User:Masako/pataka: Difference between revisions
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==== Locative ==== | ==== Locative ==== | ||
=== Negation === | === Negation === | ||
Negation, both of noun phrases and of clauses, is made with the negating suffix '''-k''' (or '''-nke'''), which affixes to the negated element. Kala utilizes multiple negation, like '''tlok ak''' (<small>AG-NEG COP-NEG</small>) - (there isn't anyone / there is no-one). | |||
* '''intahi ke nok onyotlik''' - <small>PROX-child O thing-NEG learn-FUT-NEG</small> - ''This child will learn nothing.'' | |||
:: | |||
* '''mita inyak''' - <small>dog hunger-NEG</small> - ''The dog is not hungry.'' | |||
The suffix '''-nke''' also marks the [[wp:Abessive_case|abessive]], meaning ''without, or lacking''. | |||
* '''ha ke’e hatsanke nya potsi hayo kayoye''' - <small>3SG so luck-ABE for wallet 3SG.POSS lose-PST</small> - ''He was unlucky enough to lose his wallet.'' | |||
=== Interrogatives === | === Interrogatives === | ||
==== Polar questions ==== | ==== Polar questions ==== | ||
Revision as of 06:38, 11 December 2016
Basic syntax
akana.conlang.org/wiki/Ronc_Tyu/Basic_syntax
Simple sentences
Intransitive clauses
Intransitive clauses in Kala minimally consist of a subject followed by an intransitive verb, giving SV word order.
- nta'i moku - baby sleep - The baby sleeps.
- mita ina - dog eat - The dog eats.
- sama nala - sun shine - The sun shines.
- kama ke naha ya'e - village O river be.near - There is a village near the river.
- ke apua muyapua - O song do-PFV - The song has been sung.
Transitive clauses
Clauses with transitive verbs follow a SOV pattern.
- ona ke matla kuha - mother O stew cook - The mother is cooking stew.
- tasako ke masala yake - hunt-AG O deer-INDEF chase - The hunters are chasing some deer.
- kyali ke itohuatla peha - spear O tree-oak pierce - The spear pierces the oak tree.
- tasako ke mitla hita ma ne masa mata - hunt-AG O arrow cast and DO deer kill - The hunter shoots an arrow and kills the deer.
Predication
Nominal predicates are formed with the copula a, using SOV word order. However, more common is the idiomatic omission of the copula and object marker.
- tsola ke haya a - fox O animal COP - The fox is an animal. (grammatical)
- tsola haya - fox animal - The fox is an animal. (idiomatic)
- itlaka ke taya nayo a - PROX-man O husband 1sg.POSS COP - This man is my husband. (grammatical)
- itlaka ke taya nayo - PROX-man O husband 1sg.POSS - This man is my husband. (idiomatic)
Oblique participants
Dative and benefactive
Instrumental
Comitative
Locative
Negation
Negation, both of noun phrases and of clauses, is made with the negating suffix -k (or -nke), which affixes to the negated element. Kala utilizes multiple negation, like tlok ak (AG-NEG COP-NEG) - (there isn't anyone / there is no-one).
- intahi ke nok onyotlik - PROX-child O thing-NEG learn-FUT-NEG - This child will learn nothing.
- mita inyak - dog hunger-NEG - The dog is not hungry.
The suffix -nke also marks the abessive, meaning without, or lacking.
- ha ke’e hatsanke nya potsi hayo kayoye - 3SG so luck-ABE for wallet 3SG.POSS lose-PST - He was unlucky enough to lose his wallet.
