Dhámhè

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Phonology

Consonants

  • p t ʈ c k /p t ṭ c k/
  • pʰ tʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ /ph th ṭh ch kh/
  • b d ɖ ɟ g /b d ḍ j g/
  • bʰ dʰ ɖʰ ɟʰ gʰ /bh dh ḍh jh gh/
  • p͡f t͡s ʈ͡ʂ c͡ç k͡x /pf ts ṭṣ cċ kx/
  • p͡fʰ t͡sʰ ʈ͡ʂʰ c͡çʰ k͡xʰ /pfh tsh ṭṣh cċh kxh/
  • b͡v d͡z ɖ͡ʐ ɟ͡ʝ g͡ɣ /bv dz ḍẓ jy gḥ/
  • b͡vʰ d͡zʰ ɖ͡ʐʰ ɟ͡ʝʰ g͡ɣʰ /bvh dzh ḍẓh jyh gḥh/
  • f θ̠ ʂ ç h /f s ṣ ċ h/
  • v ð̞ ʐ ʝ ɣ /v z ẓ y ḥ/
  • m n ɳ ɲ ŋ /m n ṇ ny ŋ/
  • mʰ nʰ ɳʰ ɲʰ ŋʰ /mh nh ṇh nyh ŋh/
  • r ɾ r͡ɽ ɽ /rr r ṛṛ ṛ/
  • l ɭ /l ḷ/

Vowels

  • iː uː /í ú/
  • eː oː /é ó/
  • ɛː ɔː /ê ô/
  • äː /a/
  • ɪ ʊ /i u/
  • ɘ ɵ /e o/
  • ɜ ɞ /è ò/
  • ä /a/

Phonotactics

(C)(C)V(ː)(R/F)(C)

C = any consonant
R = any resonantal consonant
F = any fricative
V = any vowel

Accent

  • Acute accent on first syllable of root, morphologically unchanged.

Grammar

Nouns

  • nominative-accusative alignment with marked nominative
  • 3A secundative alignment (S/A = Nominative, D = Pegative, P/R = Accusative, T = Instrumental)
  • 8 cases (suffixal): Nominative, Pegative, Accusative, Instrumental, Genitive, Ablative, Allative, Benefactive
  • noun class system (suffixal): Animate, Inanimate
  • number combined with noun class: singular, paucal, plural
  • definiteness (articles): Gnomic, Indefinite, Definite proper, Definite distant
  • nominal tense (suffixal): past, present, future

Verbs

  • aspects (suffixal): Perfective-Imperfective + Frequentative, Momentane
  • voices (infixal): Direct-Inverse based on subjugating hierarchy
  • "maked" causative vs "persuaded" causative (suffixal)
  • three subjective and objective persons
  • three moods (cliticized): Indicative, Conditional, Subjunctive

Adjectives

  • three degrees of comparison

Pronouns

  • three persons
  • subjugating hierarchy

Adpositions

  • prepositions

Syntax

  • SOV
  • head-final