View source for Natlang Uses of Diacritics in the Latin Alphabet

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This page will list different uses of diacritical marks that have natlang precedence. Conlangers can use this to find inspiration for their own conlang romanizations.
:Note that in this article combining diacritics are attached to a ◌. Diacritics without a ◌, like ¨ for example, are non-combining. Non-combining diacritics are sometimes called modifier letters in Unicode.

== Caron ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Precomposed Letters with Caron
| style="font-size:180%" | ˇ || style="font-size:180%" | ◌̌ || style="font-size:180%" | Ǎ || style="font-size:180%" | ǎ || style="font-size:180%" | Č || style="font-size:180%" | č || style="font-size:180%" | Ď || style="font-size:180%" | ď || style="font-size:180%" | Ǆ || style="font-size:180%" | ǅ || style="font-size:180%" | ǆ || style="font-size:180%" | Ě || style="font-size:180%" | ě
|-
| U+02C7 || U+030C || U+01CD || U+01CD || U+010C || U+010D || U+010E || U+010F || U+01C4 || U+01C5 || U+01C6 || U+011A || U+011B
|-
| Caron || Combining Caron || Latin Letter Capital A With Caron || Latin Letter Small A With Caron || Latin Capital Letter C With Caron || Latin Small Letter C With Caron || Latin Capital Letter D With Caron || Latin Small Letter D With Caron || Latin Capital Letter Dz With Caron || Latin Capital Letter D With Small Letter Z With Caron || Latin Small Letter Dz With Caron || Latin Capital Letter E With Caron || Latin Small Letter E With Caron
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Note:''' May be confused with Modifier Letter Down Arrowhead ˅ (U+02C5). || || || || || || '''Note:''' The caron looks actually like an apostrophe placed to the right of the ascender of the d. || || || || || 
|-
| style="font-size:180%" | Ǧ || style="font-size:180%" | ǧ || style="font-size:180%" | Ȟ || style="font-size:180%" | ȟ || style="font-size:180%" | Ǐ || style="font-size:180%" | ǐ || style="font-size:180%" | ǰ || style="font-size:180%" | Ǩ || style="font-size:180%" | ǩ || style="font-size:180%" | Ľ || style="font-size:180%" | ľ || style="font-size:180%" | Ň || style="font-size:180%" | ň
|-
| U+01E6 || U+01E7 || U+021E || U+021F || U+01CF || U+01D0 || U+01F0 || U+01E8 || U+01E9 || U+013D || U+013E || U+0147 || U+0148
|-
| Latin Capital Letter G With Caron || Latin Small Letter G With Caron || Latin Capital Letter H With Caron || Latin Small Letter H With Caron || Latin Capital Letter I With Caron || Latin Small Letter I With Caron || Latin Small Letter J With Caron || Latin Capital Letter K With Caron || Latin Small Letter K With Caron || Latin Capital Letter L With Caron || Latin Small Letter L With Caron || Latin Capital Letter N With Caron || Latin Small Letter N With Caron
|-
| || || || || || || || || || colspan="2" | '''Note:''' The caron looks actually like an apostrophe placed to the right of the ascender of the Ll. || ||
|-
| style="font-size:180%" | Ǒ || style="font-size:180%" | ǒ || style="font-size:180%" | Ř || style="font-size:180%" | ř || style="font-size:180%" | Š || style="font-size:180%" | š || style="font-size:180%" | Ṧ || style="font-size:180%" | ṧ || style="font-size:180%" | Ť || style="font-size:180%" | ť || style="font-size:180%" | Ǔ || style="font-size:180%" | ǔ || style="font-size:180%" | Ǚ
|-
| U+01D1 || U+01D2 || U+0158 || U+0159 || U+0160 || U+0161 || U+1E66 || U+1E67 || U+0164 || U+0165 || U+01D3 || U+01D4 || U+01D9
|-
| Latin Capital Letter O With Caron || Latin Small Letter O With Caron || Latin Capital Letter R With Caron || Latin Small Letter R With Caron || Latin Capital Letter S With Caron || Latin Small Letter S With Caron || Latin Capital Letter S With Caron And Dot Above || Latin Small Letter S With Caron And Dot Above || Latin Capital Letter T With Caron || Latin Small Letter T With Caron || Latin Capital Letter U With Caron || Latin Small Letter U With Caron || Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Caron
|-
| || || || || || || || || || '''Note:''' The caron looks actually like an apostrophe placed to the right of the ascender of the t. || || ||
|-
| style="font-size:180%" | ǚ || style="font-size:180%" | Ž || style="font-size:180%" | ž || style="font-size:180%" | Ǯ || style="font-size:180%" | ǯ
|-
| U+01DA || U+017D || U+017E || U+01EE || U+01EF
|-
| Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Caron || Latin Capital Letter Z With Caron || Latin Small Letter Z With Caron || Latin Capital Letter Ezh With Caron || Latin Small Letter Ezh With Caron
|}
Caron is also known as háček or haček. Note that the caron is easily confused with the similar looking Breve ˘, especially in small font sizes.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Uses of Caron
! Usage
! Language
! Letters
! Notes
|-
| rowspan=2 | Postalveolar consonant
| [[Wikipedia:Latgalian_language|Latgalian]], [[Wikipedia:Latvian_language|Latvian]]
| Čč /tʃ/, Šš /ʃ/, Žž /ʒ/
| Unaccented Cc stands for /ts/ in Latvian and Latgalian.
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Livonian_language|Livonian]]
| Šš /ʃ/, Žž /ʒ/
|
|}

== Cedilla ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Precomposed Letters with Cedilla
| style="font-size:180%" | ¸ || style="font-size:180%" | ◌̧ || style="font-size:180%" | Ç || style="font-size:180%" | ç || style="font-size:180%" | Ḉ || style="font-size:180%" | ḉ || style="font-size:180%" | Ḑ || style="font-size:180%" | ḑ || style="font-size:180%" | Ȩ || style="font-size:180%" | ȩ || style="font-size:180%" | Ḝ || style="font-size:180%" | ḝ || style="font-size:180%" | Ģ
|-
| U+00B8 || U+0327 || U+00C7 || U+00E7 || U+1E08 || U+1E09 || U+1E10 || U+1E11 || U+0228 || U+0229 || U+1E1C || U+1E1D || U+0122
|-
| Cedilla || Combining Cedilla || Latin Capital Letter C With Cedilla || Latin Small Letter C With Cedilla || Latin Capital Letter C With Cedilla And Acute || Latin Small Letter C With Cedilla And Acute || Latin Capital Letter D With Cedilla || Latin Small Letter D With Cedilla || Latin Capital Letter E With Cedilla || Latin Small Letter E With Cedilla || Latin Capital Letter E With Cedilla And Breve || Latin Small Letter E With Cedilla And Breve || Latin Capital Letter G With Cedilla
|-
| style="font-size:180%" | ģ || style="font-size:180%" | Ḩ || style="font-size:180%" | ḩ || style="font-size:180%" | Ķ || style="font-size:180%" | ķ || style="font-size:180%" | Ļ || style="font-size:180%" | ļ || style="font-size:180%" | Ņ || style="font-size:180%" | ņ || style="font-size:180%" | Ŗ || style="font-size:180%" | ŗ || style="font-size:180%" | Ş || style="font-size:180%" | ş
|-
| U+0123 || U+1E28 || U+1E29 || U+0136 || U+0137 || U+013B || U+013C || U+0145 || U+0146 || U+0156 || U+0157 || U+015E || U+015F
|-
| Latin Small Letter G With Cedilla || Latin Capital Letter H With Cedilla || Latin Small Letter H With Cedilla || Latin Capital Letter K With Cedilla || Latin Small Letter K With Cedilla || Latin Capital Letter L With Cedilla || Latin Small Letter L With Cedilla || Latin Capital Letter N With Cedilla || Latin Small Letter N With Cedilla || Latin Capital Letter R With Cedilla || Latin Small Letter R With Cedilla || Latin Capital Letter S With Cedilla || Latin Small Letter S With Cedilla
|-
| '''Note:''' The diacritic is placed on top of the letter to avoid the descender of the g. || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
| style="font-size:180%" | Ţ || style="font-size:180%" | ţ
|-
| U+0162 || U+0163
|-
| Latin Capital Letter T With Cedilla || Latin Small Letter T With Cedilla
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Uses of Cedilla
! Usage
! Language
! Letters
! Notes
|-
| rowspan=2 | Palatal consonant
| [[Wikipedia:Latgalian_language|Latgalian]], [[Wikipedia:Latvian_language|Latvian]]
| Ģģ /ɟ/, Ķķ /c/, Ļļ /ʎ/, Ņņ /ɲ/
|
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Livonian_language|Livonian]]
| Ḑḑ /ɟ/, Ļļ /ʎ/, Ņņ /ɲ/, Ţţ /c/
|
|-
| rowspan=1 | Palatalized consonant
| [[Wikipedia:Livonian_language|Livonian]]
| Ŗŗ /rʲ/
|
|}

== Diaeresis/Umlaut ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Precomposed Letters with Diaeresis/Umlaut
| style="font-size:180%" | ¨ || style="font-size:180%" | ◌̈ || style="font-size:180%" | Ä || style="font-size:180%" | ä || style="font-size:180%" | Ǟ || style="font-size:180%" | ǟ || style="font-size:180%" | Ë || style="font-size:180%" | ë || style="font-size:180%" | Ḧ || style="font-size:180%" | ḧ || style="font-size:180%" | Ï || style="font-size:180%" | ï || style="font-size:180%" | Ḯ
|-
| U+00A8 || U+0308 || U+00C4 || U+00E4 || U+01DE || U+01DF || U+00CB || U+00EB || U+1E26 || U+1E27 || U+00CF || U+00EF || U+1E2E
|-
| Diaeresis || Combining Diaeresis || Latin Capital Letter A With Diaeresis || Latin Small Letter A With Diaeresis || Latin Capital Letter A With Diaeresis And Macron || Latin Small Letter A With Diaeresis And Macron || Latin Capital Letter E With Diaeresis || Latin Small Letter E With Diaeresis || Latin Capital Letter H With Diaeresis || Latin Small Letter H With Diaeresis || Latin Capital Letter I With Diaeresis || Latin Small Letter I With Diaeresis || Latin Capital Letter I With Diaeresis And Acute
|-
| style="font-size:180%" | ḯ || style="font-size:180%" | Ö || style="font-size:180%" | ö || style="font-size:180%" | Ȫ || style="font-size:180%" | ȫ || style="font-size:180%" | Ṏ || style="font-size:180%" | ṏ || style="font-size:180%" | ẗ || style="font-size:180%" | Ü || style="font-size:180%" | ü || style="font-size:180%" | Ǖ || style="font-size:180%" | ǖ || style="font-size:180%" | Ǘ
|-
| U+1E2F || U+00D6 || U+00F6 || U+022A || U+022B || U+1E4E || U+1E4F || U+1E97 || U+00DC || U+00FC || U+01D5 || U+01D6 || U+01D7
|-
| Latin Small Letter I With Diaeresis And Acute || Latin Capital Letter O With Diaeresis || Latin Small Letter O With Diaeresis || Latin Capital Letter O With Diaeresis And Macron || Latin Small Letter O With Diaeresis And Macron || Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Diaeresis || Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Diaeresis || Latin Small Letter T With Diaeresis || Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis || Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis || Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Macron || Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Macron || Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Acute
|-
| style="font-size:180%" | ǘ || style="font-size:180%" | Ǚ || style="font-size:180%" | ǚ || style="font-size:180%" | Ǜ || style="font-size:180%" | ǜ || style="font-size:180%" | Ṻ || style="font-size:180%" | ṻ || style="font-size:180%" | Ẅ || style="font-size:180%" | ẅ || style="font-size:180%" | Ẍ || style="font-size:180%" | ẍ || style="font-size:180%" | Ÿ || style="font-size:180%" | ÿ
|-
| U+01D8 || U+01D9 || U+01DA || U+01DB || U+01DC || U+1E7A || U+1E7B || U+1E84 || U+1E85 || U+1E8C || U+1E8D || U+0178 || U+00FF
|-
| Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Acute || Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Caron || Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Caron || Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Grave || Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Grave || Latin Capital Letter U With Macron And Diaeresis || Latin Small Letter U With Macron And Diaeresis || Latin Capital Letter W With Diaeresis || Latin Small Letter W With Diaeresis || Latin Capital Letter X With Diaeresis || Latin Small Letter X With Diaeresis || Latin Capital Letter Y With Diaeresis || Latin Small Letter Y With Diaeresis
|}
Diaeresis (known as tréma in French) and umlaut both employ the same character. But there is a difference of use between diaeresis and umlaut. Letters with umlaut stand for completely different sounds than their non-accented counterparts. For example in Swedish <o> represents /u/ while <ö> represents /ø/. Diaeresis on the other hand does not change the sound value of a letter, but instead marks that a vowel is not part of a diphthong or digraph.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Uses of Diaeresis or Umlaut
! Usage
! Language
! Letters
! Notes
|-
| rowspan=3 | Front version of back vowel
| [[Wikipedia:Finnish_language|Finnish]]
| Ää /æ/, Öö /ø/
| Usage borrowed from Swedish.
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Livonian_language|Livonian]]
| Ää /æ/
|
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Swedish_language|Swedish]]
| Ää /ɛ/, Öö /ø/
| The umlaut evolved from the letter e in the digraphs ae[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84] and oe[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96].
|-
| Syllable break. When two vowel follow each other, a diaeresis on the second vowel indicates that the vowels are in two different syllables instead of forming a diphthong.
| [[Wikipedia:French_language|French]]
| Ëë, Ïï, Üü, Ÿÿ
|
|}

== Dot Above ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Precomposed Letter with Dot Above
| style="font-size:180%" | ˙ || style="font-size:180%" | ◌̇ || style="font-size:180%" | Ȧ || style="font-size:180%" | ȧ || style="font-size:180%" | Ǡ || style="font-size:180%" | ǡ || style="font-size:180%" | Ḃ || style="font-size:180%" | ḃ || style="font-size:180%" | Ċ || style="font-size:180%" | ċ || style="font-size:180%" | Ḋ || style="font-size:180%" | ḋ || style="font-size:180%" | Ė
|-
| U+02D9 || U+0307 || U+0226 || U+0227 || U+01E0 || U+01E1 || U+1E02 || U+1E03 || U+010A || U+010B || U+1E0A || U+1E0B || U+0116
|-
| Dot Above || Combining Dot Above || Latin Capital Letter A With Dot Above || Latin Small Letter A With Dot Above || Latin Capital Letter A With Dot Above And Macron || Latin Small Letter A With Dot Above And Macron || Latin Capital Letter B With Dot Above || Latin Small Letter B With Dot Above || Latin Capital Letter C With Dot Above || Latin Small Letter C With Dot Above || Latin Capital Letter D With Dot Above || Latin Small Letter D With Dot Above || Latin Capital Letter E With Dot Above
|-
| style="font-size:180%" | ė || style="font-size:180%" | Ḟ || style="font-size:180%" | ḟ || style="font-size:180%" | Ġ || style="font-size:180%" | ġ || style="font-size:180%" | Ḣ || style="font-size:180%" | ḣ || style="font-size:180%" | İ || style="font-size:180%" | i || style="font-size:180%" | Ṁ || style="font-size:180%" | ṁ || style="font-size:180%" | Ṅ || style="font-size:180%" | ṅ
|-
| U+0117 || U+1E1E || U+1E1F || U+0120 || U+0121 || U+1E22 || U+1E23 || U+0130 || U+0069 || U+1E40 || U+1E41 || U+1E44 || U+1E45
|-
| Latin Small Letter E With Dot Above || Latin Capital Letter F With Dot Above || Latin Small Letter F With Dot Above || Latin Capital Letter G With Dot Above || Latin Small Letter G With Dot Above || Latin Capital Letter H With Dot Above || Latin Small Letter H With Dot Above || Latin Capital Letter I With Dot Above || Latin Small Letter I || Latin Capital Letter M With Dot Above || Latin Small Letter M With Dot Above || Latin Capital Letter N With Dot Above || Latin Small Letter N With Dot Above
|-
| || || || || || || || colspan="2" | '''Note:''' In most languages i is the lower case version of I, but in Turkish İ and i resp. I and ı go together. If Turkish case is used, you need to make sure that various software handles that correctly. For example dictionaries need to sort the letters in the right order. || || || ||
|-
| style="font-size:180%" | Ȯ || style="font-size:180%" | ȯ || style="font-size:180%" | Ȱ || style="font-size:180%" | ȱ || style="font-size:180%" | Ṗ || style="font-size:180%" | ṗ || style="font-size:180%" | Ṙ || style="font-size:180%" | ṙ || style="font-size:180%" | Ṡ || style="font-size:180%" | ṡ || style="font-size:180%" | ẛ || style="font-size:180%" | Ṥ || style="font-size:180%" | ṥ
|-
| U+022E || U+022F || U+0230 || U+0231 || U+1E56 || U+1E57 || U+1E58 || U+1E59 || U+1E60 || U+1E61 || U+1E9B || U+1E64 || U+1E65
|-
| Latin Capital Letter O With Dot Above || Latin Small Letter O With Dot Above || Latin Capital Letter O With Dot Above And Macron || Latin Small Letter O With Dot Above And Macron || Latin Capital Letter P With Dot Above || Latin Small Letter P With Dot Above || Latin Capital Letter R With Dot Above || Latin Small Letter R With Dot Above || Latin Capital Letter S With Dot Above || Latin Small Letter S With Dot Above || Latin Small Letter Long S With Dot Above || Latin Capital Letter S With Acute And Dot Above || Latin Small Letter S With Acute And Dot Above
|-
| style="font-size:180%" | Ṧ || style="font-size:180%" | ṧ || style="font-size:180%" | Ṩ || style="font-size:180%" | ṩ || style="font-size:180%" | Ṫ || style="font-size:180%" | ṫ || style="font-size:180%" | Ẇ || style="font-size:180%" | ẇ || style="font-size:180%" | Ẋ || style="font-size:180%" | ẋ || style="font-size:180%" | Ẏ || style="font-size:180%" | ẏ || style="font-size:180%" | Ż
|-
| U+1E66 || U+1E67 || U+1E68 || U+1E69 || U+1E6A || U+1E6B || U+1E86 || U+1E87 || U+1E8A || U+1E8B || U+1E8E || U+1E8F || U+017B
|-
| Latin Capital Letter S With Caron And Dot Above || Latin Small Letter S With Caron And Dot Above || Latin Capital Letter S With Dot Below And Dot Above || Latin Small Letter S With Dot Below And Dot Above || Latin Capital Letter T With Dot Above || Latin Small Letter T With Dot Above || Latin Capital Letter W With Dot Above || Latin Small Letter W With Dot Above || Latin Capital Letter X With Dot Above || Latin Small Letter X With Dot Above || Latin Capital Letter Y With Dot Above || Latin Small Letter Y With Dot Above || Latin Capital Letter Z With Dot Above
|-
| style="font-size:180%" | ż
|-
| U+017C
|-
| Latin Small Letter Z With Dot Above
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Uses of Dot Above
! Use
! Language
! Letters
! Notes
|-
| Raised vowel
| [[Wikipedia:Livonian_language|Livonian]]
| Ȯȯ /ʊ/
|
|}

== Ring Above ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Precomposed Letter with Ring Above
| style="font-size:180%" | ˚ || style="font-size:180%" | ◌̊ || style="font-size:180%" | Å || style="font-size:180%" | å || style="font-size:180%" | Ǻ || style="font-size:180%" | ǻ || style="font-size:180%" | Ů || style="font-size:180%" | ů || style="font-size:180%" | ẘ || style="font-size:180%" | ẙ
|-
| U+02DA || U+030A || U+00C5 || U+00E5 || U+01FA || U+01FB || U+016E || U+016F || U+1E98 || U+1E99
|-
| Ring Above || Combining Ring Above || Latin Capital Letter A With Ring Above || Latin Small Letter A With Ring Above || Latin Capital Letter A With Ring Above And Acute || Latin Small Letter A With Ring Above And Acute || Latin Capital Letter U With Ring Above || Latin Small Letter U With Ring Above || Latin Small Letter W With Ring Above || Latin Small Letter Y With Ring Above
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Note:''' May be confused with the Degree Sign ° (U+00B0) || '''Note:''' May be confused with the Ångström Sign Å (U+212B). || || || || || || ||
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Uses of Ring Above
! Use
! Language
! Letters
! Notes
|-
| rowspan=3 | Back version of front vowel. Often also rounded.
| [[Wikipedia:Chamorro_language|Chamorro]]
| Åå /ɑ/
|
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Danish_language|Danish]], [[Norwegian]]
| Åå /ɔ/
| From an earlier digraph aa representing /ɔ/, which in turn came from /aː/.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85]
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Swedish_language|Swedish]]
| Åå /o/
| From an earlier digraph aa representing /ɔ/, which in turn came from /aː/.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85]
|}