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In syllable codas, [ʃ] replaces [s].
In syllable codas, [ʒ] replaces [z].
[β] and [ʙ] are in free variation.
[ʁ] and [ʀ] are in free variation.

Because of its small phoneme inventory, Miyu allows for extensive allophonic variation. For example, /p t k/ may be pronounced [b d ɡ] as well as [p t k], /s/ as [z] or [ʃ] as well as [s], /l/ as [ɾ] as well as [l], and vowels may be either long or short.

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Term: Definition1

Term: Definition1; Definition2; Definition3

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LFN

tokomo

old / wrong

Kalo is intended to be a minimalist artlang, not an auxlang. It draws primarily on vocabulary from the five most spoken languages in the world; Mandarin, Spanish, English, and Arabic (Hindi is used sparingly although it is spoken by more speakers than Arabic). The grammar is mostly isolating with very few elements of inflection, mostly to show plurality or possession.

Kalo is NOT meant to mimic, replace, or be inspired by Toki Pona or any IAL. Any similarities are based on design aesthetic coincidences and the minimalist nature of the language.

Voiced plosives and affricates, and /f/ occur only in the Southern Tujia dialects. [n] and [l] are in free variation. [ɲ] is an allophone of /n/. /x/ has allophones [ç] before /i/ and [ɸ] before /u/.

writing

Kalo Hangul

Kalo Katakana

allophony

The nasal at the end of a syllable can be pronounced as any nasal stop, though it is normally assimilated to the following consonant. That is, it typically occurs as an [n] before /t/ or /s/, as an [m] before /p/, as an [ŋ] before /k/, and as an [ɲ] before /j/. Because of its small phoneme inventory, kalo allows for quite a lot of allophonic variation. For example, /p t k/ may be pronounced [b d ɡ] as well as [p t k], /s/ as [z] or [ʃ] as well as [s], /l/ as [ɾ] as well as [l], and vowels may be either long or short. Both its sound inventory and phonotactics (patterns of possible sound combinations) are found in the majority of human languages and are therefore readily accessible.

Syntax

wa kome - 1S eat - I eat. (SV)

wa amo ko - 1S love 3S - I love her. (SVO)

o mala amo - DO woman love - The woman is loved. (OV)

Nouns

Nouns only decline for number and possession. They are altered with -lo to show plurality, and possessiveness with -yo.

pronouns

kalo has three basic pronouns; wa [1sg], ni [2sg], and ko [3sg]. These do not indicate gender. These can be made plural using the suffix "-lo", and possessive with "-yo".

	singular	plural	possessive
1st person	wa I; me	walo we; us	wayo my; mine; our(s)
2nd person	ni you	nilo you (all)	niyo your(s)
3rd person	ko he; she; him; her; it	kolo they; them; those	koyo their(s)

walo wite ni - 1pl see 2s - We see you.

kolo ne kono wa - 3pl NEG know 1s - They don't know me.

Verbs

Verbs do not change and are only ever modified by particles.

maka - do; make; cause (from make)
yo - possess; have; hold (from 有)

tense, aspect, and mood

Past tense is indicated by the particle le (了) following the verb. Future tense is indicated by the particle sa (سَـ).

tense/mood	particle	example	translation
present	-	wa ila	I go
past	le	wa ila le	I went
future	sa	wa ila sa	I will go
conditional	kisa	wa ila kisa	I would go

ko ne kome le - 3sg NEG eat PST - He didn't eat.

walo wite sa ko - 1pl see FUT 3sg - We will see her.

positional verbs

Kalo does not use prepositions, but instead uses positional verbs as auxiliaries. These are also used as temporal adverbs in certain situations.

yu - in; at; within; inside; during; between | from (于)
ila - be toward; at; in the direction of; go; walk; travel | from (إلى)

Particles

determiners

Determiners in kalo precede the noun they modify.

deixis

pu - this; these
su - that; those

amount

aku - many; much (one hundred)
kula - all; every; each
ne - no; none; zero
poka - some; several; a few

meno - less; fewer / few; a little
maso - more

other-ness

asi - such
ayo - whichever; whatever
oto - other
tonye - same

Number

When numbers one through ten occur independently, the indicator "ke" precedes the number.

ko yo le o kasa ke li

3s have PST O house NUM two

She had two houses.

wa wite o nano ke si

1s see O man NUM four

I see four men.

Higher Numbers

yewa - 11; eleven
yeli - 12; twelve
liye - 20; twenty
liyesi - 24; twenty-four
kuyeli - 112; one-hundred-twelve
sankuweyepen - 365; three-hundred-sixty-five

ka sa ta na pa ma ya la wa a i u e o

ka

kisa /ˈki.sa/ from SPA quizá

part - perhaps; maybe; if; conditional particle [COND]

kute /ˈku.te/ from FRE écouter

v - listen; hear

kono /ˈko.no/ from SPA conocer

n - knowledge; awareness; understanding; recognition

v - know; understand; be aware (of); recognize

kome /ˈko.me/ from SPA comer

v - eat; consume; drink

sa

sa /sa/ from ARA سَـ

part - future tense particle [FUT]

saka/na /ˈsa.ka.na/ from ARA سخن

v - be hot; be warm; burn

n - heat; warmth / fire

sana /ˈsa.na/ from ARA سنة

n - year; 365 days

sapa /ˈsa.pa/ from ARA سبب

n - cause; reason; purpose; rationale; motive

salama /sa.ˈla.ma/ from ARA سلم

n - peace; calm; tranquility; quiet

v - be peaceful; be calm

intj - Peace! Hey! Hi!

sawa /ˈsa.wa/ from ARA زوج

n - spouse; husband; wife; sweetheart; mate

v - marry

si /si/ from ZHO 四

num - four; 4

siya /ˈsi.ja/ from ZHO 下

prep - below; under; beneath

v - be under; be lower

su /su/ from TUR şu

part - that; those (over there)

sunya /ˈsun.ja/ from HIN शून्य

num - zero; 0

n - nothing

v - be empty; be void

se /se/ from SPA se

pro - reflexive / reciprocal pronoun

sosa /ˈso.sa/ from SPA salsa

n - juice; sauce; gravy; dressing

ta

tanka /ˈtaŋ.ka/ from ENG/GER thank/danke

v - to thank; show appreciation; express gratitude

part/intj - thank you; thanks

tapo /ˈta.po/ from ZHO 打破

v - damage; wreck; break; destroy

n - destruction; damage

tipa /ˈti.pa/ (or tupa /ˈtu.pa/) from ARA طيب (or טוב)

v - be good; pleasant; agreeable; nice; sweet; OK

intj - great! good! thanks! OK! cool! yay!

tiya /ˈti.ja/ from SPA tía

n - aunt/uncle; extended family

te /te/ from SPA/ZHO de/的

v - to move away from

prep - of; from

tenpo /ˈtem.po/ from SPA tiempo

n - time; moment; period

tela or talo /ˈte.la/ or /ˈta.lo/ from ENG tell

n - language; talk; speech

v - talk; speak; discuss; say; tell

tonpa /ˈtom.pa/ from ZHO 同胞

n - sibling; compatriot; friend

tonye /ˈto.ɲe/ (or ton /ton/) from ZHO 同一

v - be identical; same; equivalent; equal

na

nai /naɪ/ from ZHO 內

v - be inside; within

prep - inside; within; during; while

nano /ˈna.no/ from ZHO 男

n - man; male

nama /ˈna.ma/ from ARA نام

v - sleep; rest; relax

naya /ˈna.ja/ from HIN नया

v - be new; fresh; young

nalu /ˈna.lu/ from JPN なる

v - succeed; finish; complete; accomplish; become; turn into

ni /ni/ from ZHO 你

pro - you [2sg]

nun /nun/ from PIE h₁néwn̥

num - nine; 9

ne /ne/ from ENG nay

part - no; not; negative [NEG]

nesi /ˈne.si/ from SPA necesitar

v - need; require; must

n - obligation; need

nen/ka /ˈnen.ka/ from ZHO 能

v - be able to; be capable; be possible

n - potential; possibility; capability

note /ˈno.te/ from SPA noche

n - night; darkness

pa

pa /pa/ from ZHO 八

num - eight; 8

pan /pan/ from SPA/ZHO pan/飯

n - bread; food; sustenance

pala /ˈpa.la/ from SPA palabra

n - word; morpheme; lexeme

pina /ˈpi.na/ from ARA ابن

n - child; offspring; kid

pu /pu/ from TUR bu

part - this; these (here)

pula /ˈpu.la/ from HIN बुरा

n - evil

v - be bad; spoiled; be broken; to break down; be wicked; be evil

pen /pen/ from ELL πέντε

num - five; 5

po /po/ from SPA por

prep - by; for; [be] about

v - [go] through; [move] across

poka /ˈpo.ka/ from SPA poca

v - be small; little

v - be few; less

ponte /ˈpon.te/ from ENG ponder

v - think; ponder; consider; weigh

n - thought; idea; consideration

pone /ˈpo.ne/ from SPA poner

v - to put, to place, to set

ma

ma /ma/ from ZHO 嗎

part - interrogative particle [Q]

maka /ˈma.ka/ from ENG make

n - cause; action; happening

v - do; make; cause; happen

maso /ˈma.so/ from SPA más

part - more; again

n - layer; repetition; addition

v - add; repeat; layer

mala /ˈma.la/ from ARA امرأة

n - woman; female; wife

mila /ˈmi.la/ from SPA mil

num - thousand; 1000

muki /ˈmu.ki/ from ARA مهم

n - importance; significance

v - be important; matter

muna /ˈmu.na/ from ENG moon

n - moon; month

me /me/ from FRE mais

part - but; however; although

moto /ˈmo.to/ from SPA modo

n - mood; manner; way; method

ya

ya /ja/ from ARA يا

part - vocative marker [VOC]; hey; let's ~

yati /ˈja.ti/ from ARA يد

n - hand; arm

v - give; transfer

yapu /ˈja.pu/ from ARA عفا

n - pardon; excuse; forgiveness

v - pardon; excuse; forgive

yame /ˈja.me/ from ARA جمع

n - collection; gathering; group; set

v - gather; collect; assemble; unite

yu /ju/ from ZHO 于

v - be in; at; out of

prep - in; at; to; by; than; out of

yuma /ˈju.ma/ from ARA يوم

n - day; daylight; 24 hour period

ye /je/ from KOR 열

num - ten; 10

yeko /ˈje.ko/ from ZHO 以后

prep - back; behind; rear; afterwards; after; later

adv - from now on; henceforth

yo /jo/ from ZHO 有

v - have; possess; carry; hold; keep

la

laka /ˈla.ka/ from ARA رقم

n - number; digit; amount

v - count; enumerate

lata /ˈla.ta/ from SPA lata

n - box; bucket; basket; container; vessel

v - carry; tote; transport

li /li/ from ZHO 兩

num - two; double; duo

pro - some; a few

le /le/ from ZHO 了

part - past tense marker [PST]

loka /ˈlo.ka/ from SPA local

n - place; location; point; spot

wa

wa /wa/ from ARA/ZHO واحد/我

pro - I; me [1sg]

num - one; 1; single

v - be alone; be singular

waya /ˈwa.ja/ from HIN वयस्क

v - grow; mature; develop

n - adult; mature thing

wino /ˈwi.no/ from SPA vino

n - alcohol; beer; wine

v - drink ~

we /we/ from PIE swéḱs

num - six; 6

weko /ˈwe.ko/ from SPA hueco

n - door, hole, orifice, window; port

wento /ˈwen.to/ from SPA viento

n - air; wind; void; essence; spirit

wela /ˈwe.la/ from SPA fuera

prep - outside; exterior

v - leave; exit

a

alima /a.ˈli.ma/ from ARA علم

v - to discern, to find out, to learn

n - learning; education; knowledge

amo /ˈa.mo/ from SPA amor

n - love; affection; adoration

v - love; adore; like

ante /ˈan.te/ from SPA ante

n - front side; chest; fore area

prep - before; in front; forward; ahead

asi /ˈa.si/ from SPA así

part - like this/that; as [such]; thus; so

awa /ˈa.wa/ from ARA أو

part - either; or; other

ayo /ˈa.jo/ from ARA أي

part - whichever; whatever; something [INDEF]

e /e/ from SPA/ZHO e/和

part - and; also; too

ila /ˈi.la/ from ARA إلى

prep - toward; at; in direction of

v - go (toward); walk; travel

o /o/ from JPN を

part - direct object particle

wikitravel.org/en/Spanish_phrasebook
en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Phrasebooks_by_language

A working phrasebook for Kalo.

Essentials

ola - Used for "hello; goodbye; farewell; welcome" (analogous to aloha)

kan/a - "yes; it is"
ne - "no; it is not"

yapu wa - "Excuse me."
nenka ma - "Please." [lit: is (it) possible?]

by extension "Do you mind?"

tanka (ta) - "Thank you (very much)."
tipa - "(That's) OK."

Greetings & Goodbyes

ola yuma - "Good morning/day/afternoon"
ola note - "Good evening/night"
salama - "Hey/Hi/Hello/Bye"

Civilities

moto (niyo) ma - manner 2s.POSS Q - How are you?
- tipa - "Good/OK/Fine."
- ... - "Not bad."

tenpo ta ne wite - time big no see - Long time no see

User:Masako/pataka