzn. Ma. *oo may be explainable by reduction of *-jw-, S. *oa by 2nd onset *v
| P, Smy. palzn. Hi. /u/ per hiatus.
|-
|-
| "to thro"
| "to thro"
| Mo. kaja- || - || - || *kooj- <!--kujal- ~ koj- -->|| hajiit- || - || - || -
| - || - || kaja- ||  - || *kooj- <!--kujal- ~ koj- -->|| hajiit- || - || - || -
| Homophonic with the prev.
| Homophonic with the prev.
|-
|-
| "foot"
| "foot"
| F. jalka || *jólké || *jaal || - || ɟalog || - || - || -
| *jalka || *jōlkē || *jalgə || *jal || - || ɟalog(o-) || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "to bild"
| "brain"
| F. rakenta- || - || - || - || rak- || - || - || -
| F. aivo || *vōjŋē || - || - || - || aɟ(a-) || - || - || -
| Mk. ''uj'' rather ← *ojwa?
|-
|-
| "to grasp"
| "to grasp"
| F. tarttu- || - || - || - || tart- || - || - || -
| F. tarttu- || - || - || - || - || tart- || - || - || -
|-
| "penis"
| - || *póčɤ || - || - || fas || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "roof"
| "roof"
| F. lakka || - || - || - || lak- || - || - || -
| F. lakka || - || - || - || - || lak- || - || - || -
| H. "to dwell"
| H. "to dwell"
|-
|-
| "brain"
| "to beat soft"
| F. aivo || *vójŋé || - || - || aɟ|| - || - || -
| *vanu- || - || - || - || - || vaańol- || - || - || -
| Mk. '''uj'''
| H. *wa- → vaa-?
|-
| "to roast"
| F. '''paahta-''' || - || - || - || '''*pɤɤž-''' || - || - || - || -
| F. 2ndary length?
|-  
| "hole" 
| - || - || - || *raž || K. roź || '''rees''' || - || - || -
| P. palzn.
|-
|-
| "currant"
| "currant"
| - || - || *šaaptər || U. suter ~ K. '''setɤr''' || - || - || - || -
| - || - || - || *šaptər || U. suter ~<br/>K. '''setɤr''' || - || - || - || -
| Cf. Gmc *sap ??
|-
| "rotten"
| - || - || - || *kaškə,<br/>*kaška- || '''*kuuź''' <!--kuź ~ kuj--> || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to gro"
| - || - || - || *paše- || *puušjɨ- || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "to close"
| "to ask"
| - || - || paačke- || U. pɯškɯ- || - || - || - || -
| - || - || - || *jaða- || *juual- || - || - || - || -
| P. labial dissim.
| P. ← *-uuða- ?
|-
|-
| "shine"
| "groove"
| F. valkea || '''*vélké''' || *waalɣə || '''*vaaĺk''' || ('''vilaag''') || '''waĺk''' ||'''waĺ-'''  || -
| NF *latu || - || - || *laðo || K. lu || - || - || - || -
| ← Baltic?
|-
|-
| "rake"
| "rake"
| F. hara || *sóré || *šaar || - || - || - || - || -
| *hara,<br/>*harkki || *sōrē || *čar-kəďə- || *šar(əm) || - || - || - || - || -
| not loan; Gmc ← F
|-
|-
| "opposite"
| "opposite"
| F. vasta || *vósté || *waašta || - || - || - || - || -
| *vasta || *vōstē || Mk. vasta || *waštareš || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "wet"
| F. nahka<br/>"leather" || *ńōskē || Mk. načka || *načkə || - || - || - || ('''*ńašak''') || -
| Khanty "raw" may not belong
|-
|-
| "to grind"
| "to grind"
| F. jauha- || - || *jaaŋɤže- || - || - || - || - || -
| *jauha- || - || jaž''a''- || *jaŋəže- || - || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "fishing net"
| "fishing net"
| F. vata || - || *waat || - || - || - || - || -
| F. vata || - || - || *wat || - || - || - || - || -
| ← Gmc?
| ← Gmc?
|-
| "wet"
| Mk. načka || *ńóské || *naačkə || - || - || - || ('''*ńašak''') || -
| Khanty "raw" may not belong
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="9"| Same except Ma. ''*o'', H. ''aa'', Kh. ''*aa''
! colspan="10"| *a₂_a: similar except Ma. *o, Kh. *aa
|-
|-
| "to steal"
| "to leave"
| F. sala- || *sól-ɤk || *šolə- || - || - || *tuul- || *ɬaal- || *tål- '''?'''
| *katoda- || *kōðē- || *kadə- || *koðe- || *kooĺ- || haɟ- || *kuuĺ- || *kaaćəɣ- ~<br/>'''*ka/ɯɯj-''' || *kåjä-
| +Ma *koð''a''- "stay". P. palzn. Smy. *-å → *-ä after *ðʲ
|-
|-
| "white"
| "to steal, thief"
| Mk. akša || - || *oš || - || - || - || *aaš || -
| F. sala- || *sōl-ɤk || sal''a''- || *šolə || - || - || *tuulmant-<br/>*tuulmak || *ɬaaLəm-<br/>*ɬaaLmaak || *tålä-
| + EKh ''*ɬɯɯLəɣ'' "stolen". Smy. *-å → *-ä after *l
|-
|-
| "rodent"
| "to carry"
| Mk. maksa- || - || - || - || - || - || *maaɣ || -
| *kanta- || *kōntē- || *kandə- || *kande- || - || - || *kuunt- || *kaant- || *kån-
| Weak. Mo. "mole", Kh. "beaver"
| *kanə-ta-, cf. Smy. ≠ *kënta "tree stump"!
|-
|-
| "flood, lake"
| "net"
| F. sarajas || - || - || - || aar || *tuur || *ɬaar || -
| F. kalin || - || - || - || K. kulɤm || ''haalo'' || *kuuləp || *kaaLəp || -
| Cf. "fish"
|-
|-
| "to conjure"
| "to open"
| Er. al(s)ta- || - || style0"color:red"| '''*ulte-''' || - || aald- || - || *aaɬəɬ- || -
| *ava- || - || *aŋ-kśəma || - || - || style="color:red"| '''old-, ood-''' || *ɤɤŋkʷ- || VVj aaŋət-,<br/>W. '''*eeŋk-''' || -
| Ms. cheshirization
|-
|-
| "to beat soft"
| "to bark"
| F. vanu- || - || - || - || vaańol- || - || - || -
| - || - || - || *opte- || *uut- || - || *uut- || *aapət- || -
|-
|-
| "hind"
| "low ground"
| - || - || -|| - || aaɟeek || style="color:red"| *uunć || - || -
| - || - || - || - || U. śum || - || *suujəm || *saajəm || -
| *o_a possible
|-
|-
| "to dry"
| "wild; animal"
| - || - || - || *śur- || saar- || style="color:red"| *šuur- || #saar- || -
| - || - || - || Hi. wojər || K. vɤj || - || *wuj || *waajəɣ || -
| P. *waR → *vɤɤR- ? Ms *wuu → *wu
|-
|-
| "low ground"
| "white"
| - || - || - || U. śum || - || *suujəm || *saajəm || -
| *hahka || - || Mk. akša || *oš || - || - || - || *aaš || -
|-
|-
| "crust"
| "to thro"
| F. kamara || - || *kom || *koomVĺ <!--K -il -ɯl -ɤl-->|| haaml- || '''köömtol ~ kamtul?''' || - || Ne. såw
| *vatkada- || - || *vačk'''a'''- || ''wačkalt-''<br/>('lect?) || - || - || - || *waaškaLt- ||
| U. also kɤm
| Ma. *a / w_
|-
|-
| "net"
| "to burst"
| F. kalin || - || - || K. '''kulɤm''' || haalo || *kuuləp || *kaaləp || -
| *pakkahta- || - || - || - || - || fakad- || - || *paakən- || -
| Cf. "fish"
|-
|-
| "to stand"
| "fence"
| Liv. saiso- || *čónčó- || '''*šinće-''' || K. '''sidź-''' || - || *tuunś || *ɬaanć || '''*tensə-'''
| *ajta || - || - || - || - || - || - || *aać || -
| Finnish '''seiso-'''. Ma, K & Smy. point to original *ä. (Mo. *śta- ← IE?)
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="9"|Mari, Hungarian and Khanty disagree
|-
|-
| "fish"
| "mole; beaver"
| F. kala || *kólé || ''*kol'' || - || ''hal'' || *kuul || ''*kuul'' || *kålä
| - || - || Mk. maksa- || - || - || - || - || *maaɣ || -
| Weak. *ë_ə possible
|-
|-
| "to leave"
| "to sit"
| F. kato- || *kóðé- || ''*koðV-'' || U. '''kɯĺ-''' ~ K. koĺ- || ''haɟ-'' || *kuuĺ- || ''*kaaj-'' || *kåjä-
| - || - || - || - || - || - || *uunl/t- || *aaməs/t- || *åmtə-
| *o_a possible
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| With S. *ā, Khanty *åå (/ *č_?)
|-
|-
| "to carry"
| "to hit"
| F. kanta- || *kónté- || ''*kaande-'' || - || - || *kuunt || ''*kaant'' || *kån-
| - || ''*cāŋmē-'' || *čavə- || *čaŋe- || - || - || ''*šɤɤŋkʷ-'' || ''*čååŋk-'' || *čåŋå-
| Ms. cheshirization?
|-
|-
| "crow"
| "to chop"
| F. varis || *vórččé || - || - || ''varjuu'' || style="color:red"| *uurin || style="color:red"| ''*uurŋ-'' ~ '''warŋ-''' || '''*wər-'''
| - || T ''*cāppē-'';<br/><span style="color:red">'''*cāpɤ-'''</span> || *čapə- || - || *čuupɨ- || - || - || ''*čååp''<br/>"piece" || -
| Check Smy
| Onomat.? Cf. "to hit". U also ''čɨp-''. Kh. cf. also Ms '''šup''' "piece of wood"?
|-
|-
| "to burst"
| "to step"
| F. pakahtu- || - || - || - || ''fakad-'' || - || ''*paaɣ-'' || -
| - || - || Mk. šašto- || - || - || - || *šuuš- || ''*čååč-'' || *čåčä-
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="9"|Indistinct ''*a''
! colspan="10"| With Permic *oo poorly conditioned
|-
|-
| "to sink"
| "hard"
| F. vajo- || *vójó- || - || *vɤɤj(ɯ)- || '''vejse-''' || style="color:red"| *uuj- || - || -
| - || '''*čārēs''' || - || - || *ćoorɨt || - || - || - || *sår''ə''
| P. labial dissim.
|-
|-
| "to step"
| "crust"
| Mk. šašto- || - || - || - || - || *šuuš- || '''*čooč-''' || *čåčä-
| *kamara || - || - || *kom || *koomɤĺ || haaml- || '''*käämtol''' || - || ''*kamə'' !
| U. also kɤm
|-
|-
| "hard"
| "fork"
| - || '''*čárés''' || - || *ćoorɯd <!--ćurɯt ~ ćorɯd--> || - || - || - || *sårə
| - || - || '''*užə''' || *waž || K. vož || - || - || - || *wåtå
| Or *woša with Ma./K. irregular
|-
|-
| "with"
| "berry"
| F. kanssa || - || - || *gooz || - || - || - || -
| - || - || - || - || *oozɨ || - || - || '''*uu₂L''' || '''*ota'''
|-
|-
| "rump"
| "rump"
| Mk. kaska || - || - || *koos || - || - || - || -
| - || - || Er. <font color="red">kaśke</font><br/> ~ Mk. kaska || - || *koosk || - || - || - || -
|-
| "smell"
| Võ. katsk || - || kačam(o) || - || K. ''kočɨs'' || - || - || - || -
| Cf. "bitter"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| With Permic *u (→ Udm. /ɨ/)
|-
| "to go carefully"
| - || '''*vāncē-''' || - || *wanče- || *vuž- || - || *wuunč- || style="color:red"| *uu₁ɳč- || *wånč-
|-
| "root"
| - || - || - || *waž || *vuž || - || - || - || *wånčå
| Homophonic with the prev.
|-
| "to be born"
| - || - || *šačə- || *šača- || U. čɨžɨ- ~ K. ćuž- || - || *šašəɣ || W *čačəɣ || Sk. *čaačə
| Cf. F. <span style="color:red">*sato</span> - *śačə with widespread sib. assims?
|-
| "to stand"
| - || - || - || *ša(l)ɣ || *sul- || aall- || - || - ||
|-
|-
| "to roash"
| "to shoot"
| F. paahta- || - || - || *pɤɤž- || - || - || - || -
| *ampu- || - || - || - || U. ɨb- || - || - || - || -
| P. labial dissim. F. 2ndary length?
| maybe *a → *ɨ / *_m_, cf. *mo- → *mɨ-. S. ''*āmpō-'' ← F.
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"|Indistinct *a_a
|-
|-
| "to drive"
| "to drive"
| F. aja- || vójé- || - || *ooj- || - || '''*wujt-''' || - || -
| *aja- || vōjē- || aj-<!--ajďa-, ajəlda-, ajərdə- etc.---> || - || *ooj- || - ||style="color:red"| *wujt-''' || - || -
| ← IE *aɟe- ?
| ← IE *aǵe- ? P. palzn, Ms. *wuu → *(w)u
|-
| "mountain"
| - || '''*vārē''' || - || - || - || - || *wur || '''*woor''' || *wårå
| Ms. *wuu → *(w)u. Cf. *warə.
|-
| "to sink"
| *vaja- || *vōjō- || vaj'''a'''- || - || ''*vɤɤj(ɨ)-'' || vaaj-,<br/>'''vejse-''' || *(w)uj- || - || -
| P. *waR → *wɤɤR, H. *wa- → vaa-? Ms. *wuu → *(w)u
|-
|-
| "series"
| "marsh"
| F. sarja || - || - || *śoor || - || - || - || -
| *aro || - || - || - || - || - || *uuraj || ''*uu₂rə'' || -
| Kh *aa-U → *uu₂?
|-
|-
| "to shoot"
| "death"
| F. ampa- || '''ámpo-''' || - || U. ɯb- || - || - || - || -
| *kalma || *kōlmē || kalma-<br/>"to bury" || || - || - || - || - || *kålm-
| S. ← F? P. labial dissim.
| *kaxl-ma? Cf. "to die"
|-
|-
| "smell"
| "word"
| F. katku || - || - || K. kočɯs || - || - || - || -
| F. vala || *vōlē || val || - || - || - || - || - || *wålä
| Cf. "bitter"
| Smy. *-å → *-ä after *l
|-
|-
| "to receive"
| "to stick; fork"
| F. saa- || NW '''*sákɤ-''' || ''*šoo-'' || K. ''su-'' || - || - || - || *tåj-
| Võ. tsank || *čōŋkō- || *śaŋgə || - || - || - || - || - || *såŋk''ə''-
| *saxi. Ma. *oo, K. u possibly from reduction of *-x- (cf. *kajwa-)
|-
|-
| "in-law"
| "in-law"
| F. nato || *nótó || '''*nuðo''' || - || - || - || - || *nåto
| *nato || *nōtō || - || '''*nuðə''' || - || - || - || - || *nåto
|-
|-
| "death"
| "to peel"
| F. kalma || *kólmé || || - || - || - || - || *kålm-
| - || *vōtkē- || *vatk'''a'''- || <span style="color:red">*wakta-</span>,<br/>*wotke- || - || - || - || - || Ne. waataa-
| Cf. "to die"
|-
|-
| "ground"
| "knot"
| F. tanner || *tóntɤr || - || - || - || - || - || *tåntə-
| F. pahka || - || Mk. pakškä || - || - || - || - || - || *påktV
|-
|-
| "branch"
| "branch"
| F. sarka || *sórké || - || - || - || - || - || *tårkå
| NF *sarka || *sōrkē || - || - || - || - || - || - || *tårkå
|-
| "skin"
| NF *talja || *tōljē || - || - || - || - || - || - || ''*tåəjə''
| Better F & S. ← B. Maybe *tawəd₂ə > NMs tAwəľ?
|-
|-
| "word"
| "behind"
| F. vala || *vólé || - || - || - || - || - || *wålä
| *taka- || *tuokē- || - || - || - || - || - || - || *tak''ə''
| Smy *a → *a between stops?
|-
|-
| "to want"
| "clay"
| Mk. karma- || - || - || - || - || - || - || *kårmä ?
| - || *čōwjē || - || - || *śooj || - || - || - || #såj
| probably *śaw-ja with metathesis in Kola Sami (unattested further west), cf. [[Proto-Uralic/O|*śawe]]
|-
|-
| "knot"
| "to rain"
| Mk. pakškä || - || - || - || - || - || - || *påktV
| *sata- || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || *sårå-
|-
|-
| "left"
| "left"
| F. vasen || - || - || - || - || - || - || *wåtä ?
| *vasen || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || *wåtä ?
|-
|-
| "to stick"
| "to want"
| - || *čóŋké- || - || - || - || - || - || *såŋkə-
| - || - || *karm''a''- || - || - || - || - || - || '''*kərmå-''' ?
|-
|-
| "to rain"
| "to rain"
| F. sata- || '''*čáðé-''' || - || - || - || - || - || *sårå-
| F. sata- || '''*čāðē-''' || - || - || - || - || - || - || *sårå-
| S. also <font color="red">*čócé-</font> "to hit"
| S. also *čōcē- "to hit" (won't go with Smy.)
|-
| "crane"
| Mk. karga || *kórkɤ || - || - || - || - || - || *kårə ?
| F. '''kurki'''
|-
|-
| "thru"
| "thru"
| Mk. ''šačk'' || - || - || - || - || - || - || Se. ''sačk''
| - || - || Mk. ''šačk'' || - || - || - || - || - || Se. ''sačk''
| Only Mo. and Se, sibilant assimilation?
| Only Mo. and Se, sibilant assimilation?
|-
|-
| "spirit"
| "aunt, older sister"
| Mk. vajmä || '''vájmó''' || || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *wäjŋ-
| - || - || - || - || K. ''ob'' || - || *uup || '''*o₂pə''' || *åpå
| Smy. palzn; Er. '''ojme''', F. vaimo "woman"
|-
| "rotten"
| - || *cōmcē || - || Me. <font color="red">'''šać'''</font> ||style="color:green"| *žoodź <!--šudžam ~ žodź--> || - || - || - || -
| P. palzn, S. *c-ć → *c-c?
|-
| "series"
| *sarja || - || - || - || *śoor || - || - || - || -
| P. palzn. (*-rj-)
|-
| "with"
| F. kanssa || - || - || - ||style="color:green"| ''*gooz'' || - || - || - || -
| ← Gmc *xansa? P. palzn. also before plain sibilants?
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|}
|}


==Standard PU long *ax==
==Standard PU *ë==
> F. *a, S. *ō, Mo. *a as well; by default Ma. *ü
{|
{|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme
! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoyedic]]
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="9"| Apparent std. PU ''*ax''
! colspan="10"| Ma. ''ö/ü'', P. ''*uu'', Ms. ''*ɤɤ'', Kh. ''*aa'', Smy. ''*ɤ'' (std. PU ''*ëCC, *ëCi'')
|-
| "father-in-law"
| NF *appi || *vōppɤ || - || '''*owə''' || - || ''ipa'', '''apa''' || S. '''ap''' ~ N. '''up''' || '''*uup''' || -
| Hu. *ëppə ~ *ëppə-sa > *ïp ~ *apa → ipa ~ apa?
|-
| "land"
| *maa || - || - || *mü, ''*mu'' || *muu || - || *mɤɤ(ɣ-) || '''*meɣ''' || -
| *mëxə
|-
|-
| "streak"
| "hair"
| F. juoni || *jónɤ || - || - || - || - || - || -
| F. <font color="red">hapsi</font> || *vōptɤ || - || *üp || - || - || *ɤɤt || E. aapət ~<br/> W. '''*oopət''' || *ɤptə
| Mo. jan
|-
|-
| "bed"
| "sore; groin"
| F. vuode || || || || || *aaĺ || - || -
| *narma || TS '''ńaarme''' || - || - || - || - || *ńɤɤrəm || *ńaarəm ||
| if F. not ← vuota ← B.
| Cf. also F. '''näärvä''', S. '''*nārā-''' ibid.
|-
|-
| "mountain"
| "arc"
| F. vuori || || || || || *waar || ||
| *kaari || *kōŋɤr || - || - || - || - || *kɤɤŋraa || N.<br/> '''*xooŋkaar''' || -
| Cf. *wara?
|-
|-
| "tree spec."
| "turnip; pine seed"
| F. '''saarni''' || - || '''*šäärtńi''', šartńi<!--"K"--> || *śir || - || - || - || -
| *nakris || - || - || - || - || - || *nɤɤr || *naakər || -
| Li. '''säärna'''. F. "ash", Ma "willow", P. "elm"
| Suspicious
|-
|-
| "to lecture"
| "cartilage"
| F. '''saarna-''' || '''*sárné''' || - || K. śorni- || - || - || *sarna- || -
| - || *ńōrkēs || *nar || *nörɣə || - || ''ńiir'' || *ńɤɤrəɣ || *ńaarək || *ńɤr
| S. ← F?
| *ńërə-ka (per Mo, Ma. Hu.); cf. *ńërə "soft"?
|-
|-
| ""
| "gills"
| || || || || || || ||
| - || *ńōkčɤm || - || style="color:red"| ''*našmə'' || K. '''ńokćim''' || - || *ńɤɤkćəm || *ńaa(ŋ)kćəm || Ne. ńińśku,<br/>Ka. neeni ?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
| Ma. *a~o / _CC
! colspan="9"| Apparent std. PU ''*ox'' (for comparision)
|-
| "crane"
| - || - || - || - || *tuuri ||style="color:red"| daru, -rva- || *tɤɤrəɣ || *taarəɣ || -
| *tërə-ka? Cf. abov.
|-
|-
| "pit"
| "limb"
| F. kuoppa || || || U. gop || || || ||
| - || - || - || - || - || '''loll''' || *lɤɤɣəl ||style="color:green"| *ɭaakəɭ || -
| Coincidental?
|-
|-
| "crust"
| "light"
| F. kuori || - || - || K. '''kɯrś''' || - || *kur- || *kor- || Sk. '''ker-''' ?
| *valkeda, *vale- || '''*vēlkɤtē''' || style="color:red"| *valdə || ''*walɣəðə'' || - || vilaag || - || - || -
| Mo. ''kaŕ''
| Ma. *a~o / _CC, > *a / w_. Cf. #woľa- "to shine"; IE ?
|-
|-
| "in heat"
| "to split"
| F. suota || ''*čóðé-'' || - || style="color:red"| K. ćual- || salad- || - || - || style="color:red"| ''*såjä''
| F. sali- || *čōlɤ- || - || - || - || sil || - || - || -
| Smy palatal assimilation?
| Cf. F. säle "splinter"
|-
|-
| "to die"
| "straight;<br/>obvious"
| F. kuole- || - || *kole- || *kul- || hal- || '''*kaal-''' || *kal- || *kåə-
| - || *ńōlkɤ-tɤ || - || - || - || ńil-ván || - || - || -
| Mo. ''kulo-''
|-
|-
| "to lick"
| "to live"
| F. nuole- || ''*noaló-'' || '''*nɤɤle-''' || *ńul- || ńal- || '''*ńal-''' || *ńal- || ''*ńåə-''
| *ase-,<br/>*as-u- || - || '''*äźə-''' || - || ''*uźɨ-'' || - || - || - || *ɤso-
| Mo. ''nola-''. Check Smy forms
| Cf. IE *h₁es-. Mo. and partly F may be rather < *äsä- (~ P *ozɜn).
|-
|-
| "berry"
| "to be afraid"
| F. puola || - || - || K. pul || style="color:red"| '''boĺoo, boɟoo ?''' || *pul || - || '''*pål-'''
| - || - || - ||style="color:green"| *lüðä- || - || - || - || - || *lɤrə-
| *-d₁- or *-t-? does *l- affect this?
|-
|-
| "intestine"
| "cradle"
| F. suoli || ''*čoalé'' || *šol || *śul || - || - || *sol || -
| style="color:green"| *lapci || - || *lafś || '''*lŭ/epš''' || - || - || - || - || *j/lɤpsə
| F. "child"
|-
|-
| "year"
| "to chop"
| F. vuosi || ''*vótɤ'' || - || *vaa || vaĺ || - || *ål ? || -
| - || *lōkčɤ- || *lakśə- || ''*lokšə-nća-'' || U. <span style="color:red">lusjɨ-</span><br/>~ K. <span style="color:red">'''lɤɤsjɨ-'''</span> || - || - || - || -
| Ma. *a~o / _CC. U. ← K?
|-
|-
| "pole"
| "soup; sweet"
| F. vuoli || - || - || rowspan="2" style="background:#EEEEEE;valign:middle"| K. '''ɯɯ''' ? || - || *ula || *wol || -
| - || - || *jam || - || *juumal || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#DDDDDD"
| Smy *jäməj- 'soup' better < *lämə. Stem type? From *jëxə-ma??
| "pole"
| F. ulku || style="color:red"| *holkɤ || -|| || *aawla || *oɣəl || *uj
| for comparision
<!--|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="8"| std. PU ''*ox'' but looks more like ''*ux''
|-
|-
| "spruce"
| "to clear wood"
| F. ''kuusi'' || S. ''*kósɤ'' || *kož || U. kɯz ~ K. koz || - || style="color:red"| '''*kawt''' || *kooɬ || *kåət
| - || *sōntɤ- ||style="color:green"| *sańďə- ||style="color:red"| *śüðä- || - || - || - || - || -
| Mo. ''kuz''
|-
|-
| "sheep"
| "to get wet"
| F. ''uuhi'' || - || *ɤžɣa || *ɯž || - || *aaš || *aač || -
| - || *lōcɤ- || - || *löčä- || - || - || - || - || -
| Mk. ''uča''-->
|}
 
==Standard PU *ë==
{|
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="9"| S. ''*ó'', Ma. ''ö/ü'', P. ''*u'', Ms. ''*ɯɯ'', Kh. ''*aa'', Smy. ''*ɤ'' (std. PU ''*ë_i'')
|-
|-
| "tree stump"
| "to bury"
| F. kanto || *kóntój || - || (K. gɯd) || - || *kɯɯnt || *kaant || -
| - || - || - || *müðe- || *muudɨ- || - || - || - || -
| Komi = "bend, bottom", may not belong
| *mëxə-ta-, cf. "land"
|-
|-
| "mushroom"
| "thick"
| Mk. pango || - || '''*poŋɣɤ''' || - || - || *pɯɯŋk || *paaŋk || -
| *sakeda, sakka- || *sōkɤtē || - || '''*šukə''' "much" || K. suk || - || - || - || -
| *sëkə-ta, *sëk-ka? Could be *o_ə with F. irregular?
|-
|-
| "100"
| "stalk, axle"
| Mk. śada || *čóté || *šüðə || '''*śoo''' || '''saaz''' || *šɯɯt || *saat || -
| - || - || E. sad || *šüðər || style="color:red"| ''*zoo''<!--Komi *oo# > a--> || - || - || - || -
| ← PII *śata; separately in P./H. ?
| P. may point to *a
|-
|-
| "land"
| "stiff"
| F. maa || - || *mü, ''*mu'' || *mu || - || *mɯɯ || '''*meɣ''' || -
| *taŋkeda || - || Mk. taŋgəda || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Reduction of *x? Monosyllabic?
| NW+IS <span style="color:red">'''toaŋgi'''</span>??
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *ëx: F *o, preS/Mo *u?
|-
|-
| "wet place"
| "to drink"
| Mk. nar || || *nöre- || *ńur || '''ńirok''' || *ńɯɯr || - || *ńɤr
| ''*joo-'' || ''*jūkɤ-'' || - || *jüä- || *juu- || iv- || '''*äj-''' || ||style="color:red"| *ɤ-
| cf. IA *ǵuǵʰew-?
|-
|-
| "to get wet"
| "minor river"
| - || *lóccɤ- || *löčä- || - || - || - || - || -
| ''*jo/õki'' || ''*jokɤ'' || Er. ''jov'' || - || *juu || joo || *jɤɤ || *jååkəɳ,<br/>*jɯɯkɯɯ || -
| *jëkV? Cf. *jëxə- "to drink/flow?" Ma. *joɣe- "to flow" ← Chuv. jox- "id."
|- style="background:#DDDDDD"
| "major river"
| *juka || - || - || || || || || *jååkəɳ || *jəka
| for comparision
|-
|-
| "to bury"
| "swan"
| - || - || *müde- || *mudɯ- || - || - || - || -
| ''*jo/?uccen'' || style="color:red"| ''*ńūkčɤ'' || style="color:red"| ''*lokś--'' || '''*jükšə''' || *juuś(k-) || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *jä¹ŋkɜ
| *jëxćə-? Initials messy
|-
|-
| "bitter"
| "loon"
| F. karvas || - || - || *kurɯd || - || - || '''*koorəɣ''' ? || -
| - || ''*toktɤ-kɤ'' || - || ''*toktə'' || K. '''toktɨ''' || - || *tɤɤɣ/kt || *taaktəŋ || -
| Ma. *a~o / _CC. Tv. → tʌt-kaa
|-
|-
| "hoop"
| "to reach; to spawn"
| F. vanne || - || - || *vudž || - || - || - || -
| - || ''*joksɤ-'' || - || - || - || (v)iiv- || - || - || -
| F. *jooksə- better from *joo- "drink, flow"? Bad without
|-
|-
| "handle"
| "bent"
| F. vanka || - || - || *vug || - || - || - || -
| - || - || Mk. ''nokəl(a)'' || - || *ńuuk || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *ëRə: similar except F. ''*oo'', P. ''*ɤ'' (std. PU ''*ëx_i'')
|-
|-
| "to reach"
| "vein"
| Er. saźu- || - ||- || *sudź- || - || - || - || -
| *sooni || *sōnɤ || san ||style="color:red"| *śün || *sɤn || iin(a-) || *tɤɤn || *ɬaan || style="color:red"| *čɤn
|-
|-
| "stiff"
| "arrow"
| Er. tarďe || - || - || K. tur- || - || - || - ||
| *nooli || *ńōlɤ || nal || *nölə || U. '''ńil''' ~ K. '''ńɨl''' || ńiil(a-) || *ńɤɤl || *ńaaL || *ńɤj
| K. "to freeze"
|-
|-
| "tassel"
| "fish skin"
| - || *tóŋké || - || *tug || - || - || - || -
| *soomu || *čōmɤ || style="color:red"| śav || *šüm || *śɤm || - || *sɤɤm || *saam || -
| Ne. ''śaam'' < PS *kamə
|-
|-
| "to accuse"
| "bird cherry"
| - || NS guoccot || - || U. kušɯ || - || - || - || -
| *toomi || *θōmɤ || Er. '''ľom''' ~<br/>Mk. ''lajm'' || ''*lombə'' || *ľɤm || - || *ľɤɤm || '''*jååm''' || *jɤm
| No other words!
| Ma. *a~o / _CC (compound #ďëm-paw)
|-
|-
| "gills"
| "year"
| - || *ńókčɤm || style="color:red"| '''*naašmə''' || K. ńokćim || - || *ńɯɯkśəm || *ńaa(ŋ)kśəm || Ne. ńińśku, Ka. neeni
| *vooci || - || - || - || ''*wåå'' || '''-vaľ''' || - || *aaL || *ɤrö<br/>"autumn"
| S. *-vōtɤ semantically off. Cf. IA *vataḥ?
|-
|-
| "hair"
| "wet place"
| F. <font color="red">hapsi</font> || *vóptɤ || *üp || - || - || *ɯɯt || *aapət || *ɤptə
| *noori || *ńōrɤ || nar || *nöre-<br/>*nörɣə "sprout" || '''*ńuur'''<br/>*ńɤr "sprout" || ńirok || *ńɤɤr || - || *ńɤr
| F. "young", S. "weak" F. *noro ← Gmc.
|-
|-
| "swede"
| "duck"
| Ve. nagriž || - || - || - || - || *nɯɯr || *naaɣər || -
| - || SS ''sjotsjo''? || - || - || *čɤž || - || *šɤɤš || *čaač || -
| Er. <span style="color:red">''šenže''</span> better ~ F. hanhi "goose", ← B.
|-
|-
| "calf"
| "mitten"
| F. vasa || *vósé || - || - || ('''üsöö''') || *wɯɯsəɣ || - || -
| - || - || - || '''*piž''' || *pɤź || - || *pɤɤsɣə || *paas || -
| ← II
|-
|-
| "cartilage"
| "stale (bread)"
| - || *ńórkés || *nörɣə || - || ńiir || *ńɯɯrəɣ || *ńaarəɣ || *ńɤr
| *kalteda || - || - || - || *kɤldi || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "child, cradle"
| "to produce"
| F. lapsi || || '''*lɤpš''' <!-- Hi. *u ~ Me. *e-->|| - || - || - || - || *jɤpsə / *lɤpsə
| - || *čōltē- || - || - || *ćɤlt- || - || - || - || -
| *ćëlə-ta-. F. ''suolta-'' rather ← *sooli
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="9"| Similar except F. ''*oo'', P. ''*ɤ'', Smy. ''*ɤə'' (std. PU ''*ëx_i'')
! colspan="10"| IE loans: West *a_a, H. ''aa'', Ms. *ɤɤ, Kh. *aa
|-
| "100"
| *sata || *čōtē || *śadə || *šüðə || '''*śoo''' || saaz(a-) || style="color:green"| *šɤɤt || *saat || -
| ← II *śata; separately in P. ?
|-
|-
| "vein"
| "tree stump"
| Mk. san || *sónɤ || *šün || *sɤn || iin || *tɯɯn || *ɬaan || '''*čɤn'''
| *kanto || *kōntōj || *kandə || - || (K. ''gɨd'') || - || *kɤɤnt || *kaant || -
| F. suoni
| ← II *skandʰa-. S. *kāntē ← F. K. "bend, bottom", may not belong.
|-
|-
| "arrow"
| "calf"
| Mk. nal || *ńólɤ || *nölö || U. '''ńil''' ~ K. '''ńɯl''' || ńiil || *ńɯɯl || *ńaal || *ńɤəj
| *vasa || *vōsē || ''*vaz'' || - || - || ('''üsöö''') || *wɤɤsəɣ || - || -
| F. nuoli
| ← II
|-
|-
| "fish skin"
| "pole"
| style="color:red"| Mk. śav || *čómɤ || *šüm || *śɤm || - || *sɯɯm || *saam || Ne. '''śaaw''' ??
| NF *salko || *čōlkōj || *śalgə || - || *śuul || saal(fa) || *sɤɤɣlaa || *saakəL || -
| F. suomu
| ← PIE *ǵʰalgʰaa. K. dźal probably later.
|-
|-
| "bird cherry"
| "mushroom"
| Mo. '''ĺom''' || *ðómɤ || '''*lom''' || *ĺɤm || - || *ĺɯɯm || '''*joom''' || *jɤəm
| - || - || *paŋgə || ''*poŋgə'' || - || - || *pɤɤŋk || *paaŋk || *pɤŋkå-
| F. tuomi
| ← IE; Skr. ''paŋka'' "swamp" / L. ''fungus'' ~ G. ''spongos''. Ma. *a~o / _CC. Smy. "be intoxicated"
|-
|-
| "to bite"
| "to climb"
| - || S. '''kácké-''' || *kaačka- || K. gɤčkɯ- || - || - || - || -
| *kangerta- || *kōŋkɤrtē- || - || - || - || haag- || *kɤɤŋk- || '''*kååŋk-''' || -
| ← PIE *gʰengʰ-
|-
|-
| "bitter"
| "grass"
| F. '''katkera''' || *kóccɤk || '''*kaača-''' || U. kɤš || - || *kɯɯšɣə ? || '''*kiičə''' ? || -
| *tarna || - || - || - || style="color:#800000"| *tuurɨm || - || - || - || -
| Cf. "smell"
| ← II *trna
|-
|-
| "to produce"
| "streak"
| F. suolta- || *čólté- || - || *ćɤlt- || - || - || - || -
| *jooni || *jōnɤ || jan || - || - || - || - || - || -
| if F. not ← *soxli
| ← IA *jaana, F. VV / _Rə. Also F. ''jana''!
|-
|-
| "to whittle"
| "to pay"
| F. vuole- || *vólɤ- || - || *vɤl- || - || '''*walt-''' || '''*walt-''' ||
| *maksa- || - || *maksə- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← Ir. *mandza-. F. → S *māksē-
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="9"| Ma. ''o/ü'', P. ''*u'', Ms. ''*a'', Kh. ''*ɯɯ'', Smy. ''*ɯ'' (std. PU ''*ë_a'' - note open syllables in Smy!)
! colspan="10"| P. ''*u'', Ms. ''*a/*ɤɤ'', Kh. ''*ɯɯ'', Smy. ''*ɨ'' (std. PU ''*ëCa'' - note open syllables in Smy!)
|-
|-
| "down"
| "down"
| F. ala- || *vólé || *ül || *ul || al- || style="color:red"| *jal || *ɯɯl || *ɯlə
| *ala- || *vōlē- || alə || *ül || *uul || al- || style="color:red"| ''*jal-'' || *ɯɯL || *ɨlə
| Ms. per original open syllable?
|-
| "to put"
| *akta- || *vōktē- || *aftə- ||style="color:red"| ''*opte-'' || K. '''oktɨ-''' || - || - || *ɯɯkət || *ɨtå-
| Ma. *a~o / _CC
|-
|-
| "to divide"
| "to divide"
| F. jaka- || *jóké || - || *juk || - || *jaɣtit ? || *jɯɯɣəɬ || ''*jɤkə-''
| *jaka- || *jōkē- || *javə- || - ||style="color:red"| *juuk || - || E ''*jaɣtit'' || *jɯɯkəL<br/>"fork" || '''*jəkə-'''
| Ms. East only. Check Smy forms.
| Or Ms. ~ Kh *jakaaj "neck"? Kh. also ''*jaaɣərt'' "split"
|-
| "lowland"
| *lanc''i'' || - ||style="color:green"| ''*lanďa-'' || Hi. ''landaka'' || *luud || - || - || - || Ng. lɨntə
| Ma. *a~o / _CC. excluded: S <span style="color:red">*lōmtē-</span> "to kneel", Smy '''*ləmto''' "low"
|-
| "to leave"
| *valka-(ma) || *vōlkē- || *valgə- || ''*wale-'' || - || vaal- || *wɤɤɣəl- || *wɯɯkəL-,<br/>'''*waakəL-''' || -
| Ma. *a~o / _CC, > *a / w_
|-
|-
| "sembra"
| "sembra"
| - || - || - || *sus || - || '''*tɯɯt''' || *ɬɯɯɣəɬ || *tɯtə(k)
| - || - || - || - || *suus || - || *tɤɤt || *ɬɯɯkəL || *tɨtə(k)
| Ms. per original closed syllable?
|-
|-
| "liver"
| "liver"
| F. maksa || *móksé || *mokš || *musk || maaj || *majət || '''*muuɣəɬ''' || *mɯtə
| *maksa || *mōksē || *maksə || ''*mokš'' || *muusk || maaj(a-) || *mɤɤj(ə)t || ''*muu₁kəL'' || *mɨtə
| Ma. *a~o / _CC. Kh. *ɯɯ > *uu after a labial?
|-
| "way"
| *matka || *muotkē || - || - || - || - || - || ''*muu₁kət'' || *mɨtɜ
| StUE4. Kh. *ɯɯ > *uu after a labial?
|-
| "wet sno"
| - || *vōnčē || - || - || - || - || - || ''*uu₁(n)ć-kəL'' || -
| *wënśa, with Kh. *ɯɯ > *uu after a labial? NB Vj. ''wɯɯťkəl''!
|-
|-
| "mother-in-law"
| "mother-in-law"
| F. anoppi || *vóném || - || - || - || *aanəp || '''*oonəp''' || *ɯnå
| F. anoppi || *vōnēm || - || - || - || - || '''*aanəp''' || '''*oonəp''' || *ɨnəpə
| ObU *Onəp < *onə-pV?
|-
|-
| "to put"
| "rested"
| F. ahta- || *vókté- || *optə- || K. '''oktɯ-''' || - || - || *ɯɯɣət || *ɯtå-
| - || *vōŋēs || - || *üŋəšə || - || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Indistinct between ''*ë_a'' and ''*a<sub>2</sub>_a''
|-
|-
| "to stretch"
| "to stretch"
| - || NS ńuoddzi- || || *ńuž- || - || '''*ńuunš-''' || *ńɯɯnč || -
| - || NS ńuoddzi- || || - || *ńuuž- || - || ''*ńuunš-'' || ''*ńɯɯnč'' || -
| Argues against Ms. delabzn
|-
| "village"
| F. palva- || - || - || - || - || falu (-lva-) || ''*pɤɤwəl'' || ''*puu₁kəL'' || -
| Ms. cheshirization, or Kh. *uu after a labial?
|-
|-
| "to giv"
| "to giv"
| F. anta- || *vómté- || - || *ud- || ad- || - || - || -
| *anta- || *vōmtē- || *andə- || - || *uud- || ad- || - || - || -
|-
| "to dry"
| - || - || - || - || *šuupal- || apa-- || - || - || -
| *o_a also possible
|-
| "to take off; to be able"
| *jaksa- || - ||style="color:red"| '''*jukśə-''' || - || *juuskɨ- || - || - || - || -
| *o_a also possible. *ś / *s??
|-
| "bitter"
| *karvas || - || - || - || *kuurɨd || - || - || '''*koorəɣ''' ? || -
|-
| "handle"
| *vanka || - || - || - || *vuug || - || - || - || -
|-
| "hoop"
| *vanneh || - || - || - || *vuudž || - || - || - || -
| Or BF ← Gmc *wandi/uz (cf. JKl '76)
|-
| "tassel"
| - || *tōŋkē || - || - || *tuug || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to accuse"
| - || NS guoccot || - || - || U. kušɨ || - || - || - || -
| No other words! Could even be *a₁_a
|-
| "to bring"
| - || *pōktē- || - || ''*pokte-'' || - || - || - || - || -
| Ma. *a~o / _CC?
|-
| "to reach"
| - || - || Er. saźu- || - || *suudź- || - || - || - || -
| *a_ə also possible
|-
| "stiff; to freeze"
| - || - || Er. <span style="color:green">tarďe</span> || - || K. tur- || - || - || - ||
|-
| "elm"
| - || - || - || ''*nolɣə'' || U. ńulo || - || - || - || -
| Ma. *a~o / _CC?
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|}
|}


==All the rest==
==All the rest==
{|
{|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme
! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="9"| Unclear correspondence 1: FM ''*a'', Ma ''*u'', P. ''*a'', H. ''*a'' (with palatals)
! colspan="10"| More IE loans
|-
|-
| "meadow"
| "flood, lake"
| Es. '''aas''' || - || - || *adź <!--aź ~ adź--> || asoo || - || - || -
| F. sarajas || - ||  || - || style="color:red"| ''*šoor'' || aar || *tuur || *ɬaar || -
| ← II *sáras; separately in P, H?
|-
| "value"
| *arvo || - || - || - || K. arta- || aar || - || - || -
| Mo. *aŕ-ćə- "think" may not belong
|-
| "lord"
| - || - || *azər || - || *oozɨr || - || *aatər;<br/>N. uutər? || - || -
| Komi <font color="red">ozɨr</font> without /v/- ? Check NMs
|-
|-
| "back; belly"
| "good"
| - || - || - || U. gač || has || - || - || -
| *paras || *pōrē || *parə || '''*pooro''' ||style="color:green"| *buur || - || - || - || -
| Ma. also *paarema- "to recover"
|-
|-
| "stomach"
| "shelter"
| F. vatsa || - || - || U. vaś || - || - || - || - || F. → S. ''*vátté''
| *sooja || *sōjē || - || *šaj || *saj || - || - || - || -
| ← Ir. *scāja
|-
|-
| "willow"
| "to press"
| F. paju || '''*poajó''' || - || *baď || faɟal || - || - || style="color:red"| *pewə
| *pajna- || *pōńō-<br/>"to dip" || *pańə-<br/>"to drive" || - || ''*pååń-'' || - || - || - || -
| *pańa- with cheshzn in F, ← Gmc *spannija- "to strain". S. *pājnē- ← F. Ms. *pańəɣt- better ← *puńa-, Ka. ''paŋdə-'' rejectable
|-
|-
| "to hit"
| "sister"
| Mk. ćapa- || *čóppé- || style="color:red"| *čuča- || *ćapkɯ- || čap- || - || - || -
| || - || Mk. sazor || ''*šŭžar'' || *soozer || || || ||
| Onomatopoetic?
| F. sisar (and Ma?) ← B.
|-
|-
| "to gro"
| "stallion"
| F. kasva- || - || *kuška- || - || hason ? || - || - || -
| - || - || - || *ožə || *uuž || - || - || - || -  
| H. "use, advantage"
|May be two unrelated words; three IE etymologies available: *ukšan- *aćwa- *r̥ša-
|-
|-
| "shaft"
| "gold, copper"
| F. varsi || - || *wurðə || - || - || - || - || -
| - || - || - || - || - || arań || *tarəń || *ɬoorńə || -
| ← B?
| ← Ir. *zarna
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="9"| Unclear correspondence 2: Ma ''*aa'', P. ''*a'' (with palatals)
! colspan="10"| Unclear correspondence 1: FM *a, P. *a, H. ''a'' (with palatals!)
|-
| "hard"
| - || - || - || - || K. nadź || naɟ || - || - || -
|-
| "back; belly"
| - || - || - || - || U. gač || has || - || - || -
| Dubious semantics
|-
| "to tred"
| F. talla- || - || - || - || K. taľ- || - || - || - || -
| Loan F → K?
|-
| "to hit"
| - || *čōppē- || *ćap''a''- || style="color:red"| ''*čuča-'' || *ćapkɨ- || čap- || *čopam? || - || -
| Onomatopoetic? Cf. "to chop"
|-
|-
| "to fall"
| "to fall"
| - || *vóčé- || style="color:red"| *waaza- || U. vaź- || - || - || - || -
| - || *vōčē- || - || style="color:green"| *waza- || U. vaź- || - || - || - || -
| Note Ma. *z
|-
| "shelter"
| F. suoja || *sójé || *šaaj || *saj || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "to look"
| "to look"
| - || - || *aanče- || *addź- || - || - || - || -
| - || - || - || *anće- || *addź- || - || - || - || -
| ~ Fi. ais-ti?!
|-
|-
| "to take out"
| "to take out"
| - || - || *taara- || K. taral- || - || taar || - || -
| - || - || - || *tara- || K. taral- || - || taar || - || -
| Ma. "far", H. "open"
| Ma. "far", H. "open"
|-
|-
| "to unravel"
| "to unravel"
| - || '''*rúč-''' || style="color:red"| *raanće- || K. radź- || ronɟ || - || *ratə- || -
| - || '''*rūč-''' || - || style="color:red"| *ranće- || K. radź- || '''ronɟ'''<br/> "rag" || - || VVj rać-- || -
| Note Ma. *ć
| Note Ma. *ć. Probably not ~ F. *riicci-
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="9"| Unclear correspondence 3: FM ''*a'', Ma ''*aa'', P. ''*u'', H. ''aa''
|-
|-
| "to chop"
| "to stomp"
| Er. čapo- || '''*cápɤ-''' || - || *čup- || - || - || *čopam || -
| *tappa- || - || *tap''a''- || - || *tap- || '''top-''' || - || - || '''*təpər-'''
| Cf. "to hit"
| F. "to kill". Onomatopoetic? EU *tuppa-
|-
|-
| "land"
| "net"
| F. lansi || *lómté || Hi. <font color="red">landaka</font> || *lud || - || - || - || *lɤmtu-
| - || - || - || - || *ka(d)ź || - || - || *koćəp || -
| ← IE at least in Ma?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Unclear correspondences 2: With Kh. *a-aa
|-
|-
| "to take off; to be able"
| "to tell"
| F. jaksa- || - || - || *juskɯ- || - || - || - || -
| *sarna- || - || - || - || K. śorńi- || - || - || S. sarnaaɣ- || -
| Er. '''jukśe-'''
| *rn/*rń? S. *sārnō- ← F.
|-
|-
| "groove"
| "to hang"
| F. latu || - || *laaðo || K. lu || - || - || - || -
| F. takertu- <!--...takiainen, takki "nuoska"-->|| - || || - || - || - || - || V taɣraaɣtə-<br/>~ W *taɣərLə- || Se. tokua- ?
| ← Baltic?
|-
|-
| "rotten"
| "to climb ~ to float"
| - || - || *kaaškə- || *kuź <!--kuź ~ kuj--> || - || - || - || -
| F. kapua- || - || - || - || - || - || - || Vj kaɣaaɣəl-<br/>~ W *xoowL- || -
| *-p- ~ *-w-?
|-
|-
| "to gro"
| "soul; stillborn"
| - || - || *paaše- || *pušjɯ- || - || - || - || -
| - || - || *pač''a'' || - || - || - || - || *pačaak || -
|-
|-
| "to ask"
| "to sink"
| - || - || *jaada- || *jual- || - || - || - || -
| - || - || - || - || - || maart- || *muur(s)- || *maraa- || -
| P. ← *-uða- ?
|-
|-
| "to stand"
| "willow sp."
| - || - || *šaa(l)ɣ- || *sul- || aall- || - || - || -
| - || - || - || - || - || malaat || - || *maɣLaaj || -
| U. also '''sɯl-'''
|-
|-
| "to scrape"
| "area"
| - || - || - || *vušt- || vaas- || style="color:red"| *ašk- || #wååčəɣ- || -
| - || - || - || - || - || taaj || - || *taɣaaj || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="9"| Unclear correspondence 4: FM ''*a'', P. front vowel, Ms. ''*a'' (substrate?)
! colspan="10"| Unclear correspondence 3: FM *a, P. front, Ms. *a (substrate?)
|-
|-
| "understanding"
| "understanding"
| Er. važov || - || - || K. vežɤr || - || style="color:red"| *aš || style="color:red"| *oč || -
| - || - || Er. važov || - || K. vežɤr || - || style="color:red"| *aš(tə) || style="color:red"| *ač(aam) || -
|-
|-
| "to (let) go"
| "to (let) go"
| Mk. laśka- || *lóšté- || - || *ledź- || - || style="color:red"| *laśke- ? || *låsɣə- || -
| laske- || *lōštē- || *laśk''a''- || - || *ledź- || - || CMs *loośke- ? || ''*lååskə-'' || -
| Note Ms. *ś
| *-ə / *-a?
|-
|-
| "membrane"
| "membrane"
| F. kalvo || style="color:red"| '''*kálɤ''' ?|| - || *kiĺ || haaĺog || *kaĺəp || *kaĺi || -
| *kalvo || style="color:red"| '''*kālɤ''' ?|| - || - || *kiľ || haaľog || *kaľəp || *kaĽ-- || -
| Note *ĺ
| Note *ľ. In parts ← IE *ḱel-?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="9"| Unclear correspondence 5: FM ''*a'', K. ''*a'', H. ''*aa'' (IE loans)
! colspan="10"| Unclear correspondence 4: FM *a, Ma. *o, P. *ɨ, OU *uu ?
|-
|-
| "pole"
| "2"
| F. salko || *čólkój || - || K. dźal || saal || *sɯɯɣlaa || *saaɣəl || -
| *kakci || *kōktē || *kaftə || *kok || ''*kɨk'' || (keet) || (*kit) || (*kiit, käät) || (*ketä)
| ← PIE *ɟʱalgʱaa
| EU *kettä
|-
| "value"
| F. arvo || - || - || K. arta- || aar || - || - || -
| ← Indo-Iranian. Mo. <font color="red">aŕse-</font>
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="9"| Unclear correspondence 6: FM ''*a'', M. ''*o'', P. ''*ɯ'', OU ''*uu''
! colspan="10"| Unclear correspondence 8: FP *a(p) ~ Ugric *o(ɣ)
|-
|-
| "2"
| "to freeze"
| F. kaksi || *kókté || *kok || ''*kɯk'' || '''keet''' || '''*kit''' || '''*kiit, käät''' || '''*kêtä'''
| *palëlë- || *pōlɤš || *palə- || - || - || style="color:red"| faɟ || ''*paaľ-'' || style="color:red"| *poojət- ||
| *kêt in eastern branches (incl. Permic?)
| Cf. FSM *pala- "to burn". Note also *-l- ~ *-ľ- (*-lji?)
|-
|-
| "ax"
| "dam, wall"
| F. tahko || - || *toš || *tɯš(k-) || - || - || - || -
| NF *pato || *pōðō || - || <span style="color:red">*pat</span><br/>"net" || - || fal || - || *paL<br/>: *paLaa- || -
| F. "grindstone"
| West *paðo, East *palə. Mari per AA13, zek
|-
|-
| "thru"
| "sour"
| Mk. pačk || - || - || K. pɯšji || - || *puuš || - || Se. pooč
| *happami || - || *čap''a''mə;<br/>*čapaks "dough" || *šabə || - || style="color:red"| sava-, '''sooska-''' || ''*šɤɤɣ-'' || *čoɣ- ? || -
|-
| "to fall apart"
| - || - || - || K. gɯlal- || - || *kuul- || *kuul- || -
|-
| "coarse"
| F. karke- || '''*kárkké''' || - || *gɯr- || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="9"| Unclear correspondence 7: F. ''*a'', elsewhere per *ä
! colspan="10"| Unclear correspondence 9: FM *a ~ Permic *ɤ (note *k_C!)
|-
|-
| "power"
| "to put"
| F. tarmo || *tármó || - || - || - || W. teeriŋ || E. tärəm || -
| *pane- || - || *pańə- || *pańəža- || *pɤn- || - || ''*pɯn-'' || *pan- || *pɨn-
| close to *ë_ə
|-
|-
| "gall"
| "bitter, to smell"
| F. sappi || *sáppé || - || U. sep ~ K. sɤp || epe || *tääp || - || -
| - || *kōccɤk || *kač'''a'''də- || *kačə || U. <span style="color:red">kɤš</span> || - || *kɤɤšɣə  || '''*kɯɯč(ɯɯ)''' || *kɤčə-
| Mo. säpä
| *këččə-; F. ''katkera'' better ~ ''kitkerä''.
|-
|-
| "board"
| "to bite"
| F. parsi || - || || - || - || *päärt || *peert || -
| - || '''*kāckē-''' || - || *kačka- || K. gɤčkɨ- || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "winter"
| "across"
| F. talvi || *tálvé || *tel || U. tol ~ K. tɤl || teel || *tääl || '''*teləɣ''' ||
| - || - || - || *kač || K. kɤččɤb || - || - || - || -
| Er. tele, Mk. '''ƭala'''
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| under other vowels
|-
|-
| "place"
| "rung; pole"
| F. ase- || - || - || - || - || - || - || Se. esɯ ~ Nen. ŋäso
| - || - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| zaap || *šaapla || - || -
| Mo. '''eźem''', Mk. '''(j)äźem''', Er. '''iźim'''
| *o_a? Ms. '''*šäp''' "pole" ← K
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="9"| Unclear correspondence 8: FM. ''*a'', Ms. ''*uu'', Kh. ''*o''
|-
|-
| "to be able"
| "piece"
| Mk. mašto- || - || *mɤšte- <!--Hi. ɤ ~ Me. o-->|| - || - || *muust- || *moštə- || -
| F. '''sukku''' || - || - || - || - || sak || - || *sak || -
| *u_ə??
|-
|-
| "birch bark"
| "ski"
| style="color:red"| F. tana || - || - || - || - || *tuunt || *tontə || -
| - || style="color:red"| *čōjkɤ || - || - || - || - || *taj- || - || *tåj(-kə)
| S. ← IE, others *o_ə?
|-
|-
| "staff"
| "to breik"
| F. sauva || '''*čávŋé''' || - || - || - || *suuw || *soɣ || -
| *kacket- || - || - || '''*kŭčkeða-''' || U. kwačkal- || - || - || - || -
| Better *o_i
|-
|-
| "river bend"
| "shit"
| - || - || - || K. voĺ || völɟ || *wuuĺ || *woɣəĺ || Ne. wäej
| '''*paska''' || *pɤškɤ || *pəśkiźə- || *pŭškeda- || - || fos || *paaś || *poś || -
| *ô? S. → F?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="9"| to be sorted
! colspan="10"| East only
|-
|-
| "lord"
| "head"
| Mk. azor || - || - || *oozɯr || - || *aatər || - || -
| - || - || - || - || - || - || WE *ɤɤwt || *ååɣ-<br/>: *uuɣə- || *u(ə)kə
| Komi <font color="red">ozɯr</font> without /v/-
| NMs aaw''a'', NKh *oo<span style="color:red">ŋ</span>x-. Cheshirization in Ms?
|-
|-
| "much"
| "endonym"
| F. paljo || - || Hi. pülä || - || - || *paal || - || *påj
| - || - || - || - || - || maɟar || - || *maańć || -
| F. possibly ← Gmc.
| cf. megyer ~ *määńći
|-
|-
| "berry"
| "tale"
| F. marja || *mórjé || *mör || - || - || *maar- || '''*muur-''' ? || -
| - || - || - || - || - || '''meše''' || - || *maańć- || -
|-
|-
| "to shade"
| "to hurry"
| - || - || *šöšte- || K. saśtɯ- || - || - || - || -
| - || - || - || - || - || '''sorog-''' || #surəkt || *saarək ||
| "to darken" vs. "to hide"
|-
|-
| "opening"
| "eight"
| F. aukko || *vóŋɤs || '''äŋ''' || *vɤɤm || aj ~ aaj || - || *ooŋ || *äŋ
| - || - || - || - || - || ''ńolc'' || *ńalaa || *ńɯɯLəɣ || -
| Mo. '''*oŋkśt'''; K. also '''vom'''; F. ← *aŋa- "to open" ?
| *ńëla, Hu. *a > o / _lT
|-
|-
| "arch"
| "long-tailed duck"<!--alli-->
| F. kaari || *kóŋɤr || - || - || - || - || *kooŋkar || -
| - || - || - || - || - || - || *ɤɤŋkə || *ɯɯŋk || -
| Might be *o?
| Sami '''*hɤŋŋā''' prob substratal; NSmy '''*åt³ŋo''' unrelated
|-
|-
| "tame"
| "horn; edge"
| - || *vóńɤs || - || - || - || - || *ońɯ || *ɯńə
| - || - || - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| *ɤɤńt || W *aaŋət || ''*amtə, *aŋtə''
|-
|-
| "wall"
| "surface"
| F. pato || *póðó || - || - || fal || - || *pal || -
| - || - || - || - || - || raa, -rA || *raaŋk(aa) || - || -
 
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| to be sorted
|-
|-
| "to touch"
| "flat"
| F. kajoa- || '''*kájó-''' || || - || - || *kaaj- <!-- N xooj- -->|| *kaaj- || -
| *lappe- || (''*lāppɤ'') || Er. lapuža<br/>~ Mk. lapš || Hi. lap ~<br/>Me. '''lap''' || *lååp || lap || - || style="color:green"| *ɭapsək || -
| *a-ə? S. "aside". Cf. "flat side" Check U. (UEW)
|-
|-
| "aunt"
| "this"
| Mk. ańa- || *vóńé- || - || U. ańɯ ~ K. ɤń || aanɟ, ańa || *aań(-iikʷa) || *anəkə || *ɤńä
| *ta || - || - || Hi. ta ~<br/>Me. '''ta''' || K. *too || - || - || *taa-- || *tə
| Check Smy.
| or F./Ma. from B. *ta
|-
|-
| "to put"
| "staff"
| F. pane- || - || *paańəža- || style="color:red"| *pɤn- || - || *pun- || *pan- || *pɯn-
| *sauva || ''*čāvŋē'' || - || - || - || - || N. su(u)w || '''*söɣ''' || -
| Kh → Ms?
|-
|-
| "across"
| "ice crust"
| - || - || *kaač || K. kɤččɤb || - || - || - || -
| - || *čōkē || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| zaj || *såj || *ćooɣ || -
| Consonants bad
|-
|-
| "light"
| "berry"
| F. salama || - || || - || - || *sɯɯl || *sal- || *sålə
| *marja || *mōrjē || ''*maŕ'' || *mör || - || - || *maar- || *muur- ? || -
|-
|-
| "to open"
| "to darken; to hide"
| F. ava- || - || - || - || style="color:red"| old-, ood- || *ɯɯŋk- || *ääŋ-? aa~ee || -
| - || - || - || *söste- || K. saśtɨ- || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "to leave"
| "instrument"
| Mk. valgo- || *vólké- || *waale- || - || vaal- || *wɯɯɣəl || *wɯɯɣəl || -
| - || - || Mk. kaŕźi || '''*kerəš''' || U. kɨre(d)ź || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "net needle"
| "tame"
| - || *čópsémé || *šaapš || - || - || *taas || #sååpəs || -
| - || *vōń-ɤs || - || - || - || - || - || ''*aańɯɯ'' || ''*ɨńə''
| Possibly *o?
| indistinct between *o_ə and *ë_a; cf. PiS ''vuotnjie'' ← *vōńē
|-
|-
| "to dry"
| "to touch"
| - || - || - || - || asoo || style="color:red"| *taaš || #såås ||
| F. kajoa- || '''*kājō-''' || - || || - || - || *kaaj- <!-- N xooj- -->|| *kaaj- || -
|-
|-
| "hole"
| "light"
| - || - || *raaž || K. roź || '''rees''' || - || - || -
| F. salama || - || - || - || - || - || *sɤɤl || *saL- || *sålə
|-
|-
| "to dig"
| "to dig"
| Mk. kara- || - || *kaare- || K. kɯr- || - || - || '''*kiir-''' ? || -
| - || - || *kar'''a'''- || *kare- || K. kɨr- || - || - || '''*kiir-''' ? || -
| P. *kɯr- in general "to wash"
| P. *kɨr- in general "to wash"
|-
|-
| "pale"
| "pale"
| - || - || *šapa- || - || saapad- || - || - || -
| - || - || - || *šapə- || - || šaapad- || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "father-in-law"
| "dry place"
| F. appi || vóppɤ || style="color:red"| *owo || - || '''ipa''' || *up || *uup || *əpə
| *kaŋka- || - || - || *kaŋga || - || - || *kuŋkʷə ? || - || -
|-
|-
| "sleigh"
| "sleigh"
| F. ahkio || - || - || - || - || - || *oɣəɬ || Nen. ŋuutuuʔ
| *ahk- || - || - || - || - || - || - || *ååɣəL || -
|-
| Cf. Sw. ackja? TN ŋūtūʔ rather ← ŋū 'pole' (EH).
| "rotten"
| - || *cómcé || *šać || *žoodź <!--šudžam ~ žodź--> || - || - || - || -
|-
| "dry place"
| F. kaŋŋas || - || *kaŋɣa || - || - || *kuŋkʷə ? || - || -
|-
| "instrument"
| Mk. kaŕźi || - || '''*kärəš''' || U. kɯre(d)ź || - || - || - || -
|-
| "pond"
| F. lampi || *lómpɤl || style="color:red"| Me. lop || - || - || - || - || *lɯmpå
|-
| "flat side"
| F. lapa || *lópé || - || - || - || N. lop? || - || *lɤpä
| Cf. next!
|-
| "flat"
| F. lappea || '''*láppɤ''' || *lap || *laap || lap || - || E. lapsək || -
| S.  "aside"
|-
| "to press"
| F. paina- || '''*pájné-'''  || - || *paańV- || - || *pańəɣt || - || Ka. <font color="red">paŋdə-</font>
| S. ← F?
|-
| "early"
| - || - || *aažno || *vaadź || - || - || - || -
| Can also be *o?
|-
|-
| "valley"
| "valley"
| In. lakso || '''leakšɤ''' || style="color:red"| *laksa || U. los(k) || - || - || - || -
| *lakso || '''leakšɤ''' || - || Hi. <font color="red">laksa</font> || U. los(k) || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "woman"
| "dear"
| F. nainen || - || - || - || naas || *nääji || *naaji ? || -
| FiKrl rakas || - || - || - || - || '''rokon''' || *raaw- || *raɣ-- || -
|Perhaps F ← Gmc *frakaz "covetous". Ms. "to let close"
|-
|-
| "beaver"
| "to tear"
| F. majava || '''*májéké''' || || U. mɯj ~ K. moj || || || ||
| - || - || - || - || *oor- || aar(t)- || '''*aart-''' || *aarə- || -
| Er. '''mijav'''
|-
|-
| "painted"
| "to bend"
| - || - || ? pač || U. pužɯ || - || - || - || Ne. paadaa- ~ Ng. fadu-
| *tai- || '''*toajē-''' || - || - || K. tuj- || - || '''*täj-''' || '''*tɯɯj-''' || *tVj- ?
| *tajə-, *tëjə-? Check Smy.
|-
|-
| "to freeze"
| "pond"
| Mk. palo- || *pólɤš || - || - || faɟ || *paaĺ- || *pojət- ||
| F. lampi || *lōmpɤl || - ||style="color:red"| Me. lop || - || - || - || - || *lɨmpå
|-
|-
| "flock"
| "older brother's wife"
| F. parvi || - || - || *pur || - || - || *parə || -
| || *vōńē || *ań'''a''' || - || K. ɤńe, ońa, uńe <!--"käly", "miniä", "täti"--> || aanɟ, ańa || *aańi || *ańəkɯɯ || #Vńä <!-- Ne. ńeje ~ Sk. ońa-->
| Separate P. *ańɨ "mother-in-law"<!-- WTF does StarLing list Ud. ańɨ "Hanfgarbe"??-->
|-
|-
| "gadfly"
| "flat side"
| Es. parm || - || *paarmə || - || - || - || - || -
| F. lapa || *lōpē || - || - || - || - || N. lop? || - || '''*ləpä'''
| F. '''paarma''', Mo. '''purom'''
| Cf. "flat"
|-
|-
| "close"
| "crane"
| F. rakas || - || - || - || rokon || *raaw || *raɣ || -
| '''*kurki''' || *kōrkɤ || *kargə || - || - || - || - || - || '''*kərö'''
|-
| "tail"
| - || - || *paač || *bɤɤž || - || *panš || *poč || style="color:red"| *pančå
| Could also be *o?
|-
| "to be born"
| Mk. šačo- || - || *šaača- || U. čɯžɯ- ~ K. ćuž- || - || *šašə || *čačə || *čäčə
|-
| "gold, copper"
| - || - || - || - || arań || *tarəń || *ɬoorńə ||
|-
| "ski"
| - || style="color:red"| *čójkɤ || - || - || - || *taj- || - || *tåj(-kə)
|-
|-
| "resin"
| "resin"
| F. kata || NS '''kaččé''' || - || - || - || - || *kåCə
| F. kata || NS '''kaččē''' || - || - || - || - || - || - || *kåCə
| S. *kássé ← Gmc.
| S. *kássé ← Gmc.
|-
|-
| "snot"
| "snot"
| F. natta || IS '''ńetti''' || - || - || - || - || - || Ne. naad- ~ Ng. noudi-
| *natta || IS '''ńetti''' || || - || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| #nəåtə <!--Ne. naad- ~ Ng. noudi- -->
| maybe Smy < *ńolkə-tV??
|-
|-
| "fishing gear"
| "to shame"
| - || - || *mača || - || - || - || - || Se. maaše-
|  || - || Mo. '''viźďe''' || *wažəla- || U. vodźɨt- || - || - || - || -
| Coincidental?
|-
|-
| "piece"
| "berry"
| F. '''sukku''' || - || - || - || sak || - || *sak || -
| - || - || - || '''*moodə''' <!-- "KB" u ~ "B" o-->|| - || - || - || - || Ka. modo
| or Ma. ← P. *mooľɨ < *med₂V
|-
|-
| "thick"
| "many; big"
| F. sakea || *sókɤ || *šukɤ || K. suk || - || - || - || -
| - || - || - || - || *uuna || - || - || *onə || Ng. Aniʔe
| *u?
|-
|-
| "1000"
| "bed, platform"
| - || - || - || *śurs || - || style="color:red"| *šaatər- || *ťarəs ||
| - || - || - || - || U. džɨdžol<br/>~ K.džodž(-ul) || - || - || *čuuč || -
| Cf. "100"
|-
|-
| "to hurry"
| "to shake"
| - || - || - || - || sorog- || #surəkt || *saarək ||
| - || - || - || *pačke- || K. '''pɨškɨ-''' || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "grass"
| "to dig"
| Es. tarn || - || - || style="color:orange"| *turɯm || - || - || - || -
| - || - || - || - || K. kundɨ- || haań- || *kuun- || *kɯɯɳ-,<br/>O xaan- || -
| *a₂, Kh. umlaut?
|-
|-
| "to stomp"
| "bag"
| F. tappa- || - || - || *tap- || top- || - || - || *tApər-
| - || - || - || - || #kuuda || - || *kuunt || *kɯɯnt<br/>: *kɯɯntɯɯ- || -
| F. "to kill". Onomatopoetic?
| (F. ''kontti'')
|-
|-
| "to bend"
| "basket"
| F. taipu- || '''*toajé-''' || - || K. tuj- || - || *tääjəp- || *tɯɯj- || *tɯj- ?
| - || - || - || *kŭrəkš || U. kor || - || *kuurəɣ || *kɯɯr(əɣ) || *kor--
| Check Smy.
| *u-ish?
|-
|-
| "back"
| "block; dugout"
| F. taka || - || - || - || - || - || - || *tɤkä
| - || - || - || - || U. ''kɨpɨ'' || - || *kɤɤp || N. *kaap || -
| *këppə/*koppə/*kuppɜ?
|-
|-
| "to sink"
| "milk; sap"
| - || - || - || - || maart- || *muur- || *marət- ||
| *majto || - || - || - || U. mɤľ || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "to hang"
| "even; beautiful"
| F. takertu- <!--...takiainen, takki "nuoska"-->|| - || - || - || - || - || *taɣər- || Se. tokua- ?
| - || N muoissa- || *mazə || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "skin"
| "rotten"
| F. talja || *tóljé || || || || || || *tåjå
| *mahe- || - || *makšə || - || - || - || - || - || -
| if not F & S. ← B.
|-
|-
| "this"
| "edge"
| Es. ta || - || *ta || K. to || - || - || *tamə || *tå
| *mala- || *mōlōs || *mal''a''s || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← B
|-
|-
| "old"
| "clear weather"
| F. vanha || - || - || U. vuž ~ K. važ || - || - || - || -
| - || *mōńē || *mańəŋ || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "to shame"
| "to crawl; bridge"
| Mo. '''viźďe''' || - || *waažəla- || U. vodźɯt- || - || - || - || -
| *mata- || - || Er. madamo || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "to thro"
| "to disappear, fail"
| Mk. vačka- || - || vačka- ? || - || - || - || *waaškalt- ||
| - || - || Er. '''joma-'''<br/>~ Mk. ''juma-' || *jama- || - || - || - || - || <span style="color:red">*jat³ma-</span> / <br/> *jaŋkə-
| S. *jāmē- 'die' better < *jämä- 'to stiffen' (StUE3)
|-
|-
| "to breik"
| "to cool, cold"
| F. katkea- || - || '''*kɤɤčkeða-''' || U. kwačkal- || - || - || - || -
| - || SS joasko- || *jakšamə || '''*jükše-''',<br/>'''*jüštə''' || - || - || - || - || -
| Es. jahtu- rather < *jȧhtü- < *jäštä-, possibly also Ma. Also OSwS ''juoskos'' "stiff" (PS *jōksō-?)
|-
|-
| "sister"
| "split"
| Mk. sazor || - || '''*šɤɤžar''' || *soozər || || || ||
| Fi. rahko || - || *raškə || - || - || - || - || - || -
| F. sisar ← B.
|-
|-
| "good"
| "lattice, grid"
| Mk. para || *póré || *pooro || *bur || - || - || - || -
| - || - || - || - || K. radź || raač ~<br/>reeč || - || - || -
| ← IA. Ma. also *paarema- "to recover"
|-
|-
| "blueberry"
| "hole"
| - || - || *moodə <!-- "KB" u ~ "B" o-->|| - || - || - || - || Ka. modo
| - || - || - || *(ə)raž || K. *rooź || '''reeš''', '''reš''' || - || - || -
 
| better *rećV, P. → Ma., and F. *riicci- here?!
<!--
|-
|-
| ""
| "ship; pot"
| || || || || || || ||
| *hakci || - || *Čakš || - || - || - || - || - || -
Delt |-
| semantics bad
| "to flay"
| S. *ńóvɤ- || *ńij- || ńuuz- || *ńuuj- || - || -
| Rather looks like *o, medials messy
|-
|-
| "tip"
| "shape"
| F. kasa || || - || '''hëɟ''' || - || - || -
| '''*haamV''' || (Lu. <span style="color:red">'''sjibmō'''</span>) || *Čam''a'' || - || - || - || - || - || -
| S. '''keačé''' - looks more like *e?
| maybe S *šëmō, cf. Lu sjimer < *šëmērē (which is of no help whatsoever)
|-
|-
| "goose"
| "back of knife"
| S. '''*hɤŋá''' || || - || - || *ɯɯŋk || *ɯɯŋk || '''*åwå'''
| *hamara ||style="color:red"| '''*šëmērē''' || *Čov || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Sami root shape not of Uralic form, medials messy
| likely somehow ← IE *h₂aḱmor "stone, etc."
|-
|-
| "ice crust"
| ""
| S. *čóké || || - || zaj || *såj || *ťooɣ || -
| - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Initials a mess.
|}
|-
 
| "gnarled"
==Rejectable==
| F. jaari- || - || - || - || - || - || *jäər- ?
{|
| Outrageously bad distribution; Finnish, Nenets & Selkup only
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
|-
! Lexeme
| "gruel"
! Finnic !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoyedic]]
| Mk. jam || - || - || - || - || - || - || *jämä
! Comments
| Also bad
<!--
|-
| "sno"
| (*jɤsɤ) || *jož || *juž || - || - || - || -
| S. meaning "remaining sno", P. & Ma. meaning "hard sno"
|-
| "sore"
| F. <font color="red">'''näärvä'''</font> || - || - || - || *ńɯɯrəm || *ńaarəm ||
| TS '''ńaarme'''; western *ä? CF also S. '''*nárá-''' ibid. OU meaning "groin"
|-
|-
| ""
| ""
| F. marras || - || *mur || - || - || - || -
| || || || || || || || ||
| F. "dead" ← II, P. "dry" (of cow)
|-
| "dead"
| Mk. pača || - || - || - || - || *pačək || -
| Mo. "soul", Kh. "stillborn"
|-
| "shit"
| F. '''paska''' || *pɤɤškeda- || - || fos || *paaś || *poś || -
| *ô; S. *pɤškɤ → F?
|-
| "sturgeon"
| F. sampi || - || - || - || style="color:red"| '''*supəɣ''' || - || -
| Bad
|-
| "clay"
| Mo. śovoń || *šun || K. śun || - || style="color:red"| *suwĺ || *saɣə || -
| Looks like *u with F. '''savi'''
|-
| "woods"
| S. vóvté || - || - || vad || - || *woont || -
| looks like *o
 


muista: *kar- vs. *kärki "tikka"
muista: *kar- vs. *kärki "tikka"
-->
-->
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="8"| Irregularities explainable by loan etymologies for some branches
! colspan="10"| Irregularities explainable by alternate etymologies for some branches
|-
| "meadow"
| Es. '''aas''' || - || - || - || *adź <!--aź ~ adź--> || asoo || - || - || -
| Es < *ansa, Hu < *saś- "to dry"
|-
|-
| "woven band"
| "woven band"
| F. vaula || *vóvlé || - || - || - || *waaɣlap || - || -
| *vakla || *vōvlē || - || - || - || - || *waaɣlap || - || -
| F & S. ← Gmc.
| F & S. ← Gmc.
|-
| "bay"
| *lakci || *lōktɤ || - || - || - || - || *laak || *lok || -
| F & S. ← Baltic
|-
| "birch bark"
| style="color:red"| *tana || - || - || - || - || - || N. toont || *to₂ntəɣ || -
| F ← Sc. OUg better ~ H tidoo
|-
| "sturgeon"
| *sampi || - || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| '''*šupəɣ''' || - || -
| Better F ← IE *stambʰ- 'pole'
|-
| "much"
| *paljo || - || - || Hi. pülä || - || - || *paal || - || *påj
| F. possibly ← Gmc, East *polə
|-
|-
| "door bolt"
| "door bolt"
| F. sarana || || U. dźɯrɯ ~ K. dźir || čir || - || - || -
| F. sarana || - || - || - || U. dźɨrɨ ~ K. dźir || čir || - || - || -
| F. may be ← Baltic
| F. may be ← Baltic
|-
|-
| "bay"
| "to stop"
| F. lahti || - || - || - || *look || *lok || -
| *taukot- || *tōvkō- || - || - || style="color:red"| *duugdɨ- || - || - || - || -
| F & S. ← Baltic?
| F. & S. ← Gmc.
|-
|-
| "hut"
| "far, long"
| F. talas || - || U. '''tɯlɯs''' || - || *tuul || - || -
| *kauka(lo) || *kukkē || *kuvaka || - || - || - || - || *kooɣ || -
| Ms = "pole". S. '''*tálo''' & F. may be ← Baltic *tala-
| F ← Gmc, S. *kāwkɤ- "stare" ← F, rest *kowVkka
|-
|-
| "far"
| "to look"
| F. kauka(lo) || - || - || - || - || *kooɣ? || -
| *katso- || '''*keaččɤ-''' || - || - || K. kaźal- || - || - || - || -
| Mk. '''kuvaka''', '''kovil'''. Apparently F ← Gmc, rest *-uwV-
| F, S. ← Gmc *gātijan-
|-
|-
| "to look"
| "lot"
| F. katso- || - || U. kaźal- || - || - || - || -
| *arpa || *vōrpē || - || - || - || '''orvo''' || - || - || -
| S. '''keaččɤ-'''. F. may be ← Gmc.
| F. & S. ← Gmc *arba
|-
|-
| "flat"
| "flat"
| style="color:red"| F. lattea || *laptɤ || - || - || - || *laaptək || *lApta ?
| style="color:red"| *latta-- || - || - || Hi. laptɤ- ~<br/>Me. '''lapte''' || - || - || - || *ɬaaptək || '''*ləptå'''
| F. may be ← Gmc.
| F. may be ← Gmc.
|-
| "river"
| Mk. rava || - || - || - || - || *roɣə || -
| Mo. "Volga", Kh. "mud" (Cf F. rapa "mud")
|-
|-
| "board"
| "board"
| F. lauta || - || - || - || - || - || *lAta
| *lauta || *lōvtē || - || - || - || - || - || - || *låtå
| F & S. ← Baltic?
| F & S. ← Baltic?
|-
|-
| "asp"
| "woods"
| F. '''haapa''' || *šaapke || - || - || - || - || -
| - || E *mōjðē ||  || - || - || - || - || - || Sk. mačče
| S. '''*súpé'''; ← Gmc *asp- with metathesis?!
| Sk. instead < *məja < *mud₂a
|-
|-
| "branch"
| "to throw"
| F. hanka || - || - || aag || *tɯɯɣ || *ɬaɣə || -
| *heittä- || W *sāddē- || - || - || K šɤt- || - || - || - || -
| F. ← Gmc.
| F. (and K.?) ← #šäjV-ttä- ← preGmc *sēja-; S. ← Sc. senda-
|-
|-
| "stiff"
| "ax"
| F. tankea || *töŋɣe- || - || - || - || - || -
| *tahko || - || - || *toš || ''*tɨš(k-)'' || - || - || - || -
| Mari may be ← Turkic
| ← II *takš-. F. "grindstone" may be unrelated
|-
|-
| "cheap"
| "coarse"
| style="color:red"| F. halpa || *šulðɤ || - || - || - || - || -
| *karkeda || - || - || - || *gɨreś || - || - || - || -
| F. ← Gmc *salwa ?
| S. *kārkkē ← F. ← Gmc *hargaz.
|-
|-
| "metal"
| "asp"
| F. vaski || *waaž || U. vɯś ~ K. veś || vas || *vüš || *waɣ || *wäsä
| '''*haapa''' || '''*sūpē''' || - || *šapke || - || - || - || - || -
| S. '''veašké''', Mo. '''*vəśkä'''. ← Toch.?
| ← Gmc *asp- with metathesis?!
|-
|-
| "maple"
| "branch"
| Es. vaher || *waaštar || - || - || - || - || -
| *hanka || - || - || - || - || aag || *tɤɤɣ || *ɬaɣɯɯ || -
| Mo. '''ukštor'''. Possibly ← Toch.
| F. ← Gmc. Cf. ''honka'' here?
|-
|-
| "to tred"
| "to be able"
| F. talla- || - || K. taĺ- || - || - || - || -
| *mahta- || - || *maštə- || ''*mɤšte-'' || - || - || ''*mučt-'' || style="color:red"| *mač(t)ə- || -
| Loan from F. → K?
| OU may be ← Ru мочь-, Mo/Ma ← F ← Gmc *maxtiz
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="8"| Messy crap
|-
|-
| "beginning"
| "river; mud"
| style="color:red"| F. alka- || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *aawəl || style="color:red"| *aaləŋ || style="color:red"| '''*olə-'''
| - || - || *rav(ə) "Volga"|| - || - || - || - || *roɣə || -
| Cf. *ole- "to be" ?
| Mo. ← II (F. rapa ← Gmc *draba)
|-
|-
| "sour"
| "dead; dry (of cow)"
| style="color:red"| F. hapan || style="color:red"| *šaabə || - || style="color:red"| sava-, sooska- || style="color:red"| *šɯɯɣ- || style="color:red"| *čoɣ- ? || -
| *mardas || - || - || - || *muur || - || - || - || -
| Coincidental?
| F. ← II
|-
|-
| "armpit"
| "old"
| Mk. kaval || *koŋla || *kun || hoon || *kanəl || style="color:red"| *konəŋ || *kali ? (En. seeri)
| *vanha || - || - || - || #vooɜž || - || - || - || -
| S. <font color="red">'''kájŋél'''</font>, F. <font color="red">kainalo</font>, Veps <font color="red">kaimal</font>
| P. ← B. *wetuša (ment'd in 6UE)
|-
|-
| "nits"
| "stiff"
| Mk. śar̥ka || *šarkeńe || style="color:red"| '''*śerel''' || - || N. seeri ? || E. sɯr ? || Ka. šurijar ?
| *tankeda || - || Mk. taŋgəda || *tü̆ŋe- || - || - || - || - || -
| S. <font color="red">'''čívrós'''</font>, F. <font color="red">'''saivar'''</font>
| Also S <span style="color:red">''toaŋkē'' (not **toaggē!) Mari may be ← Turkic
|-
|-
| "gull"
| "cheap"
| F. kajava || || K. '''gaďa''' || - || ''*kaajik'' || - || Ne. ''ho''
| style="color:red"| *halpa || - || - || style="color:red"| '''*šulðɤ''' || - || - || - || - || -
| S. '''kájéké'''. Substrate word?
| F. ← Gmc *salwa ?
|-
|-
| "elm"
| "to gro"
| Mk. ''śäĺi'' || ''*šol'' || - || ''sil'' || - || - || -
| *kasva- || - || *kasə- || style="color:red"| '''*kuška-''' || - || - || - || - || -
| F. ''salava'' "willow" ? Might be *ä.
| F. & Mo. ← IE *h₂awks-? H. hason "use, advantage" rather from "to present"
|-
|-
| "fly"
| "metal"
| Mk. karvo || style="color:red"| *karme || - || - || - || - || -
| *vaski || ''veaškē'' || *uśkɜ || *waž || U. -veś ~ K. -ɨś || vaš || '''*wüš''' || *waɣ || *wasa
| F. '''kärpänen'''
| Messy Wanderwort
|-
|-
| "to split"
| "shaft"
| F. sali- || - || - || '''sil''' || - || - || -
| *varci || - || - || *wu/ŭrðə || - || - || - || - || -
| Cf. F. säle "splinter"
| ← B?
|-
|-
| "to want"
| "joint; twin; center"
| F. ''havi-'' || - || - || - || *taŋk- || *ɬaŋkaa- || -
| *jama || *jōmēč || Er. jav || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Ve. <font color="red">habi-</font>
| better F, S ← IE (separately), Er. ← *jëka-
|-
|-
| "to rise"
| "to stretch; to spread"
| style="color:red"| F. kapua- || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *kåɣaaɣəl || -
| - || '''*rāččë-''' || *rać''a''kadə- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| F. "climb"; Kh. "to float"
| better S ← Sc *braidja-
|-
|-
| "wet sno"
| "woman"
| S. *vónčé || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *uuťkəl || -
| √naa- || - || - || - || - || naas || '''*näji''' || '''*nääj''' ? || -
| F. ← IE *gʷnah₂-, OU ← *näjə
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Too sparse & irregular
|-
|-
| "skis"
| "skis"
| style="color:red"| SS. laabje || - || - || - || - || E. lump || Ne. lampa
| - || style="color:red"| SS. laabje || - || - || - || - || - || E. lump || Ne. lampa
| No other words.
| No other words.
|-
| "to fall apart"
| - || - || - || - || K. gɨlal- || - || N <span style="color:red">kuulat-</span> || W <span style="color:red">*kooɭ--</span> || -
| probably loans in OUg.
|-
|-
| "to graze"
| "to graze"
| S. kótó- || - || - || - || - || - || Ne. hadu ~ Ng. kəðu-
| - || *kōtō- || - || - || - || - || - || - || '''*kətå-'''
|-
|-
| "woods"
| "fishing gear"
| S. *móiðé || - || - || - || - || - || Se. mačče
| - || - || - || mača ? || - || - || - || - || Se. maaše-
| Weak. IS "hunt"
|-
|-
| "vessel"
| "stomach"
| F. saima- || - || U. śumɯk || - || - || *sooma ? || Se. somma ?
| *vacca || - || - || - || - || - || N. '''waś''' || - || -
| Mo. <font color="red">śuma, śima</font>. Semantics all over the place.
| Weak (suggests PMs '''*wäć'''). Fi. → S. ''*vāttē''. Mo. *vaćə "dirt" semantically bad
|}
 
<!--
==Appendix: Vowel correspondences for Ob-Ugric==
Letters in parentheses are the relevant StarLing dialect codes.
===Mansi===
{|
|-
|-
! Proto-Mansi !! North () !! East () !! South () !! West ()
| "to go"
| - || - || *jak''a''- || - || - || iktat- || - || - || -
|-
|-
| *aa || åå || || ||
| "pine forest"
| - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *jag || - || - || *jaaɣəm || -
| Ma *jäktə ~ Chuv. jaxtə;. Maybe Kh ← P, < *jäŋkä or ← IE *ǵʰeng-?? Cf. EU #jëKə 'pine'
|-
|-
| *ɯɯ || aa || || || ɤɤ
| "to write"
| - || - || - || - || - || iir(o)- || - || '''*jee₁rii-''' || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Messy crap
|-
|-
| *uu || uu || || || uu
| "beginning"
|}
| F. alka- || *vōlkē- || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *aawəl || style="color:red"| *aaləŋ || '''*olə-'''
===Khanty===
| Cf. *ole- "to be" ?
{|
|-
|-
! Proto-Khanty !! North () !! East () !! South (DN)
| "armpit"
|style="color:red"| *kainalɜ ||style="color:red"| '''kājŋēl''' || Mk. <span style="color:red">kaval</span> || *koŋla || *kuun || hoon || *kalna || style="color:red"| *konəŋ || #kali ? (En. seeri)
| Veps <span style="color:red">kaimal</span>
|-
|-
| *aa || ɔɔ || aa || aa <!--
| "nits"
| Fi. <span style="color:red">saivar</span>;<br/> Es. saere || style="color:red"| '''čīvrōs''' ||style="color:red"| *śarkə || *šarkeń(ć)e || style="color:red"| '''*śerel''' || - || N. seeri ? || E. sɯr ? || Ka. šurijar ?
| might be two items?
|-
|-
| *aa || aa || aa || oo <!--*s'oDka
| "gull"
| *kajaka || '''kājēkē''' || - || - || K. '''gaďa''' || - || ''*kajik'' || - || Ne. ''ho''
| Substrate word? Cf. "beaver"
|-
|-
| *åå || || ɔɔ ||
| "crow"
| *vari/eks || style="color:red"| *vōrččē || *varś/ćəŋ || - || - || style="color:red"| varjuu<br/>: varja- || N. <span style="color:red">uurin</span> || style="color:red"| W *warŋaaj,<br/>E ''*wuurŋɯɯ'' || ''*wårä''
| Unreconstructible consonantism, onomatopoetic? Ne. *wərŋæ ← Kh?
|-
|-
| *oo || uu || o || oo <!--*oNte--
| "painted"
| - || - || - || Me. '''pač''' || U. pužɨ || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *påtå
|-
|-
| *oo || oo || o || oo <!--*puNke--
| "fly"
| '''*kärpänen''' || - || *karvə || Me. <span style="color:red">'''karme'''</span> || - || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| *o || o || o || o <!--*kura
| "vessel"
|-
| F. saima || - || *śuma,<br/>Er. śima || - || U. śumɨk || - || - || *sooma ? || Sk. somma ?
| *ɯɯ || || ɯɯ ||
| Semantics all over the place.
|-
| *uu || uu || uu ||
|}
|}
-->

Latest revision as of 04:52, 17 March 2018

The many and varied cognates of Finno-Mordvinic *a.

Bold marks apparent vocalic irregularities (note tho that rules for Permic are partly unclear), red consonantal. Italic cases are unclear.

Standard PU *a_a

By default: F&Mo *a, S. *ō, Ma. *a/*o (conditioning??) P. *uu, Ms *uu, Smy *å

Lexeme Finnic Samic Mordv. Mari Permic Hung. Mansi Khanty Samoyedic Comments
*a_ə (forking; formerly under *oo, *o_a)
"thru" F. pahki - Mk. pačk - K. pɨšji - *puuš - Se. pooč check Se.
"twig" - *tōrkɤ - Me. tor - - - *tuu₁ɣər - or S ← Sc.
"wolf" - *čōrmɤ - *šŭrmə *śör - - *ćuu₁rəm *sårmå Ma. "lynx", P. "marten" may not belong
"ground" F. tanner *tōntɤr - - - - - - *tåntə-
"birch bark" - - - - *tooj - - - *təj Better *tojə, ~ H tidoo
"to stand" *saisë- *čōnčō- - *šĭnće- K. sidź- - *tuuńć- W *ɬaańć-,
E *ɬɯɯńť-		 *tänsə- Ma. & Smy. point to original *ä. (Mo. *śta- ← IE?)
*a₁_a: H. a, Ms. *uu, Kh. *uu₁
"fish" *kala *kōlē *kal *kol - hal(a-) *kuul *kuu₁L *kålä Smy. *-å → *-ä after *l
"bit" *pala *pōlē *pal - - fal-at- *puul *puu₁ɭ *pålä Smy. *-å → *-ä after *l. Possibly K. palak "hole". Hi. pultəš ← *purəltəš ← *purə- "to bite".
"pot" *pata - - *pat - fazeek(a-) *puut *puu₁t *patə- Smy *a → *a between stops?
"to open" - *pōncō
"naked"		 *panžə- *pača- K. pudž- - *puunš- *puu₁ɳč- -
"young deer" - - Mk. śarda *šarðə - - - *suu₁rtə Ne. siraj ? Ms. *surtə ← Kh?
"to scoop" *ammɜ-- - *amuĺa- - - - *uum- *uu₁m- -
"salmon sp." - - - - K. udž - *uuš *uu₁ɳč #ånčɜ
"sun" F. kaja- NS guoje Er. kaje- *kaja- - haj(-) CMs *kuj - *kåjå Ms *uuj → *uj. H/Ms. "dawn", better here than with F. koi
"in heat" F. suota *čōðē- - - K. ćulal- salad- - - *såjä F. ← S? Smy palatal assimilation? *-å → *-ä after *l/*ðʲ
"to present" - - *kaźə- - *koodźim hason(o-) - - *kåso *a-ə possible. P. palzn. Ma. *kućək "dowry" ← P.
"to dig" F. kaiva- *koajvō- *kaja- *koe- *kooj- hajiit- - - *kajwå- P, Smy. palzn. Hi. /u/ per hiatus.
"to thro" - - kaja- - *kooj- hajiit- - - - Homophonic with the prev.
"foot" *jalka *jōlkē *jalgə *jal - ɟalog(o-) - - -
"brain" F. aivo *vōjŋē - - - aɟ(a-) - - - Mk. uj rather ← *ojwa?
"to grasp" F. tarttu- - - - - tart- - - -
"roof" F. lakka - - - - lak- - - - H. "to dwell"
"to beat soft" *vanu- - - - - vaańol- - - - H. *wa- → vaa-?
"to roast" F. paahta- - - - *pɤɤž- - - - - F. 2ndary length?
"hole" - - - *raž K. roź rees - - - P. palzn.
"currant" - - - *šaptər U. suter ~
K. setɤr		 - - - - Cf. Gmc *sap ??
"rotten" - - - *kaškə,
*kaška-		 *kuuź - - - -
"to gro" - - - *paše- *puušjɨ- - - - -
"to ask" - - - *jaða- *juual- - - - - P. ← *-uuða- ?
"groove" NF *latu - - *laðo K. lu - - - - ← Baltic?
"rake" *hara,
*harkki		 *sōrē *čar-kəďə- *šar(əm) - - - - - not loan; Gmc ← F
"opposite" *vasta *vōstē Mk. vasta *waštareš - - - - -
"wet" F. nahka
"leather"		 *ńōskē Mk. načka *načkə - - - (*ńašak) - Khanty "raw" may not belong
"to grind" *jauha- - jaža- *jaŋəže- - - - - -
"fishing net" F. vata - - *wat - - - - - ← Gmc?
*a₂_a: similar except Ma. *o, Kh. *aa
"to leave" *katoda- *kōðē- *kadə- *koðe- *kooĺ- haɟ- *kuuĺ- *kaaćəɣ- ~
*ka/ɯɯj-		 *kåjä- +Ma *koða- "stay". P. palzn. Smy. *-å → *-ä after *ðʲ
"to steal, thief" F. sala- *sōl-ɤk sala- *šolə - - *tuulmant-
*tuulmak		 *ɬaaLəm-
*ɬaaLmaak		 *tålä- + EKh *ɬɯɯLəɣ "stolen". Smy. *-å → *-ä after *l
"to carry" *kanta- *kōntē- *kandə- *kande- - - *kuunt- *kaant- *kån- *kanə-ta-, cf. Smy. ≠ *kënta "tree stump"!
"net" F. kalin - - - K. kulɤm haalo *kuuləp *kaaLəp - Cf. "fish"
"to open" *ava- - *aŋ-kśəma - - old-, ood- *ɤɤŋkʷ- VVj aaŋət-,
W. *eeŋk-		 - Ms. cheshirization
"to bark" - - - *opte- *uut- - *uut- *aapət- -
"low ground" - - - - U. śum - *suujəm *saajəm - *o_a possible
"wild; animal" - - - Hi. wojər K. vɤj - *wuj *waajəɣ - P. *waR → *vɤɤR- ? Ms *wuu → *wu
"white" *hahka - Mk. akša *oš - - - *aaš -
"to thro" *vatkada- - *vačka- wačkalt-
('lect?)		 - - - *waaškaLt- Ma. *a / w_
"to burst" *pakkahta- - - - - fakad- - *paakən- -
"fence" *ajta - - - - - - *aać -
"mole; beaver" - - Mk. maksa- - - - - *maaɣ - Weak. *ë_ə possible
"to sit" - - - - - - *uunl/t- *aaməs/t- *åmtə- *o_a possible
With S. *ā, Khanty *åå (/ *č_?)
"to hit" - *cāŋmē- *čavə- *čaŋe- - - *šɤɤŋkʷ- *čååŋk- *čåŋå- Ms. cheshirization?
"to chop" - T *cāppē-;
*cāpɤ-		 *čapə- - *čuupɨ- - - *čååp
"piece"		 - Onomat.? Cf. "to hit". U also čɨp-. Kh. cf. also Ms šup "piece of wood"?
"to step" - - Mk. šašto- - - - *šuuš- *čååč- *čåčä-
With Permic *oo poorly conditioned
"hard" - *čārēs - - *ćoorɨt - - - *sårə
"crust" *kamara - - *kom *koomɤĺ haaml- *käämtol - *kamə ! U. also kɤm
"fork" - - *užə *waž K. vož - - - *wåtå Or *woša with Ma./K. irregular
"berry" - - - - *oozɨ - - *uu₂L *ota
"rump" - - Er. kaśke
~ Mk. kaska		 - *koosk - - - -
"smell" Võ. katsk - kačam(o) - K. kočɨs - - - - Cf. "bitter"
With Permic *u (→ Udm. /ɨ/)
"to go carefully" - *vāncē- - *wanče- *vuž- - *wuunč- *uu₁ɳč- *wånč-
"root" - - - *waž *vuž - - - *wånčå Homophonic with the prev.
"to be born" - - *šačə- *šača- U. čɨžɨ- ~ K. ćuž- - *šašəɣ W *čačəɣ Sk. *čaačə Cf. F. *sato - *śačə with widespread sib. assims?
"to stand" - - - *ša(l)ɣ *sul- aall- - -
"to shoot" *ampu- - - - U. ɨb- - - - - maybe *a → *ɨ / *_m_, cf. *mo- → *mɨ-. S. *āmpō- ← F.
Indistinct *a_a
"to drive" *aja- vōjē- aj- - *ooj- - *wujt- - - ← IE *aǵe- ? P. palzn, Ms. *wuu → *(w)u
"mountain" - *vārē - - - - *wur *woor *wårå Ms. *wuu → *(w)u. Cf. *warə.
"to sink" *vaja- *vōjō- vaja- - *vɤɤj(ɨ)- vaaj-,
vejse-		 *(w)uj- - - P. *waR → *wɤɤR, H. *wa- → vaa-? Ms. *wuu → *(w)u
"marsh" *aro - - - - - *uuraj *uu₂rə - Kh *aa-U → *uu₂?
"death" *kalma *kōlmē kalma-
"to bury"		 - - - - *kålm- *kaxl-ma? Cf. "to die"
"word" F. vala *vōlē val - - - - - *wålä Smy. *-å → *-ä after *l
"to stick; fork" Võ. tsank *čōŋkō- *śaŋgə - - - - - *såŋkə-
"in-law" *nato *nōtō - *nuðə - - - - *nåto
"to peel" - *vōtkē- *vatka- *wakta-,
*wotke-		 - - - - Ne. waataa-
"knot" F. pahka - Mk. pakškä - - - - - *påktV
"branch" NF *sarka *sōrkē - - - - - - *tårkå
"skin" NF *talja *tōljē - - - - - - *tåəjə Better F & S. ← B. Maybe *tawəd₂ə > NMs tAwəľ?
"behind" *taka- *tuokē- - - - - - - *takə Smy *a → *a between stops?
"clay" - *čōwjē - - *śooj - - - #såj probably *śaw-ja with metathesis in Kola Sami (unattested further west), cf. *śawe
"to rain" *sata- - - - - - - - *sårå-
"left" *vasen - - - - - - - *wåtä ?
"to want" - - *karma- - - - - - *kərmå- ?
"to rain" F. sata- *čāðē- - - - - - - *sårå- S. also *čōcē- "to hit" (won't go with Smy.)
"thru" - - Mk. šačk - - - - - Se. sačk Only Mo. and Se, sibilant assimilation?
"aunt, older sister" - - - - K. ob - *uup *o₂pə *åpå
"rotten" - *cōmcē - Me. šać *žoodź - - - - P. palzn, S. *c-ć → *c-c?
"series" *sarja - - - *śoor - - - - P. palzn. (*-rj-)
"with" F. kanssa - - - *gooz - - - - ← Gmc *xansa? P. palzn. also before plain sibilants?
""

Standard PU *ë

> F. *a, S. *ō, Mo. *a as well; by default Ma. *ü

Lexeme Finnic Samic Mordv. Mari Permic Hung. Mansi Khanty Samoyedic Comments
Ma. ö/ü, P. *uu, Ms. *ɤɤ, Kh. *aa, Smy. *ɤ (std. PU *ëCC, *ëCi)
"father-in-law" NF *appi *vōppɤ - *owə - ipa, apa S. ap ~ N. up *uup - Hu. *ëppə ~ *ëppə-sa > *ïp ~ *apa → ipa ~ apa?
"land" *maa - - *mü, *mu *muu - *mɤɤ(ɣ-) *meɣ - *mëxə
"hair" F. hapsi *vōptɤ - *üp - - *ɤɤt E. aapət ~
W. *oopət		 *ɤptə
"sore; groin" *narma TS ńaarme - - - - *ńɤɤrəm *ńaarəm Cf. also F. näärvä, S. *nārā- ibid.
"arc" *kaari *kōŋɤr - - - - *kɤɤŋraa N.
*xooŋkaar		 -
"turnip; pine seed" *nakris - - - - - *nɤɤr *naakər - Suspicious
"cartilage" - *ńōrkēs *nar *nörɣə - ńiir *ńɤɤrəɣ *ńaarək *ńɤr *ńërə-ka (per Mo, Ma. Hu.); cf. *ńërə "soft"?
"gills" - *ńōkčɤm - *našmə K. ńokćim - *ńɤɤkćəm *ńaa(ŋ)kćəm Ne. ńińśku,
Ka. neeni ? 		Ma. *a~o / _CC
"crane" - - - - *tuuri daru, -rva- *tɤɤrəɣ *taarəɣ - *tërə-ka? Cf. abov.
"limb" - - - - - loll *lɤɤɣəl *ɭaakəɭ -
"light" *valkeda, *vale- *vēlkɤtē *valdə *walɣəðə - vilaag - - - Ma. *a~o / _CC, > *a / w_. Cf. #woľa- "to shine"; IE ?
"to split" F. sali- *čōlɤ- - - - sil - - - Cf. F. säle "splinter"
"straight;
obvious" 		- *ńōlkɤ-tɤ - - - ńil-ván - - -
"to live" *ase-,
*as-u-		 - *äźə- - *uźɨ- - - - *ɤso- Cf. IE *h₁es-. Mo. and partly F may be rather < *äsä- (~ P *ozɜn).
"to be afraid" - - - *lüðä- - - - - *lɤrə- *-d₁- or *-t-? does *l- affect this?
"cradle" *lapci - *lafś *lŭ/epš - - - - *j/lɤpsə F. "child"
"to chop" - *lōkčɤ- *lakśə- *lokšə-nća- U. lusjɨ-
~ K. lɤɤsjɨ-		 - - - - Ma. *a~o / _CC. U. ← K?
"soup; sweet" - - *jam - *juumal - - - - Smy *jäməj- 'soup' better < *lämə. Stem type? From *jëxə-ma??
"to clear wood" - *sōntɤ- *sańďə- *śüðä- - - - - -
"to get wet" - *lōcɤ- - *löčä- - - - - -
"to bury" - - - *müðe- *muudɨ- - - - - *mëxə-ta-, cf. "land"
"thick" *sakeda, sakka- *sōkɤtē - *šukə "much" K. suk - - - - *sëkə-ta, *sëk-ka? Could be *o_ə with F. irregular?
"stalk, axle" - - E. sad *šüðər *zoo - - - - P. may point to *a
"stiff" *taŋkeda - Mk. taŋgəda - - - - - - NW+IS toaŋgi??
*ëx: F *o, preS/Mo *u?
"to drink" *joo- *jūkɤ- - *jüä- *juu- iv- *äj- *ɤ- cf. IA *ǵuǵʰew-?
"minor river" *jo/õki *jokɤ Er. jov - *juu joo *jɤɤ *jååkəɳ,
*jɯɯkɯɯ		 - *jëkV? Cf. *jëxə- "to drink/flow?" Ma. *joɣe- "to flow" ← Chuv. jox- "id."
"major river" *juka - - *jååkəɳ *jəka for comparision
"swan" *jo/?uccen *ńūkčɤ *lokś-- *jükšə *juuś(k-) - - - *jä¹ŋkɜ *jëxćə-? Initials messy
"loon" - *toktɤ-kɤ - *toktə K. toktɨ - *tɤɤɣ/kt *taaktəŋ - Ma. *a~o / _CC. Tv. → tʌt-kaa
"to reach; to spawn" - *joksɤ- - - - (v)iiv- - - - F. *jooksə- better from *joo- "drink, flow"? Bad without
"bent" - - Mk. nokəl(a) - *ńuuk - - - -
*ëRə: similar except F. *oo, P. *ɤ (std. PU *ëx_i)
"vein" *sooni *sōnɤ san *śün *sɤn iin(a-) *tɤɤn *ɬaan *čɤn
"arrow" *nooli *ńōlɤ nal *nölə U. ńil ~ K. ńɨl ńiil(a-) *ńɤɤl *ńaaL *ńɤj
"fish skin" *soomu *čōmɤ śav *šüm *śɤm - *sɤɤm *saam - Ne. śaam < PS *kamə
"bird cherry" *toomi *θōmɤ Er. ľom ~
Mk. lajm		 *lombə *ľɤm - *ľɤɤm *jååm *jɤm Ma. *a~o / _CC (compound #ďëm-paw)
"year" *vooci - - - *wåå -vaľ - *aaL *ɤrö
"autumn" 		S. *-vōtɤ semantically off. Cf. IA *vataḥ?
"wet place" *noori *ńōrɤ nar *nöre-
*nörɣə "sprout"		 *ńuur
*ńɤr "sprout"		 ńirok *ńɤɤr - *ńɤr F. "young", S. "weak" F. *noro ← Gmc.
"duck" - SS sjotsjo? - - *čɤž - *šɤɤš *čaač - Er. šenže better ~ F. hanhi "goose", ← B.
"mitten" - - - *piž *pɤź - *pɤɤsɣə *paas -
"stale (bread)" *kalteda - - - *kɤldi - - - -
"to produce" - *čōltē- - - *ćɤlt- - - - - *ćëlə-ta-. F. suolta- rather ← *sooli
IE loans: West *a_a, H. aa, Ms. *ɤɤ, Kh. *aa
"100" *sata *čōtē *śadə *šüðə *śoo saaz(a-) *šɤɤt *saat - ← II *śata; separately in P. ?
"tree stump" *kanto *kōntōj *kandə - (K. gɨd) - *kɤɤnt *kaant - ← II *skandʰa-. S. *kāntē ← F. K. "bend, bottom", may not belong.
"calf" *vasa *vōsē *vaz - - (üsöö) *wɤɤsəɣ - - ← II
"pole" NF *salko *čōlkōj *śalgə - *śuul saal(fa) *sɤɤɣlaa *saakəL - ← PIE *ǵʰalgʰaa. K. dźal probably later.
"mushroom" - - *paŋgə *poŋgə - - *pɤɤŋk *paaŋk *pɤŋkå- ← IE; Skr. paŋka "swamp" / L. fungus ~ G. spongos. Ma. *a~o / _CC. Smy. "be intoxicated"
"to climb" *kangerta- *kōŋkɤrtē- - - - haag- *kɤɤŋk- *kååŋk- - ← PIE *gʰengʰ-
"grass" *tarna - - - *tuurɨm - - - - ← II *trna
"streak" *jooni *jōnɤ jan - - - - - - ← IA *jaana, F. VV / _Rə. Also F. jana!
"to pay" *maksa- - *maksə- - - - - - - ← Ir. *mandza-. F. → S *māksē-
P. *u, Ms. *a/*ɤɤ, Kh. *ɯɯ, Smy. *ɨ (std. PU *ëCa - note open syllables in Smy!)
"down" *ala- *vōlē- alə *ül *uul al- *jal- *ɯɯL *ɨlə Ms. per original open syllable?
"to put" *akta- *vōktē- *aftə- *opte- K. oktɨ- - - *ɯɯkət *ɨtå- Ma. *a~o / _CC
"to divide" *jaka- *jōkē- *javə- - *juuk - E *jaɣtit *jɯɯkəL
"fork"		 *jəkə- Or Ms. ~ Kh *jakaaj "neck"? Kh. also *jaaɣərt "split"
"lowland" *lanci - *lanďa- Hi. landaka *luud - - - Ng. lɨntə Ma. *a~o / _CC. excluded: S *lōmtē- "to kneel", Smy *ləmto "low"
"to leave" *valka-(ma) *vōlkē- *valgə- *wale- - vaal- *wɤɤɣəl- *wɯɯkəL-,
*waakəL-		 - Ma. *a~o / _CC, > *a / w_
"sembra" - - - - *suus - *tɤɤt *ɬɯɯkəL *tɨtə(k)
"liver" *maksa *mōksē *maksə *mokš *muusk maaj(a-) *mɤɤj(ə)t *muu₁kəL *mɨtə Ma. *a~o / _CC. Kh. *ɯɯ > *uu after a labial?
"way" *matka *muotkē - - - - - *muu₁kət *mɨtɜ StUE4. Kh. *ɯɯ > *uu after a labial?
"wet sno" - *vōnčē - - - - - *uu₁(n)ć-kəL - *wënśa, with Kh. *ɯɯ > *uu after a labial? NB Vj. wɯɯťkəl!
"mother-in-law" F. anoppi *vōnēm - - - - *aanəp *oonəp *ɨnəpə ObU *Onəp < *onə-pV?
"rested" - *vōŋēs - *üŋəšə - - - - -
Indistinct between *ë_a and *a2_a
"to stretch" - NS ńuoddzi- - *ńuuž- - *ńuunš- *ńɯɯnč - Argues against Ms. delabzn
"village" F. palva- - - - - falu (-lva-) *pɤɤwəl *puu₁kəL - Ms. cheshirization, or Kh. *uu after a labial?
"to giv" *anta- *vōmtē- *andə- - *uud- ad- - - -
"to dry" - - - - *šuupal- apa-- - - - *o_a also possible
"to take off; to be able" *jaksa- - *jukśə- - *juuskɨ- - - - - *o_a also possible. *ś / *s??
"bitter" *karvas - - - *kuurɨd - - *koorəɣ ? -
"handle" *vanka - - - *vuug - - - -
"hoop" *vanneh - - - *vuudž - - - - Or BF ← Gmc *wandi/uz (cf. JKl '76)
"tassel" - *tōŋkē - - *tuug - - - -
"to accuse" - NS guoccot - - U. kušɨ - - - - No other words! Could even be *a₁_a
"to bring" - *pōktē- - *pokte- - - - - - Ma. *a~o / _CC?
"to reach" - - Er. saźu- - *suudź- - - - - *a_ə also possible
"stiff; to freeze" - - Er. tarďe - K. tur- - - -
"elm" - - - *nolɣə U. ńulo - - - - Ma. *a~o / _CC?
""

All the rest

Lexeme Finnic Samic Mordv. Mari Permic Hung. Mansi Khanty Samoy. Comments
More IE loans
"flood, lake" F. sarajas - - *šoor aar *tuur *ɬaar - ← II *sáras; separately in P, H?
"value" *arvo - - - K. arta- aar - - - Mo. *aŕ-ćə- "think" may not belong
"lord" - - *azər - *oozɨr - *aatər;
N. uutər?		 - - Komi ozɨr without /v/- ? Check NMs
"good" *paras *pōrē *parə *pooro *buur - - - - Ma. also *paarema- "to recover"
"shelter" *sooja *sōjē - *šaj *saj - - - - ← Ir. *scāja
"to press" *pajna- *pōńō-
"to dip"		 *pańə-
"to drive"		 - *pååń- - - - - *pańa- with cheshzn in F, ← Gmc *spannija- "to strain". S. *pājnē- ← F. Ms. *pańəɣt- better ← *puńa-, Ka. paŋdə- rejectable
"sister" - Mk. sazor *šŭžar *soozer F. sisar (and Ma?) ← B.
"stallion" - - - *ožə *uuž - - - - May be two unrelated words; three IE etymologies available: *ukšan- *aćwa- *r̥ša-
"gold, copper" - - - - - arań *tarəń *ɬoorńə - ← Ir. *zarna
Unclear correspondence 1: FM *a, P. *a, H. a (with palatals!)
"hard" - - - - K. nadź naɟ - - -
"back; belly" - - - - U. gač has - - - Dubious semantics
"to tred" F. talla- - - - K. taľ- - - - - Loan F → K?
"to hit" - *čōppē- *ćapa- *čuča- *ćapkɨ- čap- *čopam? - - Onomatopoetic? Cf. "to chop"
"to fall" - *vōčē- - *waza- U. vaź- - - - -
"to look" - - - *anće- *addź- - - - - ~ Fi. ais-ti?!
"to take out" - - - *tara- K. taral- - taar - - Ma. "far", H. "open"
"to unravel" - *rūč- - *ranće- K. radź- ronɟ
"rag"		 - VVj rać-- - Note Ma. *ć. Probably not ~ F. *riicci-
"to stomp" *tappa- - *tapa- - *tap- top- - - *təpər- F. "to kill". Onomatopoetic? EU *tuppa-
"net" - - - - *ka(d)ź - - *koćəp -
Unclear correspondences 2: With Kh. *a-aa
"to tell" *sarna- - - - K. śorńi- - - S. sarnaaɣ- - *rn/*rń? S. *sārnō- ← F.
"to hang" F. takertu- - - - - - V taɣraaɣtə-
~ W *taɣərLə-		 Se. tokua- ?
"to climb ~ to float" F. kapua- - - - - - - Vj kaɣaaɣəl-
~ W *xoowL-		 - *-p- ~ *-w-?
"soul; stillborn" - - *pača - - - - *pačaak -
"to sink" - - - - - maart- *muur(s)- *maraa- -
"willow sp." - - - - - malaat - *maɣLaaj -
"area" - - - - - taaj - *taɣaaj -
Unclear correspondence 3: FM *a, P. front, Ms. *a (substrate?)
"understanding" - - Er. važov - K. vežɤr - *aš(tə) *ač(aam) -
"to (let) go" laske- *lōštē- *laśka- - *ledź- - CMs *loośke- ? *lååskə- - *-ə / *-a?
"membrane" *kalvo *kālɤ ? - - *kiľ haaľog *kaľəp *kaĽ-- - Note *ľ. In parts ← IE *ḱel-?
Unclear correspondence 4: FM *a, Ma. *o, P. *ɨ, OU *uu ?
"2" *kakci *kōktē *kaftə *kok *kɨk (keet) (*kit) (*kiit, käät) (*ketä) EU *kettä
Unclear correspondence 8: FP *a(p) ~ Ugric *o(ɣ)
"to freeze" *palëlë- *pōlɤš *palə- - - faɟ *paaľ- *poojət- Cf. FSM *pala- "to burn". Note also *-l- ~ *-ľ- (*-lji?)
"dam, wall" NF *pato *pōðō - *pat
"net"		 - fal - *paL
: *paLaa-		 - West *paðo, East *palə. Mari per AA13, zek
"sour" *happami - *čapamə;
*čapaks "dough"		 *šabə - sava-, sooska- *šɤɤɣ- *čoɣ- ? -
Unclear correspondence 9: FM *a ~ Permic *ɤ (note *k_C!)
"to put" *pane- - *pańə- *pańəža- *pɤn- - *pɯn- *pan- *pɨn- close to *ë_ə
"bitter, to smell" - *kōccɤk *kačadə- *kačə U. kɤš - *kɤɤšɣə *kɯɯč(ɯɯ) *kɤčə- *këččə-; F. katkera better ~ kitkerä.
"to bite" - *kāckē- - *kačka- K. gɤčkɨ- - - - -
"across" - - - *kač K. kɤččɤb - - - -
under other vowels
"rung; pole" - - - - - zaap *šaapla - - *o_a? Ms. *šäp "pole" ← K
"piece" F. sukku - - - - sak - *sak - *u_ə??
"ski" - *čōjkɤ - - - - *taj- - *tåj(-kə) S. ← IE, others *o_ə?
"to breik" *kacket- - - *kŭčkeða- U. kwačkal- - - - - Better *o_i
"shit" *paska *pɤškɤ *pəśkiźə- *pŭškeda- - fos *paaś *poś - *ô? S. → F?
East only
"head" - - - - - - WE *ɤɤwt *ååɣ-
: *uuɣə-		 *u(ə)kə NMs aawa, NKh *ooŋx-. Cheshirization in Ms?
"endonym" - - - - - maɟar - *maańć - cf. megyer ~ *määńći
"tale" - - - - - meše - *maańć- -
"to hurry" - - - - - sorog- #surəkt *saarək
"eight" - - - - - ńolc *ńalaa *ńɯɯLəɣ - *ńëla, Hu. *a > o / _lT
"long-tailed duck" - - - - - - *ɤɤŋkə *ɯɯŋk - Sami *hɤŋŋā prob substratal; NSmy *åt³ŋo unrelated
"horn; edge" - - - - - - *ɤɤńt W *aaŋət *amtə, *aŋtə
"surface" - - - - - raa, -rA *raaŋk(aa) - -
to be sorted
"flat" *lappe- (*lāppɤ) Er. lapuža
~ Mk. lapš		 Hi. lap ~
Me. lap		 *lååp lap - *ɭapsək - *a-ə? S. "aside". Cf. "flat side" Check U. (UEW)
"this" *ta - - Hi. ta ~
Me. ta		 K. *too - - *taa-- *tə or F./Ma. from B. *ta
"staff" *sauva *čāvŋē - - - - N. su(u)w *söɣ - Kh → Ms?
"ice crust" - *čōkē - - - zaj *såj *ćooɣ - Consonants bad
"berry" *marja *mōrjē *maŕ *mör - - *maar- *muur- ? -
"to darken; to hide" - - - *söste- K. saśtɨ- - - - -
"instrument" - - Mk. kaŕźi *kerəš U. kɨre(d)ź - - - -
"tame" - *vōń-ɤs - - - - - *aańɯɯ *ɨńə indistinct between *o_ə and *ë_a; cf. PiS vuotnjie ← *vōńē
"to touch" F. kajoa- *kājō- - - - *kaaj- *kaaj- -
"light" F. salama - - - - - *sɤɤl *saL- *sålə
"to dig" - - *kara- *kare- K. kɨr- - - *kiir- ? - P. *kɨr- in general "to wash"
"pale" - - - *šapə- - šaapad- - - -
"dry place" *kaŋka- - - *kaŋga - - *kuŋkʷə ? - -
"sleigh" *ahk- - - - - - - *ååɣəL - Cf. Sw. ackja? TN ŋūtūʔ rather ← ŋū 'pole' (EH).
"valley" *lakso leakšɤ - Hi. laksa U. los(k) - - - -
"dear" FiKrl rakas - - - - rokon *raaw- *raɣ-- - Perhaps F ← Gmc *frakaz "covetous". Ms. "to let close"
"to tear" - - - - *oor- aar(t)- *aart- *aarə- -
"to bend" *tai- *toajē- - - K. tuj- - *täj- *tɯɯj- *tVj- ? *tajə-, *tëjə-? Check Smy.
"pond" F. lampi *lōmpɤl - Me. lop - - - - *lɨmpå
"older brother's wife" *vōńē *ańa - K. ɤńe, ońa, uńe aanɟ, ańa *aańi *ańəkɯɯ #Vńä Separate P. *ańɨ "mother-in-law"
"flat side" F. lapa *lōpē - - - - N. lop? - *ləpä Cf. "flat"
"crane" *kurki *kōrkɤ *kargə - - - - - *kərö
"resin" F. kata NS kaččē - - - - - - *kåCə S. *kássé ← Gmc.
"snot" *natta IS ńetti - - - - - #nəåtə maybe Smy < *ńolkə-tV??
"to shame" - Mo. viźďe *wažəla- U. vodźɨt- - - - -
"berry" - - - *moodə - - - - Ka. modo or Ma. ← P. *mooľɨ < *med₂V
"many; big" - - - - *uuna - - *onə Ng. Aniʔe *u?
"bed, platform" - - - - U. džɨdžol
~ K.džodž(-ul)		 - - *čuuč -
"to shake" - - - *pačke- K. pɨškɨ- - - - -
"to dig" - - - - K. kundɨ- haań- *kuun- *kɯɯɳ-,
O xaan-		 - *a₂, Kh. umlaut?
"bag" - - - - #kuuda - *kuunt *kɯɯnt
: *kɯɯntɯɯ-		 - (F. kontti)
"basket" - - - *kŭrəkš U. kor - *kuurəɣ *kɯɯr(əɣ) *kor-- *u-ish?
"block; dugout" - - - - U. kɨpɨ - *kɤɤp N. *kaap - *këppə/*koppə/*kuppɜ?
"milk; sap" *majto - - - U. mɤľ - - - -
"even; beautiful" - N muoissa- *mazə - - - - - -
"rotten" *mahe- - *makšə - - - - - -
"edge" *mala- *mōlōs *malas - - - - - - ← B
"clear weather" - *mōńē *mańəŋ - - - - - -
"to crawl; bridge" *mata- - Er. madamo - - - - - -
"to disappear, fail" - - Er. joma-
~ Mk. juma-'		 *jama- - - - - *jat³ma- /
*jaŋkə- 		S. *jāmē- 'die' better < *jämä- 'to stiffen' (StUE3)
"to cool, cold" - SS joasko- *jakšamə *jükše-,
*jüštə		 - - - - - Es. jahtu- rather < *jȧhtü- < *jäštä-, possibly also Ma. Also OSwS juoskos "stiff" (PS *jōksō-?)
"split" Fi. rahko - *raškə - - - - - -
"lattice, grid" - - - - K. radź raač ~
reeč		 - - -
"hole" - - - *(ə)raž K. *rooź reeš, reš - - - better *rećV, P. → Ma., and F. *riicci- here?!
"ship; pot" *hakci - *Čakš - - - - - - semantics bad
"shape" *haamV (Lu. sjibmō) *Čama - - - - - - maybe S *šëmō, cf. Lu sjimer < *šëmērē (which is of no help whatsoever)
"back of knife" *hamara *šëmērē *Čov - - - - - - likely somehow ← IE *h₂aḱmor "stone, etc."
"" - - - - - - - - -

Rejectable

Lexeme Finnic Samic Mordv. Mari Permic Hung. Mansi Khanty Samoyedic Comments
Irregularities explainable by alternate etymologies for some branches
"meadow" Es. aas - - - *adź asoo - - - Es < *ansa, Hu < *saś- "to dry"
"woven band" *vakla *vōvlē - - - - *waaɣlap - - F & S. ← Gmc.
"bay" *lakci *lōktɤ - - - - *laak *lok - F & S. ← Baltic
"birch bark" *tana - - - - - N. toont *to₂ntəɣ - F ← Sc. OUg better ~ H tidoo
"sturgeon" *sampi - - - - - *šupəɣ - - Better F ← IE *stambʰ- 'pole'
"much" *paljo - - Hi. pülä - - *paal - *påj F. possibly ← Gmc, East *polə
"door bolt" F. sarana - - - U. dźɨrɨ ~ K. dźir čir - - - F. may be ← Baltic
"to stop" *taukot- *tōvkō- - - *duugdɨ- - - - - F. & S. ← Gmc.
"far, long" *kauka(lo) *kukkē *kuvaka - - - - *kooɣ - F ← Gmc, S. *kāwkɤ- "stare" ← F, rest *kowVkka
"to look" *katso- *keaččɤ- - - K. kaźal- - - - - F, S. ← Gmc *gātijan-
"lot" *arpa *vōrpē - - - orvo - - - F. & S. ← Gmc *arba
"flat" *latta-- - - Hi. laptɤ- ~
Me. lapte		 - - - *ɬaaptək *ləptå F. may be ← Gmc.
"board" *lauta *lōvtē - - - - - - *låtå F & S. ← Baltic?
"woods" - E *mōjðē - - - - - Sk. mačče Sk. instead < *məja < *mud₂a
"to throw" *heittä- W *sāddē- - - K šɤt- - - - - F. (and K.?) ← #šäjV-ttä- ← preGmc *sēja-; S. ← Sc. senda-
"ax" *tahko - - *toš *tɨš(k-) - - - - ← II *takš-. F. "grindstone" may be unrelated
"coarse" *karkeda - - - *gɨreś - - - - S. *kārkkē ← F. ← Gmc *hargaz.
"asp" *haapa *sūpē - *šapke - - - - - ← Gmc *asp- with metathesis?!
"branch" *hanka - - - - aag *tɤɤɣ *ɬaɣɯɯ - F. ← Gmc. Cf. honka here?
"to be able" *mahta- - *maštə- *mɤšte- - - *mučt- *mač(t)ə- - OU may be ← Ru мочь-, Mo/Ma ← F ← Gmc *maxtiz
"river; mud" - - *rav(ə) "Volga" - - - - *roɣə - Mo. ← II (F. rapa ← Gmc *draba)
"dead; dry (of cow)" *mardas - - - *muur - - - - F. ← II
"old" *vanha - - - #vooɜž - - - - P. ← B. *wetuša (ment'd in 6UE)
"stiff" *tankeda - Mk. taŋgəda *tü̆ŋe- - - - - - Also S toaŋkē (not **toaggē!) Mari may be ← Turkic
"cheap" *halpa - - *šulðɤ - - - - - F. ← Gmc *salwa ?
"to gro" *kasva- - *kasə- *kuška- - - - - - F. & Mo. ← IE *h₂awks-? H. hason "use, advantage" rather from "to present"
"metal" *vaski veaškē *uśkɜ *waž U. -veś ~ K. -ɨś vaš *wüš *waɣ *wasa Messy Wanderwort
"shaft" *varci - - *wu/ŭrðə - - - - - ← B?
"joint; twin; center" *jama *jōmēč Er. jav - - - - - - better F, S ← IE (separately), Er. ← *jëka-
"to stretch; to spread" - *rāččë- *raćakadə- - - - - - - better S ← Sc *braidja-
"woman" √naa- - - - - naas *näji *nääj ? - F. ← IE *gʷnah₂-, OU ← *näjə
Too sparse & irregular
"skis" - SS. laabje - - - - - E. lump Ne. lampa No other words.
"to fall apart" - - - - K. gɨlal- - N kuulat- W *kooɭ-- - probably loans in OUg.
"to graze" - *kōtō- - - - - - - *kətå-
"fishing gear" - - - mača ? - - - - Se. maaše-
"stomach" *vacca - - - - - N. waś - - Weak (suggests PMs *wäć). Fi. → S. *vāttē. Mo. *vaćə "dirt" semantically bad
"to go" - - *jaka- - - iktat- - - -
"pine forest" - - - - *jag - - *jaaɣəm - Ma *jäktə ~ Chuv. jaxtə;. Maybe Kh ← P, < *jäŋkä or ← IE *ǵʰeng-?? Cf. EU #jëKə 'pine'
"to write" - - - - - iir(o)- - *jee₁rii- -
Messy crap
"beginning" F. alka- *vōlkē- - - - - *aawəl *aaləŋ *olə- Cf. *ole- "to be" ?
"armpit" *kainalɜ kājŋēl Mk. kaval *koŋla *kuun hoon *kalna *konəŋ #kali ? (En. seeri) Veps kaimal
"nits" Fi. saivar;
Es. saere		 čīvrōs *śarkə *šarkeń(ć)e *śerel - N. seeri ? E. sɯr ? Ka. šurijar ? might be two items?
"gull" *kajaka kājēkē - - K. gaďa - *kajik - Ne. ho Substrate word? Cf. "beaver"
"crow" *vari/eks *vōrččē *varś/ćəŋ - - varjuu
: varja-		 N. uurin W *warŋaaj,
E *wuurŋɯɯ		 *wårä Unreconstructible consonantism, onomatopoetic? Ne. *wərŋæ ← Kh?
"painted" - - - Me. pač U. pužɨ - - - *påtå
"fly" *kärpänen - *karvə Me. karme - - - - -
"vessel" F. saima - *śuma,
Er. śima		 - U. śumɨk - - *sooma ? Sk. somma ? Semantics all over the place.
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