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Kala/uali

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Charts and diagrams related to Kala.

Phonology

Consonants
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m (m) n (n) ɲ (ny)
Plosive p~b (p) t~d (t) k~g (g) ʔ ( ' )
Affricate ts~t͡ʃ (ts) t͡ɬ~tl (tl)
Continuant s~ʃ (s) l~ɾ (l) h~ɦ (h)
Semivowel j (y) w (u)
Vowels
Front Back
Close i~ɪ (i) u~u: (u)
Mid e~ɛ (e) o~o: (o)
Open a~a: (a)

Syllables

the 136 basic Kala syllables
a e i o u ua ue ya ye yo ai ao uai yao
p (m)pa (m)pe (m)pi (m)po (m)pu pua pue pya pye pyo pai pao puai pyao
t (n)ta (n)te (n)ti (n)to tai tao
k (n)ka (n)ke (n)ki (n)ko (n)ku kua kue kya kye kyo kai kao kuai kyao
m ma me mi mo mu mua mue mya mye myo mai mao muai myao
n na ne ni no nu nua nue nya nye nyo nai nao nuai nyao
s sa se si so su sua sue sai sao suai
h ha he hi ho hu hua hue hya hye hyo hai hao huai hyao
ts tsa tse tsi tso tsu tsua tsue tsai tsao tsuai
tl tla tle tli tlo tlai tlao
l la le li lo lai lao
- a e i o u ua ue ya ye yo ai ao uai yao

Collating Order

Consonants p t k m n s h ts tl l
Vowels a e i o u ua ue ya ye yo

Pronouns

nkalo
Agent Patient Reflexive Possessive Reciprocal
1sg na ena na'i nayo -
2sg ta eta ta'i tayo -
3sg ha eha ha'i hayo -
4sg tla etla tla'i tlayo -
1pl
1pl exclusive 		nam
na'am		 enam
ena'am		 nami
na'ami		 namyo
na'amyo		 nanku
na'anku
2pl tam etam tami tamyo tanku
3pl kam ekam kami kamyo kanku
4pl tlam etlam tlami tlamyo tlanku

Correlatives

uatse
Proximal
i- 		Medial
ua- 		Distal
ye- 		Inclusive
-kua 		Negative
-k 		Indefinite
-la
mo
(place) 		hina
here		 uana
there		 yemua
over there		 mokua
everywhere		 mok
nowhere		 mola
somewhere; anywhere
ko
(person) 		iko
this person		 uako
that person		 yeko
that person
(over there)		 tlokua
everyone		 tlok
no one		 kola
someone; anyone
uku
(amount) 		iku
this much		 uaku
that much		 - kua
all; every		 ok
none		 ula
some; any
ama
(time) 		ima
now, at present		 uama
then; at that time		 - kuama
always		 amak
never		 tlama
sometime; anytime
so
(kind, type) 		iso
this kind		 so'o
that kind		 yeso
that kind
(over there)		 sokua
all kinds		 sok
no kind (at all)		 sola
some/any kind
no
(thing) 		itla
this		 uatla
that		 yetla
that
(over there)		 nokua
everything		 nok
nothing; none		 nola
something; anything
to
(manner, way) 		yoto
thus; like this; this way		 uato
that way		 ato
that way
(over there)		 tokua
every way		 tok
no way		 tola
somehow; anyway

Verbal paradigm

Verb Stem Size/Importance Mood Aspect Tense Negative
empa -hi -pa -nko -ye -k
run DIM ABIL PROG PST NEG
  • na empahipankoyek
1SG run-DIM-able-PROG-PST-NEG
I was not able to keep jogging.


Tense

eme
Kala gloss English
remote past kamahi hinayeha town-DIM be.here-REM There was a village here (long ago).
(before the lifetime of the speaker)
past naka mita anyaye woman dog see-PST The woman saw the dog.
recent past ota namyo akyayehi
or -hye 		father 1pl.GEN wake-REC Our father just woke.
(action just finished)
present mita tahi yatsi dog boy bite The dog bites the boy.
future naka tahi tlepatli woman boy teach-FUT The woman will teach the boy.
immediate future na tlelatlihi
or -tlai 		1s bathe-FUT I'll bathe soon.
(within the day)
distant future panam opuatliha rain-PL end-FUT The rains will end.
(months from now)
  • The present tense can show immediacy by using the adverb ima, "now; at this time":
ima mita ina - now dog eat - The dog is eating right now.
  • If a temporal adverb is used, the tense suffix may be omitted:
yomaye nam ina - yesterday 1pl eat - We ate yesterday.

Aspect

Kala gloss English
Continuous na ke niye pukunko 1s O undergarment wear-CONT I am wearing underclothes.
Frequentative tlaka ke apua tlatonua man O song recite-FREQ The man recites the song repetitively.
Inchoative nahi yotimu girl play-INCH The girl begins to play.
Perfective kam inapua 3pl eat-PFV They have eaten.

Mood

Kala gloss English
Abilitative na mokuyepak 1s sleep-PST-ABIL-NEG I was unable to sleep.
Assumptive naka hinaho woamn be.here-ASS The woman must be here. (I assume) (also used as "assertive")
Attemptative neko ke panya matapya cat O mouse kill-ATT The cat is trying to kill the mouse.
Dubitative ha tsakahueke 3s home-LOC-DUB I guess he is at home. lit: He is at home, supposedly.
Hortative yalakya walk-HORT Let's go!
Necessitative mita inahe dog eat-NEC The dog needs to eat.
Negative naku nayo hinak sister 1s-GEN be.here-NEG My sister is not here.
Permissive ta ke hina simamyok 2s O here sit-PERM-NEG You are not allowed to sit here.
Precative ke asi yetate O salt give-PREC Will you please pass me the salt?
Preparative tahi mokusue boy sleep-PREP The boy is ready to sleep.
Propositive ta mokune 2s sleep-PROP You should sleep.
Volitive otsokai ka'e moli yalaue wolf-red toward forest go-VOL Redwolf wants/intends to go to the forest.

Questions

kanyo
Kala gloss English
object ke mita ina ka O dog eat Q What does the dog eat?
person ko ina ka person eat Q Who eats?
possession koyo mita ina ka person-POSS dog eat Q Whose dog eats?
manner to mita ina ka manner dog eat Q How does the dog eat?
place mo mita ina ka place dog eat Q Where does the dog eat?
reason nye mita ina ka reason dog eat Q Why does the dog eat?
time ama mita ina ka time dog eat Q When does the dog eat?
amount uku mita ina ka amount dog eat Q How much/many does the dog eat?
which ula mita ina ka any dog eat Q Which dog eats?

Numbers

Kala number English Kala number English Kala number English
ye'o 0 zero tsa'o 6 six nya'o 500 five hundred
na'o 1 one ka'o 7 seven tle'o 103 (one) thousand
ta'o 2 two pa'o 8 eight mue'o 104 ten thousand
ha'o 3 three sa'o 9 nine kye'o 105 (one) hundred thousand
ma'o 4 four ue'o 10 ten nte'o 106 (one) million
ya'o 5 five nye'o 100 (one) hundred hue'o 109 (one) billion

Forming Larger Numbers

  • uena'o - eleven / 11
  • taue'o - twenty / 20
  • nyeka'o - one hundred seven / 107
  • hanyetauetsa'o (long form) / hatatsa'o (short form) - three hundred twenty six / 326
  • tsatletauema'o - six thousand and twenty four / 6024

Long form numbers are used in formal situations, including financial transactions, especially involving large sums. Short form numbers are used in everyday speech and when calculating basic math.

Other Number Forms

Kala number English ordinal multiple fractional
na'o 1 one kina'o
first		 tina'o
once		 -
ueta'o 12 twelve kiueta'o
twelfth		 tiueta'o
duodecuple		 iueta'o
a twelfth
yauema'o
(yama'o)		 54 fifty four kiyama'o
fifty fourth		 tiyama'o
54 times		 iyama'o
a fifty fourth
nyetsa'o 106 one hundred (and) six kinyetsa'o
106th		 tinyetsa'o
106 times		 inyetsa'o
a 106th
katle'o 7000 seven thousand kikatle'o
seven thousandth		 tikatle'o
7000 times		 ikatle'o
1/7000
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