Neo-Khitanese Lexicon

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Numerals

Multiplicative forms measure quantities: "X times as much; X-fold; of X parts; double, triple, quadruple". Distributive forms give the sense "X each; by Xes, in sets of X; X by X". There are also collective and iterative forms, not shown here.

Numeral Systems
Number Cardinal Counting (1) Counting (2) Ordinal Multiplicative Distributive
0 kosu
1 ümün, ümüken dïsïk naï ümnin ümürmen ümü:tel
2 jür kassa ho êkindi, gên jürmen jü:rtel
3 ïlan cok gur ïlagï ïlarman ïlantal
4 dïgïn cak dur dïgï dïgïrman dïgïntal
5 tuŋga caŋ tau tuŋgï tuŋgarman tuŋgatal
6 ñuŋgun kilkü nir ñuŋgï ñuŋgurman ñuŋgunta:l
7 nadan daktuŋk döl nadagï nadarman nadanta:l
8 japkun coktuŋk maï japkï japkurman japkunta:l
9 êgin caktaŋk is êgi êgirmen êgintel
10 jan cuŋtuk on jagï jarman jantal
11 jan ümün jan ümnin jan ümürmen jan ümütel
15 komdok komdoki komdokmon komdoktol
20 orïn orï orïrman orïntal
30 gucïn gucï gucïrman gucïntal
40 döcin döci döcirmen döcintel
50 tabun tabï taburman tabuntal
60 jïran jïragï jïrarman jïrantal
70 najan najagï najarman najantal
80 söksön söksi söksörmön söksöntöl
90 tokson toksï toksormon toksontol
100 ñamadï jaur ñamadï ñamadïrman ñamadïtal
1,000 mïŋgan mïŋgï mïŋgarman mïŋgantal
10,000 tümen tümeŋgi tümermen tümentel

Color Terminology

Color Terms
Kilda English
borko color, hue
dikteme blue
lüpcürin dark green, brownish-green; blue-black, dark blue
culdïn blue-green
kökü light blue, blue-gray, sky-blue
koŋdorïn dark brown, brownish-black
ñölmö green
yasïl green (of vegetation, landscape)
kaktarma orange; (archaic) light yellow
šêrarï light yellow, lemon-colored
fulama red
horïn bright red, scarlet
segdi dark red, blood-colored
jayarïn light red, pink
cacalu golden-yellow, gold-colored, coppery; red (of rust, rocks, fish, etc.)
jajaŋ red and yellow (of autumnal foliage)
kürilik maroon, reddish-purple
cucïrïn violet, purplish
bagdarïn white
gïltarïn bright white, pure white
beli, kêmala pale, light (of color)
ñigjeme black; dark (of color)
pïŋgalak gray
fepkerin light gray, speckled/mottled gray
ïgjama yellowish-gray, beige
hurïma gray (of weather)

Body Parts

The language has a pretty well worked out vocabulary in this area. What I give below is strictly for human bodies; there's often special terminology for talking about the analogous parts of different animals. Body-part terminology shows a lot of irregular plurals (duals, one could argue), and even some odd singular forms where the default is plural/dual. There's a fairly distinct register of "baby speech" which I've included here. The orthography is the sort used in native typography; no distinction of front/back "i" vowels or of vowel length; note that {c, j} = alveopalatal affricates [tS], [dZ].

Body

  1. Blood vessel: hunggikta, no lexical differentiation between veins and arteries (obsolete: sodun, now meaning "pulse")
  2. Material of which it is composed
    1. Bone: giramda (babytalk: foni)
    2. Gristle or cartilage: tadaksa
    3. Skin: kilfa
    4. Muscle: sümü
    5. Fat: nimükse (usu. restricted to abdominal fat deposits)
    6. Blood: sekse (babytalk: misi-misi)
  3. Trunk (torso): tünggen (see chest below)
    1. Chest: tünggen, refers both to upper torso and the torso as a whole (obsolete: kengkütir, "chest, ribcage")
      1. Heart: mêwan (babytalk: ling-ling)
      2. Lung: pagun, pl. pagad
    2. Abdomen or Belly: nangka "abdomen, belly; stomach"; refers to both the area and the innards.
      1. Stomach: nangka "belly; stomach" or fükin "stomach, intestines" (babytalk: pisi-bisi)
      2. Liver: pakin
      3. Spleen: dilkin
      4. Intestines: fükin "stomach, intestines"
    3. Waist: darama "hips" and enggeñe "waist, lower flanks"
  4. Neck: minggön "neck", silde "nape of neck", ceken "front of throat, larynx; jowls"
  5. Extremity
    1. Head: dil, köbül (syn.) (babytalk: pa-pa)
      1. Hair: ñürikte, kümid (syn., on head and in general; babytalk equivalents numa, cik-cik); tikta "body hair"; dêki "facial hair
      2. Ear: šên
        1. Earhole: šên kobin (lit. "cavity of the ear")
        2. Earlobe: TBD
      3. Eye: isa (babytalk: nübi); the eye as it appears in the face
        1. Eyeball: ñündün (the organ in the strict sense)
          1. Iris: TBD
          2. Pupil: TBD
          3. Sclera: TBD
        2. Eyebrow: kamig (sg. kam)
        3. Eyelid: kömdekte
          1. Eyelash: kirimki
        4. Eye socket: isa kobin (lit. "cavity of the eye")
        5. Tear gland: TBD
      4. Nose: onggara (formal), ñarak (vernacular, lit. "snot-container"), yakkan (slang), kaiko (babytalk)
        1. Nostril: kangša, pl. kanggid
      5. Mouth: amga, šekše (syn.)
        1. Jaw: kebi
          1. Maxilla (upper jaw): TBD
          2. Mandible (lower jaw): kebi
        2. Tooth: kikta (babytalk: kip-kep, pl. kiped [yes, Kilda infant-speak has irregular plurals])
          1. Incisor: TBD for human bodyparts
          2. Eyetooth or Canine Tooth: TBD for human bodyparts
          3. Molar (and/or premolar?): TBD for human bodyparts
        3. Tongue: necil (babytalk: hilengki, lit. "licker")
    2. Limb: no unitary term
      1. Arm: no unitary term
        1. Shoulder: tannun, pl. tanud (idiomatic/obsolete: mire); kende "shoulderblade, shoulder bone"
        2. Elbow: hiñcen "elbow (joint)", sirmüsik "elbow (bone)"
        3. Wrist: bilen "wrist (joint)", kombuki "wrist (bones)"
        4. Humerus (upper arm): bokto
        5. Lower Arm: sötö, pl. sitüt
        6. Hand: gala
          1. Palm: mañjan (and note maniran "back of the hand")
      2. Leg: begdi "foot, leg"
        1. Hip: ogo "hips, pelvis" (literary: uldug)
          1. buttock (if different): pikangga (polite), puk-puk (vernacular and babytalk), künggüki (vulgar)
        2. Knee: söjö, pl. süjid (babytalk: kokobo); also cöjökü, pl. celköt "hollow behind the knee", pengjen "knee joint", töbgi "kneecap (bone)"
        3. Ankle: cimenek, cimnek
        4. Thigh (upper leg): talpi (literary: uldug)
        5. Shank (lower leg, between knee and ankle): silbi
          1. Shin: silbi
          2. Calf: cakci "calf muscle, back of lower leg"
        6. Foot: begdi "foot, leg"; also ölmi "top/upper part of foot"
          1. Sole: fata
          2. Heel: ningti
          3. Ball: N/A
    3. Digit (toe or thumb or finger): no unitary term
      1. Nail: osikta (with long vowel in second syllable; minimal pair with initial-long osikta "star")
        1. Fingernail: no separate term
        2. Toenail: no separate term
      2. Toe: cimki
        1. Pollex ("Great" Toe or Big Toe): TBD
        2. Pinky toe or little toe: TBD
        3. Other individual toes?: TBD
      3. Thumb: perüken, tamka (syn.)
        1. Thumbnail: TBD or N/A
      4. Finger: huñakan (babytalk: kekkö, pl. kikêd)
        1. Index finger: talgalan; also tikalan "middle or ring finger, either or both of the two inside fingers"
        2. Pinky finger: cimcen
        3. Middle finger: TBD, see above
        4. Ring finger: tunglik
    4. Genitalia
      1. female
        1. vagina: koñju (polite), köppön, kapilak (slang), kwappa (vulgar), paku (intimate), bi-bi (babytalk)
        2. womb: doptun
      2. male
        1. penis: cicük (formal/polite), lölö (vernacular/slang), ci-ci (babytalk)
        2. testicle: nama (babytalk: noki)
  6. Side
    1. Back: sogdonso "back", ñiri "backbone, spine"
    2. Front: tünggen "chest, breast"
    3. Left: ñiligdi "left (adj.)", ñiliski "leftwards, to the left"; also šucaka "left-handed (of person, etc.)"
    4. Right: anggu, maran "right (adj.)", angguski, marangku "rightward, to the right" (syn.)
    5. Bottom (lower): ütilme "lower" (general; not specific to body)
    6. Top (upper): ügi:gde "upper" (general; not specific to body)
  7. Orifices
    1. anus: ilmi
    2. urethral meatus?: TBD

Does your conlang, or do your conlangs, use any of these terms, or reduced forms of them, as affixes? Or as verbs or adjectives or prepositions or conjunctions or pronouns? With the exception of directional terms, no; they're all nouns/nominals, and are mostly substantives.

What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of life? Probably the stomach.

What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of emotion? The liver and the heart.

What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of consciousness? The brain (tarki) in modern times, but in different idiomatic contexts, it can be various other body parts, including the feet.

Indo-Iranian Loanwords On The Bering Strait

See the separate page Indo-Iranian Loans in Kilda

Pimp My Portuguese

The following vocabulary was borrowed from Portuguese (P.) and Spanish (S.) in the second half of the 16th and the 17th century. Several are themselves loanwords from African, South Asian, Southeast Asian, and American languages, but only entered Kilda through Portuguese and more rarely Spanish contacts. As mentioned on CONLANG/ZBB, I'd appreciate input from those knowledgable about the phonetics of early modern Portuguese (or with the topic in general) to advise and correct.

I've included the modern Kilda meaning of the term where it's significantly different from either the archaic or the modern Portuguese sense. Regarding how Kilda phonology would color borrowings, see the main Kilda page, but a few other points: stress is always word-initial unless there's a long vowel in the word, in which case it falls on the first long vowel; accordingly, Portuguese words with non-initial stress were perceived as having long vowels in their stressed syllable. /-m/ is a strongly dispreferred word-final consonant in Kilda. There's no voiced 'hushing' sibilant, /ʒ/ to correspond to the voiceless /ʃ/. /s/ is always [ʃ] before a high front vowel. Kilda voiceless stops are strongly aspirated, more than Portuguese ones; accordingly, (non-initial?) voiceless stops in Portuguese were borrowed as voiced stops in Kilda.

  • P. abacati > bagadï /'bagadɪ/ "avocado"
  • P. abacaxi > bagasï /'bagaʃɪ/ "pineapple"
  • P. adufe > düfi /'duɸi/ "tp. of tambourine/frame drum"
  • P. amendoim > mendön /mən'do:n/ "peanut"
  • P. armada > armad /aɹ'ma:d/ "fleet, flotilla"
  • P. armazém > armajïn /aɹma'ʤɪ:n/ "shipping warehouse"
  • P. âncora > oŋgōr /ɔŋ'gɔ:ɾ/ "anchor"
  • P. baju > bašu /'baʃʊ/ "blouse, light jacket"
  • P. banana > bana /'bana/ "banana" (reinterpreted as containing a collective number suffix; K. plural of bana is banal, "bunch of bananas" is bananal)
  • P. bandolim > bandulïn /ban'dʊ:ɬɪn/ "mandolin, cittern"
  • P. batata > badada /'badada/ "potato"
  • P. bolo "ball" > bölö /'boɬo/ "tiny round cake or ball-shaped pastry"
  • P. bomba > bombo /'bɔmbɔ/ "pump"
  • P. cadeira > kadêra /'kadɛʲɾa/ "armchair"
  • P. calçada > kalsad /'kaɬsad/ "pavement, sidewalk"
  • P. cama > kama /'kama/ "bedframe, framed bed"
  • P. camisa > kamïsïk /'kamɪʃɪk/ "shirt opening in front and closed by buttons" (with K. nominal derivational suffix)
  • P. campo > Kampu /'kampʊ/ "neighborhood in the Winter Capital [Petropavlovsk], site of the original Portuguese trading enclave"
  • P. canequim > kanïgïn /'kanɪgɪn/ "plain linen, percale, calico"
  • P. caralho > karalu /'kaɾaɮʊ/ "crow's nest (on a ship)"
  • P. caramelo/caramel > karamïl /'kaɾamɪɬ/ "caramel"
  • P. cartas de jogar > kartas /'kaɹtas/ "card game"
  • P. casado > kašadïn, kašadumnï /'kaʃadɪn, 'kaʃadʊmnɪ/ (adj., n.) "Eurasian, mixed-race people (Asian and European)"
  • P. cavaquinho > kawgïn /'kaβgɪ:n/ "ukulele, machimbo, etc.; any kind of tiny guitar-like instrument"
  • P. chapinha > šabïna /'ʃabɪna/ "keel"
  • P. charamela > šarmêla /'ʃaɹmɛʲɬa/ "double-reed woodwind tp."
  • P. chiclete > siklêkte /ʃi'klɛʲktə/ "chewing guum, chicle" (with K. nominal derivational suffix)
  • P. christão > krïstodïn, krïstomnï /kɾɪs'tɔ:dɪn, kɾɪs'tɔ:mnɪ/ (adj., n.) "Portuguese, Portuguese people"
  • P. condição > köndisö /kondi'so:/ "quality, condition, grade (of goods)"
  • P. confeito > kömfêdü /kom'ɸɛʲdu/ "rock candy"
  • P. conta > könde /'kondə/ "account, bookkeeping record"
  • P. côco > kökö /'koko/ "coconut"
  • P. dado > dadusal /'dadʊsaɬ/ "dice" (with K. collective plural suffix)
  • P. feitor > fêdör /'ɸɛʲdoɾ/ "trade representative, dealer, commercial consul"
  • P. feitoria > fêdöriket /'ɸɛʲdoɾikɛ:t/ "trading post" (with K. nominal derivational suffix)
  • P. fita > fide /'ɸidə/ "decorative ribbon, colored ribbon; ribbon (on military uniform)"
  • P. galeão > galïyo /galɪ'jɔ:/ "galleon"
  • P. garfo > garfu /'gaɹɸʊ/ "fork (tableware)"
  • P. gasto > gastu /'gastʊ/ "toll, surcharge, usage fee; bribe"
  • P. goiaba > goyaba /gɔ'ja:ba/ "guava"
  • P. Hollanda > Folanda /'ɸɔɬanda/ "Netherlands, Holland; Dutchman" (unusually for K., as a noun can refer either to the country or to its inhabitants)
  • P. Inglez > Iŋlis, Iglis /'iglis/ "England, Britain; Englishman" (see Folanda above)
  • P. inhame > ñamï /'ɳamɪ/ "yam"
  • P. jagra > jagar /'ʤa:gar/ "palm sugar, jaggery"
  • P. lançado > lansadumnï /'ɬansadʊmnɪ/ "mercenaries, freebooters, soldiers of fortune, adventurers" (with K. nominal derivational suffix)
  • P. leilão > leino /ɬɛʲ'nɔ:/ "auction, sale by auction"
  • P. linguiça > liŋgīse /ɬiŋ'gi:sɘ/ "cured hard sausage"
  • P. limão > limö /ɬi'mo:/ "lemon"
  • P. lençol > lensü /'ɬɛ:nsu/ "handkerchief"
  • P. marimba > marïmba /'maɾɪmba/ "xylophone, marimba"
  • P. marmelo > marmï, marma /'maɹmɪ/, /'maɹma/ "quince"
  • P. merda em boca > merdinbuca > K. mejibük /'mɘʤibuk/ "junk, worthless or damaged goods, good-for-nothing scrap, crap"
  • P. nao > nō /nɔ:/ "cargo ship"
  • P. papo de anjo > pabudañju /'pabʊdaɳʤʊ/ "tp. of dessert made with baked whipped eggs"
  • P. pelouro > pelür /'pɛ:ɬu:ɾ/ "cannonball"
  • P. pastelão > pastïlo /pastɪ'lɔ:/ "pastry, baked sweets"
  • P. pepino > pebīnü /pə'bi:nu/ "cucumber"
  • P. pimentão, pimento > pimȫndü /pi'mo:ndu/ "bell pepper, pimento"
  • P. pintura > pindüre /pin'duɾə/ "oil or tempera painting"
  • P. pipoca > pïpuga, pipöge /'pɪpʊga/, /'pipogə/ "popcorn"
  • P. pistola > pistön /'piston/ "handgun, pistol"
  • P. por cento > pörsen /poɹ'sɛ:n/ "percent"
  • P. pão, pão doce > pō /pɔ:/ "cake, sweet bread"
  • P. quartel > kortïl /'kɔɹtɪɬ/ "barracks; guardroom, guardpost"
  • P. real > ïral, ïryal /'ɪɾaɬ/, /ɪɾ'ja:ɬ/ "unit of currency used for accounting"
  • P. relógio > erlögi /əɹɬo:gi/ "clock, timepiece"
  • P. renda > erênde > /ə'ɾɛʲndə/ lace (cloth)
  • P. sabão > sabo /sa'bɔ:/ "soap"
  • P. salada > salad /sa'ɬa:d/ "salad"
  • P. sapato > sabadu /'sabadʊ/ "stiff leather shoe with hard sole"
  • P. tiro > tirü /'tiɾu/ "customs duty, excise tax"
  • P. Tourane > Turan /tʊɾa:n/ "modern city of Da Nang"
  • P. trato > cadu /'ʧadʊ/ "business deal or agreement, trade or mercantile deal"
  • P. tudo laia > tudalaï /'tʊdaɬaʲ/ "knicknacks, kickshaws, gimcracks, assorted goods"
  • P. veludo > welüdü /'ɰəɬudu/ "velvet"
  • P. viola > wïyola /ɰɪ'jɔ:ɬa/ "violin, viola"
  • P. zamboa > sombu /'sɔmbʊ/ "pomelo, shaddock, Chinese graprefuit"

SPANISH

  • S. (Mex.) chile > cili /ʧiɬi/ "chili (pepper)" (Mexican Spanish < Nahuatl chilli)
  • S. San Miguel > Semigel /sɛ:migɛ:ɬ/ "modern city of Manilla"
  • S. (Mex.) tamales (pl) > tamalas /ta'ma:ɬas/ "tamale, steamed dumpling" (sg.), K. plural tamalasal (< Nahuatl tamalli)
  • S. (Mex.) tomate > tomatï /'tɔmatɪ/ (< Nahuatl xitomatl)
  • S. vainilla > waïnïl /'ɰaʲnɪɬ/ "vanilla"
  • S. vihueal > biwêle /bi'ɰɛʲɬe/ "tp. of 12-stringed guitar-like instrument"
  • S. Xerés > šeres /ʃəɾɛ:s/ "sherry"
  • S. (Mex.) chicole (sp?) > ciköli /ʧi'ko:ɬi/ "hot chocolate, chocolate drink" (< Nahuatl chicolli "stick for frothing drinks")
  • S. (Mex.) guajolote > wešölö /ɰəʃo'ɬo:/ "turkey" (< Nahuatl huexolotl)
  • S. (Mex.) > cokowa /tʃɔ'kɔ:ɰa/ "chocolate, cocoa" (< Nahuatl)
  • S. zanfona > sïmfuna /ʃɪm'ɸʊ:na/ "hurdy gurdy, wheel fiddle" (? source - perhaps not from Spanish)

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