Senjecas snow & ice: Difference between revisions

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m (Orthography revisions. Glossing abbreviations added.)
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*The winters of Sefdaania are heavy with snow and ice. As a result there are many words naming various aspects of these two wintry visitors.
===Glossing abbreviations===
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|1s/p = first person singular/plural
|V(.s/p) = vocative (singular/plural)
|CAUS = [[Wikipedia:Causative|causative]]
|EQU = equative degree
|INS = instrument
|Q = [[Wikipedia:Interrogative word|interrogative particle]]
|-
|2s/p = second person singular/plural
|ABS = absolutive (an unmarked modifying adjective)
|DES = [[Wikipedia:Desiderative mood|desiderative]]
|F = feminine
|INT = intensive prefix
|QUOT = direct quotation
|-
|3 = third person
|ADV = adverb
|DIM = diminutive
|FRQ = [[Wikipedia:Frequentative|frequentative]]
|M = masculine
|REL = [[Wikipedia:Relativizer|relativizer]]
|-
|4 = [[Wikipedia:Obviative|fourth person]]
|AG = [[Wikipedia:Agent (grammar)|agent]]
|ELIS = [[Wikipedia:Elision|elision]]
|FUT = future
|PP = patient (past) participle
|RPRF = recent perfective
|-
|A(.s/p) = accusative (singular/plural)
|AP = agent (active) participle
|EP = [[Wikipedia:Epenthesis#As a grammatical rule|epenthesis]]
|IMP = imperative
|PRF = perfect
|SBJ = subjunctive
|-
|G(.s/p) = genitive (singular/plural)
|AUG = augmentative
|ELT = [[Wikipedia:Elative|elative]]
|INC = [[Wikipedia:Inchoative aspect|inchoative]]
|PRV = [[Wikipedia:Privative|privative prefix]]
|SUP = [[Wikipedia:Supine|supine]]
|-
|N(.s/p) = nominative (singular/plural)
|
|
|IND = indicative
|PST = past
|
|}
|}


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===Snow===
===Snow===
*1. '''alűngo''' – snow bank
*1. '''alűngo''' – snow bank
::'''gore̋s de̋xlo e-ȝa̋fa d' a̋sko alűngom éna e- cőta:'''
'''gore̋s de̋xlo e-ȝa̋fa da a̋sko alűngom éna e-cőta:'''
::The reindeer’s harness broke and the sleigh plunged into the snow bank.
The reindeer’s harness broke and the sleigh plunged into the snow bank.


:{|class=wikitable
{|class=wikitable
!gor-e̋s||de̋xl-o||e=ȝa̋f-a||d-'||a̋sk-o||alűng-om||éna||e=cőt-a
!gor-e̋s||de̋xl-o||e=ȝa̋f-a||da||a̋sk-o||alűng-om||éna||e=ṡőt-a
|-
|-
|reindeer-GEN.SG||harness-NOM.SG||PST=break-IND||and-EL||sleigh-NOM.SG||snow.bank-ACC.SG||into||PST=plunge-IND
|reindeer-G.s||harness-N.s||PST=break-IND||and||sleigh-N.s||snow.bank-A.s||into||PST=plunge-IND
|}
|}


*2. '''ċa̋ga''' – become frozen [''of snow'']
::'''ébi tįþme̋a nérvi pı̋no. toáru tőƿo u-ċa̋ga:'''
::If the temperature drops any lower the snow will become frozen.


:{|class=wikitable
*2. '''ṡ̨a̋ga''' – become frozen [''of snow'']
!ébi||tįþme̋-a||nér=vi||pı̋n-o||toáru||tőƿ-o||u=ċa̋g-a-
*'''ébi tiiþme̋a nérvi pine̋ȝa. toáru tőm̃o u-ṡ̨a̋ga:'''
*If the temperature drops any lower the snow will become frozen.
 
 
{|class=wikitable
!ébi||tiiþme̋-a||nér=vi||pı̋n-e̋ȝ-a||toáru||tőm̃-o||u=ṡ̨a̋g-a-
|-
|-
|if||temperature-NOM.SG||lower-ADV||decrease-SUB||then||snow-NOM.SG||FUT=become.frozen.IND
|if||temperature-N.s||lower-ADV||decrease-SUB-IND||then||snow-N.s||FUT=become.frozen.IND
|}
|}


*3. '''kı̋rmo''' – thin covering of snow
*3. '''kı̋rmo''' – thin covering of snow
::'''ƿisőntes kirmős ha pą̋u e-mą̋ᵹa:'''
*'''m̃isőntes kirmős ha pa̋a̋u e-ma̋ƣa:'''
::Because of the thin covering of snow, the bison were able to forage.
*Because of the thin covering of snow, the bison were able to forage.


:{|class=wikitable
{|class=wikitable
!ƿisőnt-es||kirm-ős||ha||pą̋-u||e=mą̋ᵹ-a
!m̃isőnt-es||kirm-ős||ha||pa̋a̋-u||e=ma̋ƣ-a
|-
|-
|bison-NOM.PL||thin.covering.of.snow-GEN.SG||because.of||forage-SUP||PST=be.able
|bison-N.p||thin.covering.of.snow-G.s||because.of||forage-SUP||PST=be.able-IND
|}
|}


*4. '''ke̋rto''' – frozen crust on snow
*4. '''ke̋rto''' – frozen crust on snow
::'''ébi ke̋rto kéþu ba̋ro vų̋o mę. ƿisőntes ȝa̋fu mą̋ᵹa:'''
*'''ébi ke̋rto kéþu ba̋ro vuue̋ȝa mee. m̃isőntes ȝa̋fu ma̋ƣa:'''
::If the frozen crust is not too thick, the bison can break through.
*If the frozen crust is not too thick, the bison can break through.


:{|class=wikitable
{|class=wikitable
!ébi||ke̋rt-o||kéþu||ba̋r-o||vų̋-o||mę||ƿisőnt-es||ȝa̋f-u||mą̋ᵹ-a
!ébi||ke̋rt-o||kéþu||ba̋r-o||vuu-e̋ȝ-a||mee||m̃isőnt-es||ȝa̋f-u||ma̋ƣ-a
|-
|-
|if||frozen.crust-NOM.SG||too||thick-NOM.SG||be.SBJ||not||bison-NOM.PL||break-SUP||be.able-IND
|if||frozen.crust-N.s||too||thick-N.s||be.SBJ-IND||not||bison-N.p||break-SUP||be.able-IND
|}
|}


*5. '''lų̋fo''' – falling snow
::'''lų̋fo ṭą́rvi leitős k̬éno le̋isom u-ka̋ða:'''
::The falling snow will soon cover any trace of the crime.


:{|class=wikitable
*5. '''lűűfo''' – falling snow
!lų̋f-o||ṭą́rvi||leit-ős||k̬éno-Ø||le̋is-om||u=ka̋ð-a
*'''lűűfo t̨áárvi leitős k̬éno le̋isom u-ka̋ða:'''
*The falling snow will soon cover any trace of the crime.
 
{|class=wikitable
!lűűf-o||t̨áár-vi||leit-ős||k̬éno-Ø||le̋is-om||u=ka̋ð-a
|-
|-
|falling.snow-NOM.SG||soon||crime-GEN.SG||any-ABS||trace-ACC.SG||FUT=cover-IND
|falling.snow-N.s||short-ADV||crime-G.s||any-ABS||trace-A.s||FUT=cover-IND
|}
|}


*6. '''lųfpa̋vo''' – snow flake
::'''neo d̬o lųfpa̋von sőmo ḅőrom ᵹe̋vu na̋mu ke̋no e̋sa:'''
::It’s hard to believe that no two snow flakes have the same shape.


:{|class=wikitable
*6. '''luufpa̋vo''' – snow flake
!neo-Ø||d̬o||lųf-pa̋v-on||sőmo-Ø||ḅőr-om||ᵹe̋v-u||na̋m-u||ke̋n-o||e̋s-a
*'''ȝa ne̋o d̬ő luufpa̋von sőmo b̨őrom ƣe̋va—na̋mu ke̋no e̋sa:'''
*It’s hard to believe that no two snow flakes have the same shape.
 
{|class=wikitable
!ȝa||neo-Ø||d̬o||luuf-pa̋v-on||sőmo-Ø||b̨őr-om||ƣe̋v-a||na̋m-u||ke̋n-o||e̋s-a
|-
|-
|no-ABS||two||snow-flake-ACC.PL||same-ABS||shape-ACC.SG||have-SUP||believe-SUP||hard-NOM.SG||be.IND
|REL||no-ABS||two||snow-flake-A.p||same-ABS||shape-A.s||have-IND||believe-SUP||hard-N.s||be.IND
|}
|}


*7. '''műᵹro''' – soft snow
::'''méti le̋xƿe műᵹrom éva e-pe̋da. šǫ́ðvi e-fǫ̋la:'''
::When the puppy stepped onto the soft snow, he fell through.


:{|class=wikitable
*7. '''műƣro''' – soft snow
!méti||le̋xƿ-e||műᵹr-om||éva||e=pe̋d-a||šǫ́ð=vi||e=fǫ̋l-a
*'''méti le̋xm̃e műƣrom éva e-pe̋da. šóóðvi e-főőla:'''
*When the puppy stepped onto the soft snow, he fell through.
 
{|class=wikitable
!méti||le̋xm̃-e||műƣr-om||éva||e=pe̋d-a||šóóð=vi||e=főől-a
|-
|-
|when||puppy-NOM.SG||soft.snow-ACC.SG||onto||PST=step-IND||through=ADV||PST=fall-IND
|when||puppy-N.s||soft.snow-A.s||onto||PST=step-IND||through=ADV||PST=fall-IND
|}
|}


*8. '''ƿa̋co''' – wet snow
::'''ƿacős te̋lo vőutom e-vire̋ȝa:'''
::The weight of the wet snow caused the tent to collapse.


:{|class=wikitable
*8. '''m̃a̋co''' – wet snow
!ƿac-ős||te̋l-o||vőut-om||e=vir-e̋ȝ-a
*'''m̃acős te̋lo vőutom vı̋ru e-f̨űða:'''
*The weight of the wet snow caused the tent to collapse.
 
{|class=wikitable
!m̃ac-ős||te̋l-o||vőut-om||vir-u||e=f̨űð-a
|-
|-
|wet.snow-GEN.SG||weight-NOM.SG||tent-ACC.SG||PST=collapse-CAUS-IND
|wet.snow-G.s||weight-N.s||tent-A.s||collapse-SUP||PST=cause-IND
|}
|}


*9. '''ƿőpo''' – sleeping hole in the snow
::'''ᵹǫsiġős éna la̋vaþu ȝuþne̋ðlu lą̋tam ƿőpom e-vőða:'''
::Caught in the blizzard, the hiker dug a sleeping hole in the snow for the night.


:{|class=wikitable
*9. '''m̃őpo''' – sleeping hole in the snow
!ᵹǫsiġ-ős||éna||la̋v-a-þu-Ø||ȝuþne̋ðl-u||lą̋t-am||ƿőp-om||e=vőð-a
*'''ƣoosiɠős éna la̋vaþu ȝuþne̋ðlu la̋a̋tam m̃őpom e-vőða:'''
ṡaught in the blizzard, the hiker dug a sleeping hole in the snow for the night.
 
{|class=wikitable
!ƣoo=siɠ-ős||éna||la̋v-a-þu-Ø||ȝuþ-ne̋ð-l-u||la̋a̋t-am||m̃őp-om||e=vőð-a
|-
|-
|blizzard-GEN.SG||in||catch-IND-PP-ABS||hiker-NOM.SG||night-ACC.SG||sleeping.hole-ACC.SG||PST=dig-IND
|INT=snow.storm-G.s||in||catch-IND-PP-ABS||roam-walk-AG-N.s||night-A.s||sleeping.hole-A.s||PST=dig-IND
|}
|}


*10. '''pőm̌a''' – walk with difficulty through snow, sand, brush, ''etc.''
*10. '''pőm̌a''' – walk with difficulty through snow, sand, brush, ''etc.''
*'''i-tőm̃o kéþu ṡa̋lo vűűa. ƥúvi m̃us nom šóóða u-pom̌a:'''
*This snow is so deep we will have trouble walking through it.


::'''i-tőƿo kéþu ca̋lo vų̋a. ṗúvi ƿus nom šǫ́ða u-pom̌a:'''
{|class=wikitable
::This snow is so deep we will have trouble walking through it.
!i=tőm̃-o||kéþu||ṡa̋l-o||vűű-a||ṗúvi||m̃-us||n-om||šóóða||u=pom̌-a
 
:{|class=wikitable
!i=tőƿ-o||kéþu||ca̋l-o||vų̋-a||ṗú-vi||ƿ-us||n-om||šǫ́ða||u=pom̌-a
|-
|-
|this=snow-NOM.SG||too||deep-NOM.SG||be-IND||that||1p-NOM||3-ACC.SG||through||FUT=walk-IND
|this=snow-N.s||too||deep-N.s||be-IND||that||1p-N||3-A.s||through||FUT=walk-IND
|}
|}


*11. '''rı̋no''' – snow on trees
*11. '''rı̋no''' – snow on trees
::'''są́mi rı̋no gőbo vų̋a. ébi kéþu mę̋o vų̋lo. ƶa̋vos u-ȝa̋fa:'''
*'''sáámi rı̋no gőbo vűűa. ébi kéþu me̋e̋o vuule̋ȝa. toáru ża̋vos u-ȝa̋fa:'''
::Although the snow on the trees is beautiful, too much and the branches will break.
*Although the snow on the trees is beautiful, too much and the branches will break.


:{|class=wikitable
{|class=wikitable
!są́mi||rı̋n-o||gőb-o||vų̋-a||ébi||kéþu||mę̋-o||vų̋l-o||ƶa̋v-os||u=ȝa̋f-a
!sáámi||rı̋n-o||gőb-o||vűű-a||ébi||kéþu||me̋e̋e̋-o||vuul-e̋ȝ-a||ża̋v-os||u=ȝa̋f-a
|-
|-
|although||snow-NOM.SG||beautiful-NOM.SG||be.IND||if||too||much-NOM.SG||there.be-IND||branch-NOM.PL||FUT=break-IND
|although||snow.on.trees-N.s||beautiful-N.s||be.IND||if||too||much-N.s||there.be-IND||branch-N.p||FUT=break-IND
|}
|}


*12. '''sı̋ġo''' – snow storm
::'''sı̋ġo e-műla da no-leisős éna nűm ne̋cun e-te̋ƿa:'''
::The snow storm passed leaving nine dead in its wake.


:{|class=wikitable
*12. '''sı̋ɠo''' – snow storm
!sı̋ġ-o||e=műl-a||da||no=leis-ős||éna||nűm||ne̋c-un||e=te̋ƿ-a
*'''sı̋ɠo e-műla da no-leisős éna nűm ne̋ṡun e-te̋m̃a:'''
*The snow storm passed leaving nine dead in its wake.
 
{|class=wikitable
!sı̋ɠ-o||e=műl-a||da||no=leis-ős||éna||nűm||ne̋ṡ-un||e=te̋m̃-a
|-
|-
|snow.storm-NOM.SG||PST=pass-IND||and||its=wake-GEN.SG||in||nine||dead-ACC.PL||PST=leave-IND
|snow.storm-N.s||PST=pass-IND||and||its=wake-G.s||in||nine||dead-A.p||PST=leave-IND
|}
|}


*13. '''sőso''' – muddy snow
*13. '''sőso''' – muddy snow
::'''ne dóƿvi pósi sı̋ġo e-műla. űde' sosős éna tőƿom e-ų̋lba:'''
*'''ne dóm̃vi pósi sı̋ɠo e-mÿműla. űde' sosős tőm̃om e-űűlba:'''
::Not long after the snow storm passed, the yaks had turned the fallen snow into muddy snow.
*Not long after the snow storm passed, the yaks had turned the fallen snow into muddy snow.


:{|class=wikitable
{|class=wikitable
!ne||dóƿ=vi||pósi||sı̋ġ-o||e=műl-a||űd-e-'||sos-ős||éna||tőƿ-om||e=ų̋lb-a
!ne||dóm̃=vi||pósi||sı̋ɠ-o||e=mÿ~műl-a||űd-e-'||sos-ős||tőm̃-om||e=ű~űlb-a
|-
|-0
|not||long=ADV||after||snow.storm-NOM.SG||PST=pass-IND||yak-NOM.PL-EL||muddy.snow-GEN.SG||into||fallen.snow-ACC.SG||PST=turn.into-IND
|not||long=ADV||after||snow.storm-N.s||PST=PRF~pass-IND||yak-N.p-ELIS||muddy.snow-G.s||fallen.snow-A.s||PST=PRF~turn.into-IND
|}
|}


===Ice===
===Ice===
*14. '''haþȝe̋go''' – thin coating of ice on rock
*14. '''haþȝe̋go''' – thin coating of ice on rock
::'''haþȝe̋gom na̋kantu n' e-pı̋za da nu-kűndom éna e- ną̋la:'''
*'''haþȝe̋gom na̋kantu ne furm̃űűrlu e-pı̋za da nu-kűndom éna e-na̋a̋la:'''
::Not seeing the ice on the rock, the ranger slipped and landed on his butt.
*Not seeing the ice on the rock, the ranger slipped and landed on his butt.


:{|class=wikitable
{|class=wikitable
!haþȝe̋g-om||na̋k-a-ntu-Ø||n-'||e=pı̋z-a||da||nu=kűnd-om||éna||e=ną̋l-a
!haþȝe̋g-om||na̋k-a-ntu-Ø||ne||fur-m̃űűr-l-u||e=pı̋z-a||da||nu=kűnd-om||éna||e=na̋a̋l-a
|-
|-
|thin.coating-ACC.SG||see-IND-AP-ABS||not-EL||PST=slip-IND||and||his-butt-ACC.SG||on||PST=land-IND
|thin.coating-A.s||see-IND-AP-ABS||not||forest-protect-AG-N.s||PST=slip-IND||and||his-butt-A.s||on||PST=land-IND
|}
|}


*15. '''ȝe̋go''' – ice
*15. '''ȝe̋go''' – ice
::'''ƿe̋ᵹo pąvős éna ȝegős ha ha̋icim þǫ́sa e-pı̋za:'''
*'''m̃e̋ƣo paavős éna ȝegős ha ha̋iṡim þóósa e-pı̋za:'''
::Because of the ice on the road the car slid into the tree.
*Because of the ice on the road the car slid into the tree.


:{|class=wikitable
{|class=wikitable
!ƿe̋ᵹ-o||pąv-ős||éna||ȝeg-ős||ha||ha̋ic-im||þǫ́sa||e=pı̋z-a
!m̃e̋ƣ-o||paav-ős||éna||ȝeg-ős||ha||ha̋iṡ-im||þóósa||e=pı̋z-a
|-
|-
|car-NOM.SG||road-GEN.SG||on||ice-GEN.SG||because.of||tree-ACC.SG||into||PST=slip-IND
|car-N.s||road-G.s||on||ice-G.s||because.of||tree-A.s||into||PST=slip-IND
|}
|}


*16. '''ȝeᵹǧa̋ro''' – iceberg
::'''v̌ęþ̨̨a̋fo te̋pu hǫ̋le mare̋m éna mımę̋o ȝeᵹǧa̋ron sa̋isa:'''
::Global warming is producing more icebergs in the polar seas.


:{|class=wikitable
*16. '''ȝeƣǧa̋ro''' – iceberg
!v̌ęþ-þ̨̨a̋fo-Ø||te̋p-u||hǫ̋le-Ø||mar-e̋m||éna||mı~mę̋o-Ø||ȝeᵹǧa̋r-on||sa̋is-a
*'''v̌eeþ̈a̋fo te̋pu hőőle mare̋m éna mïme̋e̋o ȝeƣǧa̋ron sa̋isa:'''
*Global warming is producing more icebergs in the polar seas.
 
{|class=wikitable
!v̌eeþ-þa̋fo-Ø||te̋p-u||hőőle-Ø||mar-e̋m||éna||mï~me̋e̋o-Ø||ȝeƣ.ǧa̋r-on||sa̋is-a
|-
|-
|world-wide-ABS||warming-SUP||polar-ABS||sea-GEN.PL||in||CPAR~many-ABS||iceberb-ACC.PL||produce-IND
|world-wide-ABS||warming-SUP||polar-ABS||sea-G.p||in||ELT~many-ABS||ice.mountain-A.p||produce-IND
|}
|}


*17. '''kaȝe̋mᵹo''' – shore ice
::'''méti he̋ma e-me̋ƿa. kaȝe̋mᵹo ba̋ro e-ı̋la:'''
::As winter progressed the shore ice became thicker.


:{|class=wikitable
*17. '''kaȝe̋mƣo''' – shore ice
!méti||he̋m-a||e=me̋ƿ-a||kaȝe̋mᵹ-o||ba̋r-o||e=ı̋l-a
*'''me̋m̃anta hema̋s. kaȝe̋mƣo ba̋ro e-ı̋la:'''
*As winter progressed the shore ice became thicker.
 
{|class=wikitable
!me̋m̃-a-nta-Ø||hem-a̋s||kaȝe̋mƣ-o||ba̋r-o||e=ı̋l-a
|-
|-
|as||winter-NOM.SG||PST=progress-IND||shore.ice-NOM.SG||thick-NOM.SG||PST=become-IND
|progress-IND-AP-ABS||winter-G.s||shore.ice-N.s||thick-N.s||PST=become-IND
|}
|}


*18. '''kűro''' – ice floe
*18. '''kűro''' – ice floe
::'''zę̋me: mę̋o kűros ną̋utam ną̋ƿam u-kı̋a:'''
*'''ze̋e̋me: me̋e̋o kűros na̋a̋utam na̋a̋m̃ram u-kı̋a:'''
::Be careful!  The many ice floes will make navigation hazardous.
*Be careful!  The many ice floes will make navigation hazardous.


:{|class=wikitable
{|class=wikitable
!zę̋m-e||mę̋o-Ø||kűr-os||ną̋ut-am||ną̋ƿ-am||u=kı̋-a
!ze̋e̋m-e||me̋e̋o-Ø||kűr-os||na̋a̋ut-am||na̋a̋m̃r-am||u=kı̋-a
|-
|-
|be.careful-IMP||many-ABS||ice.floe-NOM.PL||navigation-ACC.SG||hazardous-ACC.SG||FUT-make-IND
|be.careful-IMP||many-ABS||ice.floe-N.p||navigation-A.s||hazardous-A.s||FUT-make-IND
|}
|}


*19. '''nila̋ᵹo''' – freshwater ice
::'''méti nila̋ᵹo zı̋nu tőda. ve̋vres he̋mam dę̋a:'''
::When the ice begins to form, the beavers settle in for the winter.


:{|class=wikitable
*19. '''nila̋ƣo''' – freshwater ice
!méti||nila̋ᵹ-o||zı̋n-u||tőd-a||ve̋vr-es||he̋m-am||dę̋-a
*'''nilaƣős zı̋nu tődantős. ve̋vres he̋mam de̋e̋a:'''
*When the ice begins to form, the beavers settle in for the winter.
 
{|class=wikitable
!nila̋ƣ-ős||zı̋n-u||tőd-a-nt-ős||ve̋vr-es||he̋m-am||de̋e̋-a
|-
|-
|when||freshwater.ice-NOM.SG||form-SUP||begin-IND||beaver-NOM.PL||winter-ACC.SG||settle-IND
|freshwater.ice-G.s||form-SUP||begin-IND-AP-G.s||beaver-N.p||winter-A.s||settle-IND
|}
|}


*20. '''ǫ̋ko''' – ice hole
::'''ƿus i-hema̋s ȝegős éna ǫkő' šǫ́ða mı̨̋n-' u-mą̋ga:'''
::This winter we can fish through a hole in the ice.


:{|class=wikitable
*20. '''őőko''' – ice hole
!ƿ-us||i=hem-a̋s||ȝeg-ős||éna||ǫk-ő-'||šǫ́ða||mı̨̋n-'||u=mą̋ᵹ-a
*'''m̃us i-hema̋s ookő' šóóða mı̋ı̋n-' u-ma̋ƣa:'''
*This winter we can fish through a hole in the ice.
 
{|class=wikitable
!m̃-us||i=hem-a̋s||ook-ő-'||šóóða||mı̋ı̋n-'||u=ma̋a̋ƣ-a
|-
|-
|1p-NOM||this=winter-GEN.SG||ice-GEN.SG||in||ice.hole-GEN.SG-EL||through||fish-EL||FUT=be.able-IND
|1p-N||this=winter-G.s||ice.hole-G.s-ELIS||through||fish-ELIS||FUT=be.able-IND
|}
|}


*21. '''puskűro''' – pack ice
*21. '''puskűro''' – pack ice
::'''puskűro aiveᵹe̋m éra bą̋go ųðzı̋danto ðę̋o e-vų̋a:'''
*'''puskűro aiveƣe̋m éra ba̋a̋go uuðzı̋danto ðe̋e̋o e-vűűa:'''
::The pack ice was the perfect hauling-out place for the walruses.
*The pack ice was the perfect hauling-out place for the walruses.


:{|class=wikitable
{|class=wikitable
!puskűr-o||aiveᵹ-e̋m||éra||bą̋go-Ø||ųð-zı̋d-a-nto-Ø||ðę̋-o||e=vų̋-a
!puskűr-o||aiveƣ-e̋m||éra||ba̋a̋go-Ø||uuð-zı̋d-a-nto-Ø||ðe̋e̋-o||e=vűű-a
|-
|-
|pack.ice-NOM.SG||walrus-GEN.PL||for||perfect-ABS||out-haul-IND-AP-ABS||place-NOM.SG||PST=be.IND
|pack.ice-N.s||walrus-G.p||for||perfect-ABS||out-haul-IND-AP-ABS||place-N.s||PST=be.IND
|}
|}


*22. '''sűðo''' – frost
*22. '''sűðo''' – frost
::'''mu i-ąȝa̋s ȝęrős se̋mto sűðom e-na̋ka:'''
*'''mu i-aaȝa̋s ȝeerős þűnto sűðom e-na̋ka:'''
::This morning I saw the first frost of the season.
*This morning I saw the first frost of the season.


:{|class=wikitable
{|class=wikitable
!m-u||i=ąȝ-a̋s||ȝęr-ő-'||se̋mto-Ø||sűð-om||e=na̋k-a
!m-u||i=aaȝ-a̋s||ȝeer-ős||þűnto-Ø||sűð-om||e=na̋k-a
|-
|-
|1s-NOM||this=morning-GEN.SG||season-GEN.SG-EL||first-ABS||frost-ACC.SG||PST=see-IND
|1s-N||this=morning-G.s||season-G.s||first-ABS||frost-A.s||PST=see-IND
|}
|}


*23. '''ṡőmo''' – hoarfrost
::'''lą̋ta ȝe̋xak̬e sőȝak̬' e-vų̋a. są́ru ṡőmo ąȝa̋s ta̋lem éva e-vų̋la:'''
::The night was clear and cold, so there was hoarfrost on the ground in the morning.


:{|class=wikitable
*23. '''s̨őmo''' – hoarfrost
!lą̋t-a||ȝe̋x-a=k̬e||sőȝ-a=k̬-'||e=vų̋-a||są́ru||ṡőm-o||ąȝ-a̋s||ta̋l-em||éva||e=vų̋l-a
*'''la̋a̋ta ȝe̋xak̬e sőȝak̬' e-vűűa. sááru s̨őmo aaȝa̋s ta̋lem éva e-vűűla:'''
*The night was clear and cold, so there was hoarfrost on the ground in the morning.
 
{|class=wikitable
!la̋a̋t-a||ȝe̋x-a=k̬e||sőȝ-a=k̬-'||e=vűű-a||sááru||ṡőm-o||aaȝ-a̋s||ta̋l-em||éva||e=vűűl-a
|-
|-
|night-NOM.SG||clear-NOM.SG=and||cold-NOM.SG=and||PST=be-IND||so||hoarfrost-NOM.SG||morning-GEN.SG||ground-ACC.SG||on||PST=there.be-IND
|night-N.s||clear-N.s=and||cold-N.s=and||PST=be-IND||so||hoarfrost-N.s||morning-G.s||ground-A.s||on||PST=there.be-IND
|}
|}


*24. '''ṡűngo''' – frazil ice, slush
::'''ṡungős ka̋ȝa ƿús o ma̋rem ṭą́rvi űłaþem u-ı̋lu:'''
::The appearance of frazil ice tells us that the sea will soon be frozen over.


:{|class=wikitable
*24. '''s̨űngo''' – frazil ice, slush
!ṡung-ős||ka̋ȝ-a||ƿ-ús||o||ma̋r-em||ṭą́rvi||űł-a-þ-em||u=ı̋l-u
*'''s̨ungős ka̋ȝa m̃ús o ma̋rem t̨áárvi űɫaþem u-ı̋lu te̋e̋a:'''
*The appearance of frazil ice tells us that the sea will soon be frozen over.
 
{|class=wikitable
!ṡung-ős||ka̋ȝ-a||m̃-ús||o||ma̋r-em||t̨áárvi||űɫ-a-þ-em||u=ı̋l-u||te̋e̋-a
|-
|-
|frazil.ice-GEN.SG||appearance-NOM.SG||1p-GEN||to||sea-ACC.SG||soon||freeze-IND-PP-ACC.SG||FUT=become-SUP
|frazil.ice-G.s||appearance-N.s||1p-G||to||sea-A.s||short-ADV||freeze-IND-PP-A.s||FUT=become-SUP||tell-IND
|}
|}

Revision as of 17:42, 29 March 2017

Pronunciation table

p b f v m̃ m t d þ ð ɫ l ṡ ż s z r n k g x ƣ h ȝ š s̨ i e a õ o u ï ë ÿ
/p/ /b/ /ɸ/ /β/ /m̥/ /m/ /t/ /d/ /θ/ /ð/ /l̥/ /l/ /ʦ/ /ʣ/ /s/ /z/ /ɾ̥/ /n/ /k/ /g/ /ç/ /ʝ/ /j̊/ /j/ /sʷ/ /sʲ/ /i/ /e/ /ä/ /ɒ/ /o/ /u/ /ɪ/ /ɛ/ /ʊ/
  • The winters of Sefdaania are heavy with snow and ice. As a result there are many words naming various aspects of these two wintry visitors.

Glossing abbreviations

1s/p = first person singular/plural V(.s/p) = vocative (singular/plural) CAUS = causative EQU = equative degree INS = instrument Q = interrogative particle
2s/p = second person singular/plural ABS = absolutive (an unmarked modifying adjective) DES = desiderative F = feminine INT = intensive prefix QUOT = direct quotation
3 = third person ADV = adverb DIM = diminutive FRQ = frequentative M = masculine REL = relativizer
4 = fourth person AG = agent ELIS = elision FUT = future PP = patient (past) participle RPRF = recent perfective
A(.s/p) = accusative (singular/plural) AP = agent (active) participle EP = epenthesis IMP = imperative PRF = perfect SBJ = subjunctive
G(.s/p) = genitive (singular/plural) AUG = augmentative ELT = elative INC = inchoative PRV = privative prefix SUP = supine
N(.s/p) = nominative (singular/plural) IND = indicative PST = past


Snow

  • 1. alűngo – snow bank

gore̋s de̋xlo e-ȝa̋fa da a̋sko alűngom éna e-cőta: The reindeer’s harness broke and the sleigh plunged into the snow bank.

gor-e̋s de̋xl-o e=ȝa̋f-a da a̋sk-o alűng-om éna e=ṡőt-a
reindeer-G.s harness-N.s PST=break-IND and sleigh-N.s snow.bank-A.s into PST=plunge-IND


  • 2. ṡ̨a̋ga – become frozen [of snow]
  • ébi tiiþme̋a nérvi pine̋ȝa. toáru tőm̃o u-ṡ̨a̋ga:
  • If the temperature drops any lower the snow will become frozen.


ébi tiiþme̋-a nér=vi pı̋n-e̋ȝ-a toáru tőm̃-o u=ṡ̨a̋g-a-
if temperature-N.s lower-ADV decrease-SUB-IND then snow-N.s FUT=become.frozen.IND


  • 3. kı̋rmo – thin covering of snow
  • m̃isőntes kirmős ha pa̋a̋u e-ma̋ƣa:
  • Because of the thin covering of snow, the bison were able to forage.
m̃isőnt-es kirm-ős ha pa̋a̋-u e=ma̋ƣ-a
bison-N.p thin.covering.of.snow-G.s because.of forage-SUP PST=be.able-IND


  • 4. ke̋rto – frozen crust on snow
  • ébi ke̋rto kéþu ba̋ro vuue̋ȝa mee. m̃isőntes ȝa̋fu ma̋ƣa:
  • If the frozen crust is not too thick, the bison can break through.
ébi ke̋rt-o kéþu ba̋r-o vuu-e̋ȝ-a mee m̃isőnt-es ȝa̋f-u ma̋ƣ-a
if frozen.crust-N.s too thick-N.s be.SBJ-IND not bison-N.p break-SUP be.able-IND


  • 5. lűűfo – falling snow
  • lűűfo t̨áárvi leitős k̬éno le̋isom u-ka̋ða:
  • The falling snow will soon cover any trace of the crime.
lűűf-o t̨áár-vi leit-ős k̬éno-Ø le̋is-om u=ka̋ð-a
falling.snow-N.s short-ADV crime-G.s any-ABS trace-A.s FUT=cover-IND


  • 6. luufpa̋vo – snow flake
  • ȝa ne̋o d̬ő luufpa̋von sőmo b̨őrom ƣe̋va—na̋mu ke̋no e̋sa:
  • It’s hard to believe that no two snow flakes have the same shape.
ȝa neo-Ø d̬o luuf-pa̋v-on sőmo-Ø b̨őr-om ƣe̋v-a na̋m-u ke̋n-o e̋s-a
REL no-ABS two snow-flake-A.p same-ABS shape-A.s have-IND believe-SUP hard-N.s be.IND


  • 7. műƣro – soft snow
  • méti le̋xm̃e műƣrom éva e-pe̋da. šóóðvi e-főőla:
  • When the puppy stepped onto the soft snow, he fell through.
méti le̋xm̃-e műƣr-om éva e=pe̋d-a šóóð=vi e=főől-a
when puppy-N.s soft.snow-A.s onto PST=step-IND through=ADV PST=fall-IND


  • 8. m̃a̋co – wet snow
  • m̃acős te̋lo vőutom vı̋ru e-f̨űða:
  • The weight of the wet snow caused the tent to collapse.
m̃ac-ős te̋l-o vőut-om vir-u e=f̨űð-a
wet.snow-G.s weight-N.s tent-A.s collapse-SUP PST=cause-IND


  • 9. m̃őpo – sleeping hole in the snow
  • ƣoosiɠős éna la̋vaþu ȝuþne̋ðlu la̋a̋tam m̃őpom e-vőða:

ṡaught in the blizzard, the hiker dug a sleeping hole in the snow for the night.

ƣoo=siɠ-ős éna la̋v-a-þu-Ø ȝuþ-ne̋ð-l-u la̋a̋t-am m̃őp-om e=vőð-a
INT=snow.storm-G.s in catch-IND-PP-ABS roam-walk-AG-N.s night-A.s sleeping.hole-A.s PST=dig-IND


  • 10. pőm̌a – walk with difficulty through snow, sand, brush, etc.
  • i-tőm̃o kéþu ṡa̋lo vűűa. ƥúvi m̃us nom šóóða u-pom̌a:
  • This snow is so deep we will have trouble walking through it.
i=tőm̃-o kéþu ṡa̋l-o vűű-a ṗúvi m̃-us n-om šóóða u=pom̌-a
this=snow-N.s too deep-N.s be-IND that 1p-N 3-A.s through FUT=walk-IND


  • 11. rı̋no – snow on trees
  • sáámi rı̋no gőbo vűűa. ébi kéþu me̋e̋o vuule̋ȝa. toáru ża̋vos u-ȝa̋fa:
  • Although the snow on the trees is beautiful, too much and the branches will break.
sáámi rı̋n-o gőb-o vűű-a ébi kéþu me̋e̋e̋-o vuul-e̋ȝ-a ża̋v-os u=ȝa̋f-a
although snow.on.trees-N.s beautiful-N.s be.IND if too much-N.s there.be-IND branch-N.p FUT=break-IND


  • 12. sı̋ɠo – snow storm
  • sı̋ɠo e-műla da no-leisős éna nűm ne̋ṡun e-te̋m̃a:
  • The snow storm passed leaving nine dead in its wake.
sı̋ɠ-o e=műl-a da no=leis-ős éna nűm ne̋ṡ-un e=te̋m̃-a
snow.storm-N.s PST=pass-IND and its=wake-G.s in nine dead-A.p PST=leave-IND


  • 13. sőso – muddy snow
  • ne dóm̃vi pósi sı̋ɠo e-mÿműla. űde' sosős tőm̃om e-űűlba:
  • Not long after the snow storm passed, the yaks had turned the fallen snow into muddy snow.
ne dóm̃=vi pósi sı̋ɠ-o e=mÿ~műl-a űd-e-' sos-ős tőm̃-om e=ű~űlb-a
not long=ADV after snow.storm-N.s PST=PRF~pass-IND yak-N.p-ELIS muddy.snow-G.s fallen.snow-A.s PST=PRF~turn.into-IND


Ice

  • 14. haþȝe̋go – thin coating of ice on rock
  • haþȝe̋gom na̋kantu ne furm̃űűrlu e-pı̋za da nu-kűndom éna e-na̋a̋la:
  • Not seeing the ice on the rock, the ranger slipped and landed on his butt.
haþȝe̋g-om na̋k-a-ntu-Ø ne fur-m̃űűr-l-u e=pı̋z-a da nu=kűnd-om éna e=na̋a̋l-a
thin.coating-A.s see-IND-AP-ABS not forest-protect-AG-N.s PST=slip-IND and his-butt-A.s on PST=land-IND


  • 15. ȝe̋go – ice
  • m̃e̋ƣo paavős éna ȝegős ha ha̋iṡim þóósa e-pı̋za:
  • Because of the ice on the road the car slid into the tree.
m̃e̋ƣ-o paav-ős éna ȝeg-ős ha ha̋iṡ-im þóósa e=pı̋z-a
car-N.s road-G.s on ice-G.s because.of tree-A.s into PST=slip-IND


  • 16. ȝeƣǧa̋ro – iceberg
  • v̌eeþ̈a̋fo te̋pu hőőle mare̋m éna mïme̋e̋o ȝeƣǧa̋ron sa̋isa:
  • Global warming is producing more icebergs in the polar seas.
v̌eeþ-þa̋fo-Ø te̋p-u hőőle-Ø mar-e̋m éna mï~me̋e̋o-Ø ȝeƣ.ǧa̋r-on sa̋is-a
world-wide-ABS warming-SUP polar-ABS sea-G.p in ELT~many-ABS ice.mountain-A.p produce-IND


  • 17. kaȝe̋mƣo – shore ice
  • me̋m̃anta hema̋s. kaȝe̋mƣo ba̋ro e-ı̋la:
  • As winter progressed the shore ice became thicker.
me̋m̃-a-nta-Ø hem-a̋s kaȝe̋mƣ-o ba̋r-o e=ı̋l-a
progress-IND-AP-ABS winter-G.s shore.ice-N.s thick-N.s PST=become-IND
  • 18. kűro – ice floe
  • ze̋e̋me: me̋e̋o kűros na̋a̋utam na̋a̋m̃ram u-kı̋a:
  • Be careful! The many ice floes will make navigation hazardous.
ze̋e̋m-e me̋e̋o-Ø kűr-os na̋a̋ut-am na̋a̋m̃r-am u=kı̋-a
be.careful-IMP many-ABS ice.floe-N.p navigation-A.s hazardous-A.s FUT-make-IND


  • 19. nila̋ƣo – freshwater ice
  • nilaƣős zı̋nu tődantős. ve̋vres he̋mam de̋e̋a:
  • When the ice begins to form, the beavers settle in for the winter.
nila̋ƣ-ős zı̋n-u tőd-a-nt-ős ve̋vr-es he̋m-am de̋e̋-a
freshwater.ice-G.s form-SUP begin-IND-AP-G.s beaver-N.p winter-A.s settle-IND


  • 20. őőko – ice hole
  • m̃us i-hema̋s ookő' šóóða mı̋ı̋n-' u-ma̋ƣa:
  • This winter we can fish through a hole in the ice.
m̃-us i=hem-a̋s ook-ő-' šóóða mı̋ı̋n-' u=ma̋a̋ƣ-a
1p-N this=winter-G.s ice.hole-G.s-ELIS through fish-ELIS FUT=be.able-IND


  • 21. puskűro – pack ice
  • puskűro aiveƣe̋m éra ba̋a̋go uuðzı̋danto ðe̋e̋o e-vűűa:
  • The pack ice was the perfect hauling-out place for the walruses.
puskűr-o aiveƣ-e̋m éra ba̋a̋go-Ø uuð-zı̋d-a-nto-Ø ðe̋e̋-o e=vűű-a
pack.ice-N.s walrus-G.p for perfect-ABS out-haul-IND-AP-ABS place-N.s PST=be.IND


  • 22. sűðo – frost
  • mu i-aaȝa̋s ȝeerős þűnto sűðom e-na̋ka:
  • This morning I saw the first frost of the season.
m-u i=aaȝ-a̋s ȝeer-ős þűnto-Ø sűð-om e=na̋k-a
1s-N this=morning-G.s season-G.s first-ABS frost-A.s PST=see-IND


  • 23. s̨őmo – hoarfrost
  • la̋a̋ta ȝe̋xak̬e sőȝak̬' e-vűűa. sááru s̨őmo aaȝa̋s ta̋lem éva e-vűűla:
  • The night was clear and cold, so there was hoarfrost on the ground in the morning.
la̋a̋t-a ȝe̋x-a=k̬e sőȝ-a=k̬-' e=vűű-a sááru ṡőm-o aaȝ-a̋s ta̋l-em éva e=vűűl-a
night-N.s clear-N.s=and cold-N.s=and PST=be-IND so hoarfrost-N.s morning-G.s ground-A.s on PST=there.be-IND


  • 24. s̨űngo – frazil ice, slush
  • s̨ungős ka̋ȝa m̃ús o ma̋rem t̨áárvi űɫaþem u-ı̋lu te̋e̋a:
  • The appearance of frazil ice tells us that the sea will soon be frozen over.
ṡung-ős ka̋ȝ-a m̃-ús o ma̋r-em t̨áárvi űɫ-a-þ-em u=ı̋l-u te̋e̋-a
frazil.ice-G.s appearance-N.s 1p-G to sea-A.s short-ADV freeze-IND-PP-A.s FUT=become-SUP tell-IND
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