User:Cedh audmanh/TCR4/Buruya Nzaysa

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Buruya Nzaysa text

Puh lo tivo mɛsu lo ɔtse

Weya uvo lu ɔtse noñə, lɛñɔ tivo axe.
Weya podɔ ɔ pilila xowa.
Wɛ’ɔ ɔ uysɔbo,
alu stɔ gɔla lu vi ñada,
o ɔdɔlaña lu ɔtse u lo təña ah tse ño u ɛflɛ nira kwətu.

Ño’ɔ u tsɔbo, oldɔ o wilu əno,
dal ese ni lu mo roni.
O tselu, mah me xɛvra ləh xɛvrine ləh təña u lo ɔtse ala agɛ.
Weya tsɛga ɔ ñəbo mvunɛ,
rɔmeya ntɛ tse lu guvlu o lu pilila xoñi.

Esə lo pilila lu kɛ xɛtɔy xɛpu axe,
o sah lo təña ah lo mo ñugɛmə əftah.
Wɛxenə puysa kənu:
Pe bu natsu mɛsu lo ɔtse roni?
Pe bu natsu gɔla lu vi ñada?

Dal ste’ɔwa ntidə ɔ nadana nzesu ñugɛ xa ñɔlna mvunɛ.


Translation

English

To the friend at the river

I will soon leave the river, my friend.
I will write a letter to you.
You will become jealous,
even though you sleep under the stars,
and the river is illuminated by their light like a silver necklace.

As a shepherd, you must stay down here,
but I will be living in the city.
At that place, there will be neither sheep nor wool nor any light from the river.
I will only have a knife,
with which I can open the seal on the letter.

The letter is my only possession,
and the lights of the city shine around me.
I will keep asking myself:
Can I live near the river again someday?
Can I sleep under the stars again someday?

But apparently you have different feelings about this.


Translation of previous text

(Àboshì, by Helen)

My friend who is the only river

I will be living in the only river, my friend.
I will write a letter to you.
You become jealous of me, and you sleep under the stars!
The light shines from the river like lightning.

The shepherd must continue to live down below,
but I will be living in the city.
Sheep and wool and the light from the river do not exist.
I will have only this:
the knife which destroys the letters.

But the letter is my only possession.
And the light of the city surrounds me.
I will ask this: Can I live down below?
Can I sleep under the stars?

Apparently, you don't agree.


Translation of the other previous text

(Viisyal, by Sam. There was some confusion as to who would send which text to whom, so I received the torch twice. My own translation is based on the Àboshì text, but I decided to also provide an English version of Viisyal text, which in turn was also based on the Àboshì torch.)

My river will be like my only friend

I will only be living here, my friend.
I will write a letter to you.
You must be jealous of me, about to sleep under a starry sky!
Light will shine from the river as in a thunderstorm.

Master of the beasts, you must be dwelling thereunder!
But I will be dwelling in the city.
The beast-master and the fleece and the light of the river are absent.
I only have this: a knife that will destroy the letter.

But the letter was the only one.
The light and the things of the city will be the only ones too.
I'm asking this: Will I be able to dwell thereunder?
Will I be able to sleep under a starry sky?

Anyway, you don't agree.


Interlinear gloss

Puh
for.3
lo
DEF.NOM
tivo
friend
mɛsu
near.3
lo
DEF.NOM
ɔtse
river
To the friend at the river.


Weya
FUT.AUX-1SG>3
uvo
soon
lu
DEF.ACC
ɔtse
river
noñə,
leave
lɛñɔ
2SG.NOM
tivo
friend
axe.
of.1
I will soon leave the river, my friend.
Weya
FUT.AUX-1SG>3
podɔ
for.2
ɔ
INDEF.ACC
pilila
letter
xowa.
write
I will write a letter to you.
Wɛ’ɔ
FUT.COP-2SG
ɔ
INDEF.ACC
uysɔbo,
jealous_person
You will become jealous,
alu
despite
stɔ
EMPH.AUX-2SG
gɔla
under.3
lu
DEF.ACC
vi
star
ñada,
sleep
even though you sleep under the stars,
o
and
ɔdɔlaña
RES.PASS.AUX-3SG<3
lu
DEF.ACC
ɔtse
river
u
from.3
lo
DEF.NOM
təña
light
ah
of.3
tse
that.NOM
ño
as.3
u
INDEF.NOM
ɛflɛ
necklace
nira
silver
kwətu.
be_bright
and the river is illuminated by their light like a silver necklace.


Ño’ɔ
as.2
u
INDEF.NOM
tsɔbo,
shepherd
oldɔ
OBL.AUX-2SG
o
at.3
wilu
this_place
əno,
stay
As a shepherd, you must stay down here,
dal
but
ese
EMPH.AUX-1SG
ni
in.3
lu
DEF.ACC
mo
town
roni.
dwell
but I will be living in the city.
O
at.3
tselu,
that_place
mah
NEG.AUX-3PL
me
no
xɛvra
sheep
ləh
nor
xɛvrine
wool
ləh
nor
təña
light
u
from.3
lo
DEF.NOM
ɔtse
river
ala
without.3
agɛ.
exist
At that place, there will be neither sheep nor wool nor any light from the river.
Weya
FUT.AUX-1SG>3
tsɛga
only
ɔ
INDEF.ACC
ñəbo
knife
mvunɛ,
hold
I will only have a knife,
rɔmeya
REL.AUX-1SG>3
ntɛ
by.3
tse
that.NOM
lu
DEF.ACC
guvlu
seal
o
at.3
lu
DEF.ACC
pilila
letter
xoñi.
tear_apart
with which I can open the seal on the letter.


Esə
EMPH.COP-3SG
lo
DEF.NOM
pilila
letter
lu
DEF.ACC
one
xɛtɔy
property
xɛpu
alone
axe,
of.1
The letter is my only possession,
o
and
sah
NULL.AUX-3PL
lo
DEF.NOM
təña
light
ah
of.3
lo
DEF.NOM
mo
town
ñugɛmə
around.1
əftah.
shine
and the lights of the city shine around me.
Wɛxenə
FUT.AUX-1.REFL
puysa
CONT.AUX
kənu:
ask
I will keep asking myself:
Pe
COND.AUX-1SG
bu
again
natsu
sometime
mɛsu
near.3
lo
DEF.NOM
ɔtse
river
roni?
dwell
Can I live near the river again someday?
Pe
COND.AUX-1SG
bu
again
natsu
sometime
gɔla
under.3
lu
DEF.ACC
vi
star
ñada?
sleep
Can I sleep under the stars again someday?


Dal
but
ste’ɔwa
PROG.AUX-2SG>3
ntidə
apparently
ɔ
INDEF.ACC
nadana
emotion
nzesu
different
ñugɛ
about.3
xa
this.ACC
ñɔlna
situation
mvunɛ.
hold
But apparently you have different feelings about this.


Vocabulary

morpheme type meaning
agɛ v.erg be, exist
ah pp. +NOM of, belonging to, with regard to
ala pp. +NOM without, except for, unless
alu cj. although, despite
axe (pp.) (1st person object form of ah: "of me")
bu adv. again
dal cj. but, however
ɛflɛ n. necklace
esə- aux. (emphatic/abilitative auxiliary: "do indeed, can indeed")
əftah v. shine, glow
əno v. linger, remain, stay
gɔla pp. +ACC under, below
guvlu n. seal, badge, symbol
det./qu. one
kənu v. ask, inquire, demand
kwətu v.erg be bright, be illuminated
lɛñɔ det./pron. (2nd person singular pronoun, nominative)
ləh cj. neither/nor
lo det. (definite article, nominative)
lu det. (definite article, accusative)
ma- aux. (negative auxiliary: "do not")
mɛsu pp. +NOM near, next to
me det./qu. no, none of
mo n. town, city
mvunɛ v. have, own, hold
nadana n. emotion, feeling
natsu adv./pron. someday; at an unspecified time
ni pp. +ACC in, into
nira n. silver
noñə v. leave, depart, go away
ntɛ pp. +NOM with, like, by (adverbial/instrumental)
ntidə adv. apparently, seemingly
nzesu n. unusual, different
ñada v.erg sleep
ñəbo n. knife, blade
ñɔlna n. state of affairs, setting, situation, circumstances
ño pp. +NOM as, like (essive)
ño’ɔ (pp.) (2nd person object form of ño: "as/like you")
ñugɛ pp. +ACC around, about, concerning
ñugɛmə (pp.) (1st person object form of ñugɛ: "around/about me")
ɔ det. (indefinite article, accusative)
ɔdɔlə- aux. (resultative passive auxiliary: "have had done to oneself")
ɔtse n. river
o cj. and
o pp. +ACC at, on
olə- aux. (obligative/necessitive auxiliary: "must")
pɔ- aux. (conditional/irrealis auxiliary: "might, would, could")
pilila n. letter, message
podɔ (pp.) (2nd person object form of puh: "for you")
puh pp. +NOM to, for (benefactive)
puysa- aux. (durative auxiliary: "keep, continue")
rɔma- aux. (relative clause auxiliary; relativized noun is topic but not necessarily subject of subclause)
roni v. dwell, live (at a place)
so- aux. (null auxiliary: "do")
ste- aux. (progressive/durative auxiliary: "be doing")
təña n. light, brightness
tivo n. friend, companion
tsɛga adv. only, just, merely
tse det./pron. (distal deictic, nominative: "that, those")
tselu pron. there, that place
tsə det./pron. (distal deictic, accusative: "that, those")
tsɔbo n. shepherd
u det. (indefinite article, nominative)
u pp. +NOM of, from, relating to (associative/genitive)
uvo adv. soon
uysɔbo n. jealous person
vi n. star
wə-/wɛ- aux. (predictive/future auxiliary: "will do")
wilu pron. here, this place
xa det./pron. (proximal deictic, accusative: "this, these")
xɛpu n. alone, on one's own, solitary
xɛtɔy n. property, possessions
xɛvra n. sheep
xɛvrine n. wool
xoñi v. break, tear apart
xowa v. write


Auxiliary verb suffixes:

morpheme type meaning
-’ɔ suffix 2nd person singular intransitive
-’ɔwa suffix 2nd person singular subject, 3rd person object
 -ah suffix 3rd person plural intransitive
-aña suffix 3rd person singular subject, 3rd person agent/source (used with ergative verbs and passive voice auxiliaries)
-e suffix 1st person singular intransitive
-eya suffix 1st person singular subject, 3rd person object
suffix 3rd person singular intransitive
-xenə suffix 1st person reflexive

There are some important morphophonological alternations when a suffix is added to an auxiliary verb stem:

  • Vowel-initial auxiliary suffixes usually delete a preceding vowel.
  • The suffix-initial glottal stop in the 2nd person suffixes -’ɔ and -’ɔwa becomes /d/ after /l/. With the emphatic/abilitative auxiliary esə-, it surfaces as /t/ and triggers deletion of the auxiliary-initial vowel.
  • The predictive/future auxiliary wə- appears as wɛ- before suffixes beginning with a consonant.


Grammar notes

Typology

  • mostly isolating
  • head-initial
  • basic word order: AuxSOV with occasional topic fronting and subclause postposing
  • basic morphosyntactic alignment: NOM-ACC
  • pro-drop

Nominals

  • no distinction between nouns and adjectives
  • nouns/adjectives do not inflect at all
  • determiners are mandatory in all full (i.e. non-pronominal) noun phrases; if no other determiner is present, non-numeral quantifiers can also fulfil this role
  • nouns without a determiner usually have adjectivial function
  • most determiners are marked for case (but quantifiers and some pronouns aren't)
  • nominal number is unmarked
  • several nouns can be used within a single NP (i.e. subordinated to a single determiner) in a construction that connects them with a conjunction, and closes the list with a stranded preposition

Prepositions

  • prepositions inflect for the person of their object (most but not all instances in the text are 3rd person)
  • if an overt noun appears in prepositional phrases marked for 1st or 2nd person, the noun is interpreted as being in apposition to the implied pronoun
  • each preposition governs a specific case for their object
  • objects of prepositions can be omitted if clear from context
  • preposition stranding may occur when the object of a preposition is topicalised

Verbs

  • content verbs do not inflect at all
  • auxiliary verbs are mandatory in all clauses
  • auxiliary verbs inflect for person and number of the subject AND person of the object
  • aspect, mood, and voice are indicated by the choice of the auxiliary
  • no tense marking
  • passive voice auxiliaries use a special set of transitive agreement suffixes
  • there is a small class of "ergative verbs" whose subjects are marked with the accusative case, and which require passive voice agreement suffixes on the auxiliary, even if the auxiliary itself does not express passive voice
  • additional distinctions may be made by adding a second, uninflected auxiliary right before the content verb
  • in clauses which have no content verb but contain an accusative-marked noun phrase, the auxiliary functions as a copula
  • with semantically intransitive content verbs, the passive voice can be used causatively to add a noun phrase in the role of agent or instigator


Links

Grammar: http://akana.conlang.org/wiki/Buruya_Nzaysa