Sefdaanian Ethnography Chapter 14 - Technology

Pronunciation table

peműko (labial)								riisűko (dental)								muitűko (alveolar)								vainűko (palatal)							ṡ̨uuše̋nos (vowels with प)								nı̋þo ṡ̨uuše̋nos (weak vowels)
p	b	f	v	m̃	m			t	d	þ	ð	ɫ	l			ṡ	ż	s	z	r	n			k	g	x	ƣ	h	ȝ			š	s̨			i	e	a	ɔ	o	u			ı	ɛ	y
प	ब	फ	भ	म़	म			त	द	थ	ध	ल़	ल			च	ज	स	स़	र	न			क	ग	क़	ग़	ह	य			स्व	स्य			इ ई पि पी	ए एै पे पै	अ आ प पा	ऒ ॵ पॊ पॏ	ओ औ पो पौ	उ ऊ पु पू			पं	पऺ	पॅ
/p/	/b/	/ɸ/	/β/	/m̥/	/m/			/t/	/d/	/θ/	/ð/	/l̥/	/l/			/ʦ/	/ʣ/	/s/	/z/	/ɾ̥/	/n/			/k/	/g/	/ç/	/ʝ/	/j̊/	/j/			/sʷ/	/sʲ/			/i/	/e/	/ä/	/ɒ/	/o/	/u/			/ɪ/	/ɛ/	/ʊ/

Technology - xemsa̋a̋r̈a

• The Sefdaanian culture is a pre-industrial society, characterized by the following:

1. Artisanship, not mass production. Each settlement makes the implements, clothing, and artifacts that it uses. Lithan traders help disperse goods among the settlements, but this is not a major source of supplies.
2. Primarily agricultural. Although some time is devoted to industries such as weaving, forging, ceramics, and tanning, the major portion of the day’s labor is spent in agricultural pursuits. Every settlement must provide enough food to feed itself. Industries that can wait are postponed to be done indoors in the winter.
3. Limited division of labor. There are very few specialized labor tasks. The most significant of these is forging. Other than that, everyone can do every task. The greatest division of labor occurs among those Peoples involved in animal husbandry. In these societies, care of the herd animals is exclusively the domain of the males. Household chores, the raising of the children, and agricultural tasks are the domain of the females; except at harvest time, when it is necessary for all hands to harvest crops before the cold weather begins.
4. No social classes. Although the settlements have councils to maintain order, even the council members must do their share in carrying out the tasks mentioned in #3. And the person who has more material possessions than the others must still do his share of the work with the herds and in the fields.
5. Parochialsim. Most settlements are at a distance from one another. There are no extensive means of communication or transportation. Travel is limited to the trading journeys of the Lithans and the occasional journey of a matchmaker to find a prospective bride or groom. No one travels to the next settlement either because of the need to work in the growing seasons or because of the weather in the winter.
6. Rural. It should now be obvious that the Sefdaanian societies are rural. There are no big industrialized population centers.

• The exception to all this is the Ethran society. With the advantage of the energy known as dweomory (se̋ȝa), they are more technologically advanced than the other Peoples. However, they are not permitted to intrude into the other societies with their technologies.

1. As with the other societies, there is no mass production, but dweomory enables them to perform many tasks with less sweat.
2. The Ethran society, too, is primarily agricultural, but that is because they have to eat, too. Tools, implements, and artifacts were procured a long time ago and the modest wear and tear is easily remedied.
3. Unlike the other societies, there is a strict division of labor. Members of each rank of Ethrans do not become involved in the tasks of the others. Each rank is more powerful than the rank below it.
4. There are classes, but not in the sense of social classes. Class is based purely on labor. Other than that, the Ethrans of a citadel associate freely with each other. There is a strong fellowship among the Ethrans.
5. There is no parochialism. The Ethrans have been studying the world since they were created and can see the big picture. They are involved in the lives of the other societies as arbiters or even judges, especially when there are inter-People conflicts.
6. The rural/urban dichotomy does not apply to the Ethrans. There are only six citadels in which live all the Ethrans. Each is populated by the same number of Ethrans, a total of 5,238 individuals. These could be called population centers, but there is no danger of overpopulation.

Mechanics - kisa̋a̋r̈a

• The six simple machines (kı̋lo) are available to the Six Loquent Peoples:

1. the lever - sı̋vlo
2. the pulley - ðuure̋þo
3. the screw - f̨őro
4. the wheel - re̋þo and axle a̋żo
5. the wedge - m̃e̋hlo
6. the inclined plane - lenle̋e̋po

• The following tools (xe̋mo) are available:

Construction de̋mra	Hunting and fishing ve̋e̋duk̬e miine̋stuk̬e	Equitation mora̋a̋ƣta	Horticulture zɔðsa̋a̋r̈a	Weapons ṡa̋þlos	Boating na̋a̋m̃u	Crafts űűras	Animal husbandry þasm̃őrtɛra	Miscellaneous ka̋þos
adze n̨űűnlo	bow lűgo	bit nuka̋rðo	hoe sa̋rlo	battle-axe aǧe̋so	anchor kı̋slo	loom m̃e̋vlo	shears pe̋slo	magnifying glass me̋slo
hammer te̋mlo	arrow nőro	hackamore nuxsɔ̋m̃o	harrow ȝa̋nlo	spear/lance ṡűno	paddle/oar e̋rlo	loom comb pa̋þlo	crook lı̋t̬o
sledge hammer te̋mlɛżo	trap rı̋þlo	harness ðűrlo	planting stick be̋rgɛlo	sword e̋e̋nso	oarpin t̬e̋lo	sewing needle ṡűűlo
mallet m̨űxṡo	fish lure aṡe̋no	bridle sɔ̋m̃o	sickle/scythe me̋þlo	blowpipe m̃eeɠőro	sail seke̋lo	scissors d̬isı̋ı̋mo
single-bladed ax a̋xso	net tentőlo	halter żűl̤o	plow he̋l̤o	sling kı̋flo	boat pole ga̋ilo	knitting needle me̋e̋ƣlo
double-bladed ax se̋xlo	fishnet kűlto	reins ṡaasf̨a̋a̋lo	water wheel hur̈e̋þo	crossbow ṡőgo
saw lőslo	fishhook miinke̋xlo	swingle/scutch/ flail pı̋ı̋slo	quarrel ża̋po
plane ge̋e̋slo	fishing pole miinhőőlo	whip lőgo	winnowing fan m̃e̋e̋lo
chisel ṡa̋a̋nlo	weir na̋do	headstall niimf̨a̋lo
drill pűrlo	bolas veeðta̋a̋inos
tongs ba̋a̋ko
file fı̋ı̋xlo
trowel le̋e̋flo
shovel vőðlo
vise se̋flo

Tanning - ȝőðra

• Four of the Peoples tan leather (kőőno). The Ethrans tan the hides (ǧı̋ı̋no) of their unicorns; the Pyrans, of their reindeer; the Humans, of their horses and of wisent, aurochs, etc.; and the Lithans, of their turs and yaks. The dressing is done by an emulsion of animal brains.
• Because of the odor, the tannery (ȝoðde̋mo) is placed outside the settlement and downwind from the prevailing winds.
• The tanner (ȝőðlu) may also make parchment (ȝarǧı̋ı̋no).

Food production - eðsa̋iso

• All the Peoples have access to a number of foodstuffs, both animal and vegetable, but each of them specializes in particular foods that characterize their cuisine.

The Ethrans

• The specialized food production for the Ethrans consists of the raising of geese (ha̋nse); the cultivation of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) (hőli), crocuses (Crocus cartwrightianus) (sı̋zi) and roses; and the keeping of bees (vı̋ı̋ra).
• Some of the Ethrans also hunt wild fowl. Geese are raised for their flesh and their eggs. Goose fat is used for frying and flavoring. Wild fowl, such as partridge (m̃ortőke) and pheasant (ge̋rke), are hunted for sport with gyrfalcons (Falco rusticolus) and their flesh graces the Ethran dinner table.
• Buckwheat is raised in fields around the citadels. Every citadel has a threshing floor (ala̋a̋m̃o). The floor is covered with clay tiles and surrounded by a low stone wall. The threshing is done by hand using a swingle (pı̋ı̋slo).
• Saffron is one of the Ethrans’ favorite flavors.
• Each citadel also grows roses for making tisanes and syrups and for scenting the citadel. Some are grown out-of-doors, but the Ethrans maintain greenhouses (zɔðde̋mo) so that the roses are available all year long.
• Bee hives (t̨őto) are maintained for honey and wax. The honey is fermented to make mead (me̋ð̬o). The wax is used to make candles.
• Various Ethrans are skilled in doing this work: farmers, gardeners, animal keepers, beekeepers, brewers, millers.

The Pyrans

• The specialized food production for the Ethrans consists of the raising of reindeer (tűnte), the cultivation of buckwheat (Cicer arietinum) (ha̋rli) and home gardening.
• The major source of food for the Pyrans comes from the reindeer. The reindeer are a source of meat and the milk is used for making cheese (tűűro) and butter (gűrho). Several types of cheese are made.
• If rennet (ba̋rdo) is not available, vinegar (sűűrt̬i) is used to curdle the milk. The butter is clarified to make it last longer.
• In their home gardens they grow, among other things, the fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) (maðűrki) and the horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) (tőrbi) which characterize Pyran cuisine.
• Everyone has at least one sloe tree (Prunus spinosa) (ṡőfi) on his property, the creamy white blossoms of which beautify the da̋bo streets in the spring. The berries are used to make jam (ṡofȝűűto), or are dried and pickled (saalṡőfo). The juice is fermented into a liqueur (ṡóft̨aaþsőgo).

The Hydorans

• There is very little food production among the Hydorans. Most of what they eat is provided by nature.
• The primary source of the Hydorans' protein is what they catch in the water: fish, frogs, crayfish, eels, to name a few. These are eaten either raw or grilled over peat or wood. Fish are caught with either hook and line or in nets woven from cattail fibers or leaves. If the lake on which they live is large enough, they often fish from some type of water craft. Their otter companions also do some fishing for them.
• Cooking and fermenting are the only food processing in which the Hydorans engage.
• Much of the Hydoran culture revolves around the cattail (Typha latifolia) (kűrði).
• As food from bottom to top:
  • The roots are cooked and eaten like potatoes, or they may be crushed and boiled to make a sweet syrup, or they are ground into a powder and used like flour although there is no gluten. They are harvested when the weather becomes cold and they are richest in starch.
  • The young shoots and stems can be eaten raw or cooked rather like asparagus.
  • The immature spike can be cooked or eaten raw rather like corn on the cob.
  • The seed also can be eaten either raw or cooked or pressed to yield its oil in which the Hydorans do their frying.
  • The pollen can be eaten.
• Other water plants harvested in the wild are a food source for the Hydorans. Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) (nerm̃a̋ti) and water mint (Mentha aquatica) (m̃efże̋li) are the characteristic spices in Hydoran cuisine.
• The cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccus) (kite̋m̃i) is used as is, but sweetened, and to make a fermented wine.

The Humans

• The horse is the center of the Human culture and, on occasion, horsemeat is eaten. However, most of the protein in their diet is obtained from wild game. Smaller game, such as antelope, is hunted on horseback with eagles. Larger game, such as aurochs and giant deer, is also hunted on horseback, but with bow and arrow.
• Lentils (Lens culinaris) (le̋nti) are grown in gardens around the ṡe̋im̃o and tended by the women.
• The corn poppy (Papaver rhoeas) (ma̋a̋ki) grows wild on the steppes and the seeds are harvested in the fall. The seeds are used to flavor their cuisine or are ground for their oil. The leaves are not eaten since it is more important to await the seeds. The petals also produce a flavored syrup.
• Cherry plums (Prunus cerasifera) (lı̋ı̋m̃ki) grow along the rivers that flow through the steppes. In the fall the fruit is picked and either eaten raw or made into jam. The juice is made into a fermented beverage.
• Wild basil (Ocimum basilicum) (tula̋si) is grown in the family gardens and used to flavor Human cuisine. It is dried and thus made available throughout the winter. If the harvest is plentiful enough, the leaves can be cooked and served like spinach.

The Xylans

• The Xylans eat much of their food raw although, given enough time and desire, they do sometimes cook their food.
• The Xylans are vegetarians and eat various kinds of nuts, especially the acorn (me̋ðto), as their primary source of protein. The bitter taste of acorns, due to tannins, does not bother the Xylans and they seldom leach the acorns. The time necessary to leach the acorns also interferes with their roving life style.
• A number of wild fruits are available in the forests, but the Xylans are partial to the wild cherry (Prunus avium) (ṡerműsi). The sap yields an edible gum, but the Xylans would not wound the bark to obtain it, gathering it only from trees naturally wounded.
• The Xylans enjoy chewing wild angelica (Angelica sylvestris) (ṡ̬e̋nði) for its licorice-like flavor.

The Lithans

• The specialized food production for the Ethrans consists of the cultivation of hemp (Cannibis sativa) (kana̋pi) on their valley floors and in terraces and of mushrooms (šőmbi) in their caves.
• The main source of protein is wild game. With the help of their dogs, the Lithans hunt small game such as rabbits, hares, and groundhogs. They also eat yak and tur meat when the animals are too old or injured to be of value to the family. The slaughter of one of these domesticated animals is the occasion for a community-wide feast, such as a wedding.
• Apple trees (Malus sylvestris) (abe̋li) are grown in their valleys for their fruit which is made into jams or pureed, baked in pies, or made into juice or cider. The five-petaled white blossoms are made into an infusion for drinking.
• In their gardens they grow sweet violets (Viola odorata) (ṡűmi) and capers (Capparis spinosa) (gőȝi) to flavor their cuisine.
• They grow many varieties of mushrooms in their mountain caves. A portion of what is produced is dried for consumption in the winter.

Cloth production – oorsa̋iso

• All six of the Loquent Peoples have the skill, at varying levels, to make cloth. With the exception of the Xylans, they know how to ret fibers and weave cloth. Each of them has chosen a particular material out of which they manufacture material for clothing and other purposes.

The Ethrans

• The Ethrans grow flax (Linum usitatissimum) (lı̋ni) and use the fibers to make linen (lı̋no). The production of linen is labor intensive and, of the 720 ministers residing at a citadel, most are employed in the production of linen: planting, harvesting, winnowing, retting, scutching, heckling, spinning, weaving, and dyeing.
• Retting is the loosening of the fibers from the stalks by soaking. Field retting is used as it produces a higher quality of flax than pond or stream retting; the soaking is produced by dew.
• Scutching is the removal of the fibers from the stalks.
• Heckling is combing out the short fibers leaving behind the long soft fibers.
• In every citadel, along with other utility buildings, are a loom shop (oordődo) in which are several looms, a spinning shop (pendődo), and a dyeing shop (teerdődo).
• The Ethrans raise silkworms for the production of silk.
• At each citadel there is also a modest leather industry. Leather does not wear out as fast as linen so not that much is required. Ethran leather is made from unicorn hide.
• Again, there are sheds for tanning (ȝoðdődo) and dyeing the leather.

The Pyrans

• The Pyrans weave reindeer and dog hair for wool.
• They make leather out of reindeer hide.

The Hydorans

• The Hydorans grow cattails (Typha latifolia) and use the fibers for cloth.

The Humans

• The Humans weave horsehair and dog hair for wool.
• They make leather out of horsehide and the hides from the wild animals caught.

The Xylans

• The Xylans make a felt out of the horsehoof fungus (Fomes fomentaria) (fugšőmbi).
• They weave their utility belts out of withies.

The Lithans

• The Lithans grow hemp (Cannabis sativa) (kana̋pi) and use the fibers for hemp.
• They wave yak hair for woolen garments and make yak leather, both "fur on" and "fur off".
• They also use hemp fibers to make cordage, which is an important trade item.

Fuel

• The fuel most commonly used by the herding Peoples is dung (xa̋mo) from the unicorns, reindeer, horses, turs and yaks. When found, especially on the steppe, the dung of the wild herbivores (aurochsen, giant deer, mammoths, bison) is gathered.
• Periodically the dung is collected by the women and shaped into cakes, then left to dry. This is done by flowing water so that hands may be washed afterwards. The women carry with them vessels of soapwort solution for washing the hands.
• The Xylans seldom cook their food or heat their homes but, when they do, they use deadfall.
• The Hydorans, too, cook their food and heat their homes with deadfall, but they are not averse to chopping down a tree.
• Peat (bɔ̋ɔ̋so) is used for fuel when it is available.

Colors - te̋e̋ros

• In the Senjecan analysis of colors, there are six primary colors:

1. re̋uði, red
2. vı̋mi, orange
3. xűli, yellow
4. ða̋li, green
5. hőőxi, blue
6. m̃ı̋ȝi, purple

• There are also six intermediate colors:

1. se̋ti, reddish-orange
2. ṡűűiri, orangish-yellow
3. he̋lm̃i, yellowish-green
4. sı̋ni, greenish-blue
5. me̋hi, bluish-purple
6. őrbi, purplish-red

• There is also a name for brown, ba̋di.
• In addition, each of these twelve colors can be modified by two degrees of lightness, ɫiið- and pel-, and two degrees of darkness, mel- and kaal-. Taking red as an example, there are then five shades of red, from lightest to darkest: pelre̋uði, ɫiiðre̋uði, re̋uði, melre̋uði, and kaalre̋uði.
• There are also the achromatic colors of pa̋ȝi, dull white; ȝa̋a̋xi, shining white; bőri, gray; kőni, dull black; and šőrdi, shining black.
• White and black are absolute, but gray can be modified in the same way as the chromatic colors.
• The color chart gives the name of all these colors and shades.

pelre̋uði

pelvı̋mi

pelxűli

pelða̋li

pelhőőxi

pelm̃ı̋ȝi

pelse̋ti

pelṡűűiri

pelhẽlm̃i

pelsı̋ni

pelme̋hi

pelőrbi

pelbőri

pelba̋di

ɫiiðre̋uði

ɫiiðvı̋mi

ɫiiðxűli

ɫiið̤a̋li

ɫiiðhőőxi

ɫiiðm̃ı̋ȝi

ɫiiðse̋ti

ɫiiðṡűűiri

ɫiiðhe̋lm̃i

ɫiiðsı̋ni

ɫiiðme̋hi

ɫiiðőrbi

ɫiiðbőri

ɫiiðba̋di

re̋uði 620-780 nm.

vı̋mi 585-620 nm.

xűli 570-585 nm.

ða̋li 490-570 nm.

hőőxi 420-490 nm.

m̃ı̋ȝi 400-420 nm.

se̋ti 620-780 nm.

ṡűűiri 585-620 nm.

he̋lm̃i 570-585 nm.

sı̋ni 490-570 nm.

me̋hi 420-490 nm.

őrbi 400-420 nm.

bőri

ba̋di

melre̋uði

melvı̋mi

melxűli

melða̋li

melhőőxi

melm̃ı̋ȝi

melse̋ti

melṡűűiri

melhe̋lm̃i

melsı̋ni

melme̋hi

melőrbi

melbőri

melba̋di

kaalre̋uði

kaalvı̋mi

kaalxűli

kaalða̋li

kaalhőőxi

kaalm̃ı̋ȝi

kaalse̋ti

kaalṡűűiri

kaalhe̋lm̃i

kaalsı̋ni

kaalme̋hi

kaalőrbi

kaalbőri

kaalba̋di

• There are also a few suppletive words for color:

1. crimson k̬e̋rmi
2. pink n̨őli
3. golden brown te̋e̋ni
4. light yellow z̨a̋ni
5. auburn x̨uuri

Taxonomy- lezsa̋a̋r̈a

• The Ethrans described each living being as belonging to a group consisting of six different levels. The Ethrans thought to name the taxonomic levels after the levels of human kinship. Each species is given two names in the same way as each loquent individual is given two names, a family name (patronymic) and an individual name. These two names correspond to the contemporary use of genus and species.
• The highest level simply divides living beings into the broad categories of animal (ta̋sa) and plant (műűla). Note that these levels throughout are merely the names of the concrete objects which end in –u placed in the abstract –a declension.
• The six levels to which the individual (še̋da), species belongs, in descending order and using Homo sapiens as an illustration, are:

1. le̋uða (phylum) < le̋uðu, people Chordata
2. da̋ma (class) < da̋mu, tribe Mammalia
3. űka (order) < űku, clan Primates
4. ða̋a̋ma (family) < ða̋a̋mu, family Hominidae
5. őrpa (tribe) < őrpu, cousin Hominini
6. ȝőőra (genus) < ȝőőru, sibling Homo

• Of course, the highest level would be that of Kingdom, in this case Animalia, ta̋sa < ta̋se, animal.
• A more detailed taxonomic list would add various prefixes to each one. Thus a more complete taxonomic list would look like this:

kingdom/division	ta̋sa/műűla
superphylum	ufle̋uða
phylum/division	le̋uða
subphylum	nerle̋uða
class	da̋ma
subclass	nerda̋ma
infraclass	pinda̋ma
superorder	upűka
order	űka
suborder	nerűka
infraorder	pinűka
parvorder	loȝűka
superfamily	ufða̋a̋ma
family	ða̋a̋ma
subfamily	nerða̋a̋ma
tribe	őrpa
genus	ȝőőra
subgenus	nerȝőőra
species	še̋e̋da
subspecies	nerše̋e̋da

Metrology - mesa̋a̋r̈a

• The Sefdaanian system of measurement is based on the dimensions of the Ethran body. As such, the U.S. and metric equivalents are approximate.

Measurement of Length - piðta̋s me̋ra

• The basic unit of linear measure is the dőőura, (palm width), ~10 cm., ~4 in.
• ¼ dőőura = 1 ṡı̋da, ~2.5 cm., 1 in.
• 2 dőőuras = 1 kőőta (span between thumb and little finger), ~20 cm., ~8 in.
• 10 dőőuras = 1 a̋lda, ~1 m., ~40 in.
• 1,000 a̋ldas = 1 ve̋nha, ~1,000 m., ~3,281 ft.

Measurement of Area - a̋a̋rős me̋ra

• Area is measured by the square of the units of length; squared = miga̋a̋maþo (self-multiplied).

Measurement of Weight - telra̋s me̋ra

• The basic unit of weight measure is the kűrga, ~10 gm., ~0.3 oz.
• 10 kűrgas = 1 m̨a̋ɫa, ~100 gm., ~3.5 oz.
• 10 m̨a̋ɫas = 1 pa̋d̨a, ~1 kg., ~2.2 lb.

Measurement of Volume - ter̈a̋s me̋ra

• The basic unit of volume is the aga̋la, ~1 L., ~1 qt.
• 100 aga̋las = 1 sa̋ika, 100 L., 26.5 gal.

Measurement of Time - tena̋s me̋ra

• The basic unit of time is the őrda, the hour.
• The őrda is divided into 60 parts called tenka ("little time"), the minute.
• The tenka is divided into 60 parts called sa̋mpa, the second.

Sefdaanian Ethnography Chapter 15 - Transportation and Communication