Senjecas snow & ice: Difference between revisions

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===Pronunciation table===
==Pronunciation table==
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:500px;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:500px;"
!p
!p
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!g
!g
!x
!x
!ƣ
![[Wikipedia:Gha|ƣ]]
!h
!h
!ȝ
![[Wikipedia:Yogh|ȝ]]
|
|
|
|
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!e
!e
!a
!a
!õ
![[Wikipedia:Ogonek#Similar diacritics|ǫ]]
!o
!o
!u
!u
|
|
|
|
!ï
!ĭ
!ë
!ĕ
!ÿ
!ŭ
|-
|-
|/p/
|/p/
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==Notes==
*The winters of Sefdaania are heavy with snow and ice. As a result there are many words naming various aspects of these two wintry visitors.
*The winters of Sefdaania are heavy with snow and ice. As a result there are many words naming various aspects of these two wintry visitors.


===Glossing abbreviations===
==Glossing abbreviations==
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|1s/p = first person singular/plural
|1s/p = first person singular/plural
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|2s/p = second person singular/plural
|2s/p = second person singular/plural
|ABS = absolutive (an unmarked modifying adjective)
|ABS = absolutive (an unmarked modifying adjective)
|DES = [[Wikipedia:Desiderative mood|desiderative]]
|CONV = conversive
|F = feminine
|F = feminine
|INT = intensive prefix
|INT = intensive prefix
|QUOT = direct quotation
|QUOT = direct quotation
|-
|-
|3 = third person
|3p/m/d = third person [[Wikipedia:Demonstrative#distal and proximal demonstratives|proximal/medial/distal]]
|ADV = adverb
|ADV = adverb
|DIM = diminutive
|DES = [[Wikipedia:Desiderative mood|desiderative]]
|FRQ = [[Wikipedia:Frequentative|frequentative]]
|FRQ = [[Wikipedia:Frequentative|frequentative]]
|M = masculine
|M = masculine
|REL = [[Wikipedia:Relativizer|relativizer]]
|REL = [[Wikipedia:Relativizer|relativizer]]
|-
|-
|4 = [[Wikipedia:Obviative|fourth person]]
|
|AG = [[Wikipedia:Agent (grammar)|agent]]
|AG = [[Wikipedia:Agent (grammar)|agent]]
|ELIS = [[Wikipedia:Elision|elision]]
|DIM = diminutive
|FUT = future
|FUT = future
|PP = patient (past) participle
|PP = patient (past) participle
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|A(.s/p) = accusative (singular/plural)
|A(.s/p) = accusative (singular/plural)
|AP = agent (active) participle
|AP = agent (active) participle
|EP = [[Wikipedia:Epenthesis#As a grammatical rule|epenthesis]]
|ELIS = [[Wikipedia:Elision|elision]]
|IMP = imperative
|IMP = imperative
|PRF = perfect
|PRF = perfect
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|G(.s/p) = genitive (singular/plural)
|G(.s/p) = genitive (singular/plural)
|AUG = augmentative
|AUG = augmentative
|ELT = [[Wikipedia:Elative|elative]]
|EP = [[Wikipedia:Epenthesis#As a grammatical rule|epenthesis]]
|INC = [[Wikipedia:Inchoative aspect|inchoative]]
|INC = [[Wikipedia:Inchoative aspect|inchoative]]
|PRV = [[Wikipedia:Privative|privative prefix]]
|PRV = [[Wikipedia:Privative|privative prefix]]
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|N(.s/p) = nominative (singular/plural)
|N(.s/p) = nominative (singular/plural)
|
|
|
|ELT = [[Wikipedia:Elative|elative]]
|IND = indicative
|IND = indicative
|PST = past
|PST = past
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===Snow===
==Snow==
*1. '''alűngo''' – snow bank
*1. '''alűngo''' – snow bank
'''gore̋s de̋xlo e-ȝa̋fa da a̋sko alűngom éna e-ṡőta:'''
::'''gore̋s de̋xlo e-ȝa̋fa da a̋sko alűngom éna e-ṡőta:'''
The reindeer’s harness broke and the sleigh plunged into the snow bank.
::The reindeer’s harness broke and the sleigh plunged into the snow bank.


{|class=wikitable
::{|class=wikitable
!gor-e̋s||de̋xl-o||e=ȝa̋f-a||da||a̋sk-o||alűng-om||éna||e=ṡőt-a
!gor-e̋s||de̋xl-o||e=ȝa̋f-a||da||a̋sk-o||alűng-om||éna||e=ṡőt-a
|-
|-
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*2. '''ṡ̨a̋ga''' – become frozen [''of snow'']
*2. '''ṡ̨a̋ga''' – become frozen [''of snow'']
*'''ébi tiiþme̋a nérvi pine̋ȝa. toáru tőm̃o u-ṡ̨a̋ga:'''
::'''ébi tiiþme̋a nérvi pine̋ȝa. toáru tőm̃o u-ṡ̨a̋ga:'''
*If the temperature drops any lower the snow will become frozen.
::If the temperature drops any lower the snow will become frozen.




{|class=wikitable
::{|class=wikitable
!ébi||tiiþme̋-a||nér=vi||pı̋n-e̋ȝ-a||toáru||tőm̃-o||u=ṡ̨a̋g-a-
!ébi||tiiþme̋-a||nér=vi||pı̋n-e̋ȝa||toáru||tőm̃-o||u=ṡ̨a̋g-a-
|-
|-
|if||temperature-N.s||lower-ADV||decrease-SUB-IND||then||snow-N.s||FUT=become.frozen.IND
|if||temperature-N.s||lower-ADV||decrease-SUB||then||snow-N.s||FUT=become.frozen.IND
|}
|}




*3. '''kı̋rmo''' – thin covering of snow
*3. '''kı̋rmo''' – thin covering of snow
*'''m̃isőntes kirmős ha pa̋a̋u e-ma̋ƣa:'''
::'''m̃isőntes kirmős ha pa̋a̋u e-ma̋ƣa:'''
*Because of the thin covering of snow, the bison were able to forage.
::Because of the thin covering of snow, the bison were able to forage.


{|class=wikitable
::{|class=wikitable
!m̃isőnt-es||kirm-ős||ha||pa̋a̋-u||e=ma̋ƣ-a
!m̃isőnt-es||kirm-ős||ha||pa̋a̋-u||e=ma̋ƣ-a
|-
|-
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*4. '''ke̋rto''' – frozen crust on snow
*4. '''ke̋rto''' – frozen crust on snow
*'''ébi ke̋rto kéþu ba̋ro vuue̋ȝa mee. m̃isőntes ȝa̋fu ma̋ƣa:'''
::'''ébi ke̋rto kéþu ba̋ro vuue̋ȝa mee. m̃isőntes ȝa̋fu ma̋ƣa:'''
*If the frozen crust is not too thick, the bison can break through.
::If the frozen crust is not too thick, the bison can break through.


{|class=wikitable
{|class=wikitable
!ébi||ke̋rt-o||kéþu||ba̋r-o||vuu-e̋ȝ-a||mee||m̃isőnt-es||ȝa̋f-u||ma̋ƣ-a
!ébi||ke̋rt-o||kéþu||ba̋r-o||vuu-e̋ȝa||mee||m̃isőnt-es||ȝa̋f-u||ma̋ƣ-a
|-
|-
|if||frozen.crust-N.s||too||thick-N.s||be.SBJ-IND||not||bison-N.p||break-SUP||be.able-IND
|if||frozen.crust-N.s||too||thick-N.s||be.SBJ||not||bison-N.p||break-SUP||be.able-IND
|}
|}




*5. '''lűűfo''' – falling snow
*5. '''lűűfo''' – falling snow
*'''lűűfo t̨áárvi leitős k̬éno le̋isom u-ka̋ða:'''
::'''lűűfo t̨áárvi leitős k̬éno le̋isom u-ka̋ða:'''
*The falling snow will soon cover any trace of the crime.
::The falling snow will soon cover any trace of the crime.


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{|class=wikitable
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*6. '''luufpa̋vo''' – snow flake
*6. '''luufpa̋vo''' – snow flake
*'''ȝa ne̋o d̬ő luufpa̋von sőmo b̨őrom ƣe̋va—na̋mu ke̋no e̋sa:'''
::'''ne̋o d̬ő luufpa̋von sőmo b̨őrom ƣe̋vu na̋mu ke̋no e̋sa:'''
*It’s hard to believe that no two snow flakes have the same shape.
::It’s hard to believe that no two snow flakes have the same shape.


{|class=wikitable
{|class=wikitable
!ȝa||neo-Ø||d̬o||luuf-pa̋v-on||sőmo-Ø||b̨őr-om||ƣe̋v-a||na̋m-u||ke̋n-o||e̋s-a
!neo-Ø||d̬o||luuf-pa̋v-on||sőmo-Ø||b̨őr-om||ƣe̋v-u||na̋m-u||ke̋n-o||e̋s-a
|-
|-
|REL||no-ABS||two||snow-flake-A.p||same-ABS||shape-A.s||have-IND||believe-SUP||hard-N.s||be.IND
|no-ABS||two||snow-flake-A.p||same-ABS||shape-A.s||have-SUP||believe-SUP||hard-N.s||be.IND
|}
|}




*7. '''műƣro''' – soft snow
*7. '''műƣro''' – soft snow
*'''méti le̋xm̃e műƣrom éva e-pe̋da. šóóðvi e-főőla:'''
::'''méti le̋xm̃e műƣrom éva e-pe̋da. šóóðvi e-főőla:'''
*When the puppy stepped onto the soft snow, he fell through.
::When the puppy stepped onto the soft snow, he fell through.


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{|class=wikitable
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*8. '''m̃a̋ṡo''' – wet snow
*8. '''m̃a̋ṡo''' – wet snow
*'''m̃aṡős te̋lo vőutom vı̋ru e-f̨űða:'''
::'''m̃aṡős te̋lo vőutom vı̋ru e-f̨űða:'''
*The weight of the wet snow caused the tent to collapse.
::The weight of the wet snow caused the tent to collapse.


{|class=wikitable
{|class=wikitable
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*9. '''m̃őpo''' – sleeping hole in the snow
*9. '''m̃őpo''' – sleeping hole in the snow
*'''ƣoosiɠős éna la̋vaþu ȝuþne̋ðlu la̋a̋tam m̃őpom e-vőða:'''
::'''ƣoosiɠős éna la̋vaþu ȝuþne̋ðlu la̋a̋tam m̃őpom e-vőða:'''
Caught in the blizzard, the hiker dug a sleeping hole in the snow for the night.
::Caught in the blizzard, the hiker dug a sleeping hole in the snow for the night.


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*10. '''pőm̌a''' – walk with difficulty through snow, sand, brush, ''etc.''
*10. '''pőm̌a''' – walk with difficulty through snow, sand, brush, ''etc.''
*'''i-tőm̃o kéþu ṡa̋lo vűűa. ƥúvi m̃us nom šóóða u-pom̌a:'''
::'''i-tőm̃o kéþu ṡa̋lo vűűa. ƥúvi m̃us nom šóóða u-pom̌a:'''
*This snow is so deep we will have trouble walking through it.
::This snow is so deep we will have trouble walking through it.


{|class=wikitable
{|class=wikitable
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*11. '''rı̋no''' – snow on trees
*11. '''rı̋no''' – snow on trees
*'''sáámi rı̋no gőbo vűűa. ébi kéþu me̋e̋o vuule̋ȝa. toáru ża̋vos u-ȝa̋fa:'''
::'''sáámi rı̋no gőbo vűűa. ébi kéþu me̋e̋o vuule̋ȝa. toáru ża̋vos u-ȝa̋fa:'''
*Although the snow on the trees is beautiful, too much and the branches will break.
::Although the snow on the trees is beautiful, too much and the branches will break.


{|class=wikitable
{|class=wikitable
!sáámi||rı̋n-o||gőb-o||vűű-a||ébi||kéþu||me̋e̋-o||vuul-e̋ȝ-a||ża̋v-os||u=ȝa̋f-a
!sáámi||rı̋n-o||gőb-o||vűű-a||ébi||kéþu||me̋e̋-o||vuul-e̋ȝa||ża̋v-os||u=ȝa̋f-a
|-
|-
|although||snow.on.trees-N.s||beautiful-N.s||be.IND||if||too||much-N.s||there.be-IND||branch-N.p||FUT=break-IND
|although||snow.on.trees-N.s||beautiful-N.s||be.SBJ||if||too||much-N.s||there.be-IND||branch-N.p||FUT=break-IND
|}
|}


 
*12. '''sı̋go''' – snow storm
*12. '''sı̋ɠo''' – snow storm
::'''sı̋go e-műla da no-leisős éna nűm ne̋ṡun e-te̋m̃a:'''
*'''sı̋ɠo e-műla da no-leisős éna nűm ne̋ṡun e-te̋m̃a:'''
::The snow storm passed leaving nine dead in its wake.
*The snow storm passed leaving nine dead in its wake.


{|class=wikitable
{|class=wikitable
!sı̋ɠ-o||e=műl-a||da||no=leis-ős||éna||nűm||ne̋ṡ-un||e=te̋m̃-a
!sı̋g-o||e=műl-a||da||no=leis-ős||éna||nűm||ne̋ṡ-un||e=te̋m̃-a
|-
|-
|snow.storm-N.s||PST=pass-IND||and||its=wake-G.s||in||nine||dead-A.p||PST=leave-IND
|snow.storm-N.s||PST=pass-IND||and||its=wake-G.s||in||nine||dead-A.p||PST=leave-IND
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*13. '''sőso''' – muddy snow
*13. '''sőso''' – muddy snow
*'''ne dóm̃vi pósi sı̋ɠo e-mÿműla. űde' sosős tőm̃om e-űűlba:'''
::'''ne dóm̃vi pósi sı̋ɠo e-mŭműla. űde' sosős tőm̃om e-űűlba:'''
*Not long after the snow storm passed, the yaks had turned the fallen snow into muddy snow.
::Not long after the snow storm passed, the yaks had turned the fallen snow into muddy snow.


{|class=wikitable
{|class=wikitable
!ne||dóm̃=vi||pósi||sı̋ɠ-o||e=mÿ~műl-a||űd-e-'||sos-ős||tőm̃-om||e=ű~űlb-a
!ne||dóm̃=vi||pósi||sı̋ɠ-o||e=mŭ~műl-a||űd-e-'||sos-ős||tőm̃-om||e=ű~űlb-a
|-0
|-0
|not||long=ADV||after||snow.storm-N.s||PST=PRF~pass-IND||yak-N.p-ELIS||muddy.snow-G.s||fallen.snow-A.s||PST=PRF~turn.into-IND
|not||long=ADV||after||snow.storm-N.s||PST=PRF~pass-IND||yak-N.p-ELIS||muddy.snow-G.s||fallen.snow-A.s||PST=PRF~turn.into-IND
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===Ice===
==Ice==
*14. '''haþȝe̋go''' – thin coating of ice on rock
*14. '''haþȝe̋go''' – thin coating of ice on rock
*'''haþȝe̋gom na̋kantu ne furm̃űűrlu e-pı̋za da nu-kűndom éna e-na̋a̋la:'''
::'''haþȝe̋gom na̋kantu ne furm̃űűrlu e-pı̋za da nu-kűndom éna e-na̋a̋la:'''
*Not seeing the ice on the rock, the ranger slipped and landed on his butt.
::Not seeing the ice on the rock, the ranger slipped and landed on his butt.


{|class=wikitable
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*15. '''ȝe̋go''' – ice
*15. '''ȝe̋go''' – ice
*'''m̃e̋ƣo paavős éna ȝegős ha ha̋iṡim þóósa e-pı̋za:'''
::'''m̃e̋ƣo paavős éna ȝegős ha ha̋iṡim þóósa e-pı̋za:'''
*Because of the ice on the road the car slid into the tree.
::Because of the ice on the road the car slid into the tree.


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*16. '''ȝeƣǧa̋ro''' – iceberg
*16. '''ȝeƣǧa̋ro''' – iceberg
*'''v̌eeþ̈a̋fo te̋pu hőőle mare̋m éna mïme̋e̋o ȝeƣǧa̋ron sa̋isa:'''
::'''v̌eeþ̈a̋fo te̋pu hőőle mare̋m éna mĭme̋e̋o ȝeƣǧa̋ron sa̋isa:'''
*Global warming is producing more icebergs in the polar seas.
::Global warming is producing more icebergs in the polar seas.


{|class=wikitable
{|class=wikitable
!v̌eeþ-þa̋fo-Ø||te̋p-u||hőőle-Ø||mar-e̋m||éna||mï~me̋e̋o-Ø||ȝeƣ.ǧa̋r-on||sa̋is-a
!v̌eeþ-þa̋fo-Ø||te̋p-u||hőőle-Ø||mar-e̋m||éna||mĭ~me̋e̋o-Ø||ȝeƣ.ǧa̋r-on||sa̋is-a
|-
|-
|world-wide-ABS||warming-SUP||polar-ABS||sea-G.p||in||ELT~many-ABS||ice.mountain-A.p||produce-IND
|world-wide-ABS||warming-SUP||polar-ABS||sea-G.p||in||ELT~many-ABS||ice.mountain-A.p||produce-IND
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*17. '''kaȝe̋mƣo''' – shore ice
*17. '''kaȝe̋mƣo''' – shore ice
*'''me̋m̃anta hema̋s. kaȝe̋mƣo ba̋ro e-ı̋la:'''
::'''me̋m̃anta hema̋s. kaȝe̋mƣo ba̋ro e-ı̋la:'''
*As winter progressed the shore ice became thicker.
::As winter progressed the shore ice became thicker.


{|class=wikitable
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|progress-IND-AP-ABS||winter-G.s||shore.ice-N.s||thick-N.s||PST=become-IND
|progress-IND-AP-ABS||winter-G.s||shore.ice-N.s||thick-N.s||PST=become-IND
|}
|}


*18. '''kűro''' – ice floe
*18. '''kűro''' – ice floe
*'''ze̋e̋me: me̋e̋o kűros na̋a̋utam na̋a̋m̃ram u-kı̋a:'''
::'''ze̋e̋me: me̋e̋o kűros na̋a̋utam na̋a̋m̃ram u-kı̋a:'''
*Be careful!  The many ice floes will make navigation hazardous.
::Be careful!  The many ice floes will make navigation hazardous.


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*19. '''nila̋ƣo''' – freshwater ice
*19. '''nila̋ƣo''' – freshwater ice
*'''nilaƣős zı̋nu tődantős. ve̋vres he̋mam de̋e̋a:'''
::'''nilaƣős zı̋nu todantős. ve̋vres he̋mam de̋e̋a:'''
*When the ice begins to form, the beavers settle in for the winter.
::When the ice begins to form, the beavers settle in for the winter.


{|class=wikitable
{|class=wikitable
!nila̋ƣ-ős||zı̋n-u||tőd-a-nt-ős||ve̋vr-es||he̋m-am||de̋e̋-a
!nilaƣ-ős||zı̋n-u||tod-a-nt-ős||ve̋vr-es||he̋m-am||de̋e̋-a
|-
|-
|freshwater.ice-G.s||form-SUP||begin-IND-AP-G.s||beaver-N.p||winter-A.s||settle-IND
|freshwater.ice-G.s||form-SUP||begin-IND-AP-G.s||beaver-N.p||winter-A.s||settle-IND
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*20. '''őőko''' – ice hole
*20. '''őőko''' – ice hole
*'''m̃us i-hema̋s ookő' šóóða mı̋ı̋n-' u-ma̋ƣa:'''
::'''m̃us i-he̋man ookő' šóóða mı̋ı̋n-' u-ma̋a̋ƣa:'''
*This winter we can fish through a hole in the ice.
::This winter we can fish through a hole in the ice.


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*21. '''puskűro''' – pack ice
*21. '''puskűro''' – pack ice
*'''puskűro aiveƣe̋m éra ba̋a̋go uuðzı̋danto ðe̋e̋o e-vűűa:'''
::'''puskűro aiveƣe̋m éra ba̋a̋go uuðzı̋danto ðe̋e̋o e-vűűa:'''
*The pack ice was the perfect hauling-out place for the walruses.
::The pack ice was the perfect hauling-out place for the walruses.


{|class=wikitable
{|class=wikitable
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*22. '''sűðo''' – frost
*22. '''sűðo''' – frost
*'''mu i-aaȝa̋s ȝeerős þűnto sűðom e-na̋ka:'''
::'''mu i-aaȝa̋s ȝeerős þűnto sűðom e-na̋ka:'''
*This morning I saw the first frost of the season.
::This morning I saw the first frost of the season.


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*23. '''s̨őmo''' – hoarfrost
*23. '''s̨őmo''' – hoarfrost
*'''la̋a̋ta ȝe̋xak̬e sőȝak̬' e-vűűa. sááru s̨őmo aaȝa̋s ta̋lem éva e-vűűla:'''
::'''la̋a̋ta ȝe̋xak̬e sőȝak̬' e-vűűa. sááru s̨őmo aaȝa̋s ta̋lem éva e-vűűla:'''
*The night was clear and cold, so there was hoarfrost on the ground in the morning.
::The night was clear and cold, so there was hoarfrost on the ground in the morning.


{|class=wikitable
{|class=wikitable
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*24. '''s̨űngo''' – frazil ice, slush
*24. '''s̨űngo''' – frazil ice, slush
*'''s̨ungős ka̋ȝa m̃ús o ma̋rem t̨áárvi űɫaþem u-ı̋lu te̋e̋a:'''
::'''s̨ungős ka̋ȝa m̃ús o ma̋rem t̨áárvi űɫaþem u-ı̋lu te̋e̋a:'''
*The appearance of frazil ice tells us that the sea will soon be frozen over.
::The appearance of frazil ice tells us that the sea will soon be frozen over.


{|class=wikitable
{|class=wikitable

Revision as of 14:37, 31 August 2017

Pronunciation table

p b f v m̃ m t d þ ð ɫ l ṡ ż s z r n k g x ƣ h ȝ š s̨ i e a ǫ o u ĭ ĕ ŭ
/p/ /b/ /ɸ/ /β/ /m̥/ /m/ /t/ /d/ /θ/ /ð/ /l̥/ /l/ /ʦ/ /ʣ/ /s/ /z/ /ɾ̥/ /n/ /k/ /g/ /ç/ /ʝ/ /j̊/ /j/ /sʷ/ /sʲ/ /i/ /e/ /ä/ /ɒ/ /o/ /u/ /ɪ/ /ɛ/ /ʊ/


Notes

  • The winters of Sefdaania are heavy with snow and ice. As a result there are many words naming various aspects of these two wintry visitors.

Glossing abbreviations

1s/p = first person singular/plural V(.s/p) = vocative (singular/plural) CAUS = causative EQU = equative degree INS = instrument Q = interrogative particle
2s/p = second person singular/plural ABS = absolutive (an unmarked modifying adjective) CONV = conversive F = feminine INT = intensive prefix QUOT = direct quotation
3p/m/d = third person proximal/medial/distal ADV = adverb DES = desiderative FRQ = frequentative M = masculine REL = relativizer
AG = agent DIM = diminutive FUT = future PP = patient (past) participle RPRF = recent perfective
A(.s/p) = accusative (singular/plural) AP = agent (active) participle ELIS = elision IMP = imperative PRF = perfect SBJ = subjunctive
G(.s/p) = genitive (singular/plural) AUG = augmentative EP = epenthesis INC = inchoative PRV = privative prefix SUP = supine
N(.s/p) = nominative (singular/plural) ELT = elative IND = indicative PST = past


Snow

  • 1. alűngo – snow bank
gore̋s de̋xlo e-ȝa̋fa da a̋sko alűngom éna e-ṡőta:
The reindeer’s harness broke and the sleigh plunged into the snow bank.
gor-e̋s de̋xl-o e=ȝa̋f-a da a̋sk-o alűng-om éna e=ṡőt-a
reindeer-G.s harness-N.s PST=break-IND and sleigh-N.s snow.bank-A.s into PST=plunge-IND


  • 2. ṡ̨a̋ga – become frozen [of snow]
ébi tiiþme̋a nérvi pine̋ȝa. toáru tőm̃o u-ṡ̨a̋ga:
If the temperature drops any lower the snow will become frozen.


ébi tiiþme̋-a nér=vi pı̋n-e̋ȝa toáru tőm̃-o u=ṡ̨a̋g-a-
if temperature-N.s lower-ADV decrease-SUB then snow-N.s FUT=become.frozen.IND


  • 3. kı̋rmo – thin covering of snow
m̃isőntes kirmős ha pa̋a̋u e-ma̋ƣa:
Because of the thin covering of snow, the bison were able to forage.
m̃isőnt-es kirm-ős ha pa̋a̋-u e=ma̋ƣ-a
bison-N.p thin.covering.of.snow-G.s because.of forage-SUP PST=be.able-IND


  • 4. ke̋rto – frozen crust on snow
ébi ke̋rto kéþu ba̋ro vuue̋ȝa mee. m̃isőntes ȝa̋fu ma̋ƣa:
If the frozen crust is not too thick, the bison can break through.
ébi ke̋rt-o kéþu ba̋r-o vuu-e̋ȝa mee m̃isőnt-es ȝa̋f-u ma̋ƣ-a
if frozen.crust-N.s too thick-N.s be.SBJ not bison-N.p break-SUP be.able-IND


  • 5. lűűfo – falling snow
lűűfo t̨áárvi leitős k̬éno le̋isom u-ka̋ða:
The falling snow will soon cover any trace of the crime.
lűűf-o t̨áár-vi leit-ős k̬éno-Ø le̋is-om u=ka̋ð-a
falling.snow-N.s short-ADV crime-G.s any-ABS trace-A.s FUT=cover-IND


  • 6. luufpa̋vo – snow flake
ne̋o d̬ő luufpa̋von sőmo b̨őrom ƣe̋vu na̋mu ke̋no e̋sa:
It’s hard to believe that no two snow flakes have the same shape.
neo-Ø d̬o luuf-pa̋v-on sőmo-Ø b̨őr-om ƣe̋v-u na̋m-u ke̋n-o e̋s-a
no-ABS two snow-flake-A.p same-ABS shape-A.s have-SUP believe-SUP hard-N.s be.IND


  • 7. műƣro – soft snow
méti le̋xm̃e műƣrom éva e-pe̋da. šóóðvi e-főőla:
When the puppy stepped onto the soft snow, he fell through.
méti le̋xm̃-e műƣr-om éva e=pe̋d-a šóóð=vi e=főől-a
when puppy-N.s soft.snow-A.s onto PST=step-IND through=ADV PST=fall-IND


  • 8. m̃a̋ṡo – wet snow
m̃aṡős te̋lo vőutom vı̋ru e-f̨űða:
The weight of the wet snow caused the tent to collapse.
m̃aṡ-ős te̋l-o vőut-om vir-u e=f̨űð-a
wet.snow-G.s weight-N.s tent-A.s collapse-SUP PST=cause-IND


  • 9. m̃őpo – sleeping hole in the snow
ƣoosiɠős éna la̋vaþu ȝuþne̋ðlu la̋a̋tam m̃őpom e-vőða:
Caught in the blizzard, the hiker dug a sleeping hole in the snow for the night.
ƣoo=siɠ-ős éna la̋v-a-þu-Ø ȝuþ-ne̋ð-l-u la̋a̋t-am m̃őp-om e=vőð-a
INT=snow.storm-G.s in catch-IND-PP-ABS roam-walk-AG-N.s night-A.s sleeping.hole-A.s PST=dig-IND


  • 10. pőm̌a – walk with difficulty through snow, sand, brush, etc.
i-tőm̃o kéþu ṡa̋lo vűűa. ƥúvi m̃us nom šóóða u-pom̌a:
This snow is so deep we will have trouble walking through it.
i=tőm̃-o kéþu ṡa̋l-o vűű-a ṗúvi m̃-us n-om šóóða u=pom̌-a
this=snow-N.s too deep-N.s be-IND that 1p-N 3-A.s through FUT=walk-IND


  • 11. rı̋no – snow on trees
sáámi rı̋no gőbo vűűa. ébi kéþu me̋e̋o vuule̋ȝa. toáru ża̋vos u-ȝa̋fa:
Although the snow on the trees is beautiful, too much and the branches will break.
sáámi rı̋n-o gőb-o vűű-a ébi kéþu me̋e̋-o vuul-e̋ȝa ża̋v-os u=ȝa̋f-a
although snow.on.trees-N.s beautiful-N.s be.SBJ if too much-N.s there.be-IND branch-N.p FUT=break-IND
  • 12. sı̋go – snow storm
sı̋go e-műla da no-leisős éna nűm ne̋ṡun e-te̋m̃a:
The snow storm passed leaving nine dead in its wake.
sı̋g-o e=műl-a da no=leis-ős éna nűm ne̋ṡ-un e=te̋m̃-a
snow.storm-N.s PST=pass-IND and its=wake-G.s in nine dead-A.p PST=leave-IND


  • 13. sőso – muddy snow
ne dóm̃vi pósi sı̋ɠo e-mŭműla. űde' sosős tőm̃om e-űűlba:
Not long after the snow storm passed, the yaks had turned the fallen snow into muddy snow.
ne dóm̃=vi pósi sı̋ɠ-o e=mŭ~műl-a űd-e-' sos-ős tőm̃-om e=ű~űlb-a
not long=ADV after snow.storm-N.s PST=PRF~pass-IND yak-N.p-ELIS muddy.snow-G.s fallen.snow-A.s PST=PRF~turn.into-IND


Ice

  • 14. haþȝe̋go – thin coating of ice on rock
haþȝe̋gom na̋kantu ne furm̃űűrlu e-pı̋za da nu-kűndom éna e-na̋a̋la:
Not seeing the ice on the rock, the ranger slipped and landed on his butt.
haþȝe̋g-om na̋k-a-ntu-Ø ne fur-m̃űűr-l-u e=pı̋z-a da nu=kűnd-om éna e=na̋a̋l-a
thin.coating-A.s see-IND-AP-ABS not forest-protect-AG-N.s PST=slip-IND and his-butt-A.s on PST=land-IND


  • 15. ȝe̋go – ice
m̃e̋ƣo paavős éna ȝegős ha ha̋iṡim þóósa e-pı̋za:
Because of the ice on the road the car slid into the tree.
m̃e̋ƣ-o paav-ős éna ȝeg-ős ha ha̋iṡ-im þóósa e=pı̋z-a
car-N.s road-G.s on ice-G.s because.of tree-A.s into PST=slip-IND


  • 16. ȝeƣǧa̋ro – iceberg
v̌eeþ̈a̋fo te̋pu hőőle mare̋m éna mĭme̋e̋o ȝeƣǧa̋ron sa̋isa:
Global warming is producing more icebergs in the polar seas.
v̌eeþ-þa̋fo-Ø te̋p-u hőőle-Ø mar-e̋m éna mĭ~me̋e̋o-Ø ȝeƣ.ǧa̋r-on sa̋is-a
world-wide-ABS warming-SUP polar-ABS sea-G.p in ELT~many-ABS ice.mountain-A.p produce-IND


  • 17. kaȝe̋mƣo – shore ice
me̋m̃anta hema̋s. kaȝe̋mƣo ba̋ro e-ı̋la:
As winter progressed the shore ice became thicker.
me̋m̃-a-nta-Ø hem-a̋s kaȝe̋mƣ-o ba̋r-o e=ı̋l-a
progress-IND-AP-ABS winter-G.s shore.ice-N.s thick-N.s PST=become-IND


  • 18. kűro – ice floe
ze̋e̋me: me̋e̋o kűros na̋a̋utam na̋a̋m̃ram u-kı̋a:
Be careful! The many ice floes will make navigation hazardous.
ze̋e̋m-e me̋e̋o-Ø kűr-os na̋a̋ut-am na̋a̋m̃r-am u=kı̋-a
be.careful-IMP many-ABS ice.floe-N.p navigation-A.s hazardous-A.s FUT-make-IND


  • 19. nila̋ƣo – freshwater ice
nilaƣős zı̋nu todantős. ve̋vres he̋mam de̋e̋a:
When the ice begins to form, the beavers settle in for the winter.
nilaƣ-ős zı̋n-u tod-a-nt-ős ve̋vr-es he̋m-am de̋e̋-a
freshwater.ice-G.s form-SUP begin-IND-AP-G.s beaver-N.p winter-A.s settle-IND


  • 20. őőko – ice hole
m̃us i-he̋man ookő' šóóða mı̋ı̋n-' u-ma̋a̋ƣa:
This winter we can fish through a hole in the ice.
m̃-us i=hem-a̋s ook-ő-' šóóða mı̋ı̋n-' u=ma̋a̋ƣ-a
1p-N this=winter-G.s ice.hole-G.s-ELIS through fish-ELIS FUT=be.able-IND


  • 21. puskűro – pack ice
puskűro aiveƣe̋m éra ba̋a̋go uuðzı̋danto ðe̋e̋o e-vűűa:
The pack ice was the perfect hauling-out place for the walruses.
puskűr-o aiveƣ-e̋m éra ba̋a̋go-Ø uuð-zı̋d-a-nto-Ø ðe̋e̋-o e=vűű-a
pack.ice-N.s walrus-G.p for perfect-ABS out-haul-IND-AP-ABS place-N.s PST=be.IND


  • 22. sűðo – frost
mu i-aaȝa̋s ȝeerős þűnto sűðom e-na̋ka:
This morning I saw the first frost of the season.
m-u i=aaȝ-a̋s ȝeer-ős þűnto-Ø sűð-om e=na̋k-a
1s-N this=morning-G.s season-G.s first-ABS frost-A.s PST=see-IND


  • 23. s̨őmo – hoarfrost
la̋a̋ta ȝe̋xak̬e sőȝak̬' e-vűűa. sááru s̨őmo aaȝa̋s ta̋lem éva e-vűűla:
The night was clear and cold, so there was hoarfrost on the ground in the morning.
la̋a̋t-a ȝe̋x-a=k̬e sőȝ-a=k̬-' e=vűű-a sááru ṡőm-o aaȝ-a̋s ta̋l-em éva e=vűűl-a
night-N.s clear-N.s=and cold-N.s=and PST=be-IND so hoarfrost-N.s morning-G.s ground-A.s on PST=there.be-IND


  • 24. s̨űngo – frazil ice, slush
s̨ungős ka̋ȝa m̃ús o ma̋rem t̨áárvi űɫaþem u-ı̋lu te̋e̋a:
The appearance of frazil ice tells us that the sea will soon be frozen over.
ṡung-ős ka̋ȝ-a m̃-ús o ma̋r-em t̨áárvi űɫ-a-þ-em u=ı̋l-u te̋e̋-a
frazil.ice-G.s appearance-N.s 1p-G to sea-A.s short-ADV freeze-IND-PP-A.s FUT=become-SUP tell-IND
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