Classical Kasshian paradigms/verbs

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Complete person-aspect paradigms for all regular classes of verbs in Classical Kasshian, along with their stem forms (the forms auxiliaries are attached to).

Vowel-final

-A verbs

Example verb: gwachaneç (fall)
Stem: gwacha

Person Number Declarative Imperative
Perfective Imperfective Habitual Retrospective Positive Negative
1st Singular gwachau gwachauç gwachauv gwachaunu
Dual gwachauf gwachaufçi gwachauffa gwachaufnu gwachāsa gwachalassa
Paucal gwachatai gwachataiç gwachataiv gwachatainu gwachanka gwachalanna
Plural gwachani gwachaneç gwachanev gwachaninu gwachāchi gwachalacchi
2nd Singular gwachafen gwachafenshi gwachafenva gwachafennu gwachā gwachalal
Dual gwachafni gwachafneç gwachafnev gwachafninu gwachādri gwachaladri
Plural gwachafna gwachafnaç gwachafnav gwachafnanu gwachaçina gwachalaina
3rd sapient Singular gwachatas gwachatasshi gwachatasfa gwachatasnu
Dual gwachachi gwachacheç gwachachev gwachachinu
Plural gwachatan gwachatanshi gwachatanva gwachatannu
3rd nonsapient Singular gwachal gwachalshi gwachalva
gwachalav
gwachannu
Dual gwachai gwachaiç gwachaiv gwachainu
Plural gwachan gwachanshi gwachanva
gwachanav
gwachannu

-Ā verbs

Example verb: kapāneç (hit)
Stem: kapā

Person Number Declarative Imperative
Perfective Imperfective Habitual Retrospective Positive Negative
1st Singular kapau kapauç kapauv kapaunu
Dual kapauf kapaufçi kapauffa kapaufnu kapāsa kapālassa
Paucal kapātai kapātaiç kapātaiv kapātainu kapanka kapālanna
Plural kapāni kapāneç kapānev kapāninu kapāchi kapālacchi
2nd Singular kapāfen kapāfenshi kapāfenva kapāfennu kapā kapālal
Dual kapafni kapafneç kapafnev kapafninu kapādri kapāladri
Plural kapafna kapafnaç kapafnav kapafnanu kapāçina kapālaina
3rd sapient Singular kapātas kapātasshi kapātasfa kapātasnu
Dual kapāchi kapācheç kapāchev kapāchinu
Plural kapātan kapātanshi kapātanva kapātannu
3rd nonsapient Singular kapal kapalshi kapalva
kapālav
kapannu
Dual kapai kapaiç kapaiv kapainu
Plural kapan kapanshi kapanva
kapānav
kapannu

A-dropping verbs

Example verb: vastaneç (to lie)
Stem: vasta

Person Number Declarative Imperative
Perfective Imperfective Habitual Retrospective Positive Negative
1st Singular vastu vastoç vastov vastunu
Dual vastrof vastrofçi vastroffa vastrofnu vastāsa vastrassa
Paucal vastatai vastataiç vastataiv vastatainu vastanka vastranna
Plural vastani vastaneç vastanev vastaninu vastāchi vastracchi
2nd Singular vastafen vastafenshi vastafenva vastafennu vastā vastral
Dual vastafni vastafneç vastafnev vastafninu vastādri vastradri
Plural vastafna vastafnaç vastafnav vastafnanu vastaçina vastraina
3rd sapient Singular vastatas vastatasshi vastatasfa vastatasnu
Dual vastachi vastacheç vastachev vastachinu
Plural vastatan vastatanshi vastatanva vastatannu
3rd nonsapient Singular vastra vastraç vastrav vastranu
Dual vastri vastreç vastrev vastrinu
Plural vastan vastanshi vastanva
vastanav
vastannu

-I verbs

Example verb: Labineç (give)
Stem: Labi

Person Number Declarative Imperative
Perfective Imperfective Habitual Retrospective Positive Negative
1st Singular labyu labyoç labyov labyunu
Dual labyof labyofçi labyoffa labyofnu labīsa labilal
Paucal labitai labitaiç labitaiv labitainu labenka labilanna
Plural labini labineç labinev labininu labīchi labilacchi
2nd Singular labifen labifenshi labifenva labifennu labī labilal
Dual labefni labefneç labefnev labefninu labīdri labiladri
Plural labefna labefnaç labefnav labefnanu labiçina labilaina
3rd sapient Singular labitas labitasshi labitasfa labitasnu
Dual labichi labicheç labichev labichinu
Plural labitan labitanshi labitanva labitannu
3rd nonsapient Singular label labelshi labelva
labilav
labennu
Dual labii labeç labev labiinu
Plural laben labenshi labenva
labinav
labennu

-Cli verbs

Example verb: Nyassaglineç (prepare)
Stem: Nyassagli

Person Number Declarative Imperative
Perfective Imperfective Habitual Retrospective Positive Negative
1st Singular nyassagilyu nyassagilyoç nyassagilyov nyassagilyunu
Dual nyassagilyof nyassagilyofçi nyassagilyoffa nyassagilyofnu nyassaglīsa nyassaglilassa
Paucal nyassaglitai nyassaglitaiç nyassaglitaiv nyassaglitainu nyassaglenka nyassaglilanna
Plural nyassaglini nyassaglineç nyassaglinev nyassaglininu nyassaglīchi nyassaglilacchi
2nd Singular nyassaglifen nyassaglifenshi nyassaglifenva nyassaglifennu nyassaglī nyassaglilal
Dual nyassaglefni nyassaglefneç nyassaglefnev nyassaglefninu nyassaglīdri nyassagliladri
Plural nyassaglefna nyassaglefnaç nyassaglefnav nyassaglefnanu nyassagliçina nyassaglilaina
3rd sapient Singular nyassaglitas nyassaglitasshi nyassaglitasfa nyassaglitasnu
Dual nyassaglichi nyassaglicheç nyassaglichev nyassaglichinu
Plural nyassaglitan nyassaglitanshi nyassaglitanva nyassaglitannu
3rd nonsapient Singular nyassaglel nyassaglelshi nyassaglelva
nyassaglilav
nyassaglennu
Dual nyassaglii nyassagleç nyassaglev nyassagliinu
Plural nyassaglen nyassaglenshi nyassaglenva
nyassaglinav
nyassaglennu

-Ī verbs

Example verb: anīneç (swallow)
Stem: anī

Person Number Declarative Imperative
Perfective Imperfective Habitual Retrospective Positive Negative
1st Singular anyu anyoç anyov anyunu
Dual anyof anyofçi anyoffa anyofnu anīsa anīlassa
Paucal anītai anītaiç anītaiv anītainu anenka anīlanna
Plural anīni anīneç anīnev anīninu anīchi anīlacchi
2nd Singular anīfen anīfenshi anīfenva anīfennu anī anīlal
Dual anefni anefneç anefnev anefninu anīdri anīladri
Plural anefna anefnaç anefnav anefnanu anīçina anīlaina
3rd sapient Singular anītas anītasshi anītasfa anītasnu
Dual anīchi anīcheç anīchev anīchinu
Plural anītan anītanshi anītanva anītannu
3rd nonsapient Singular anel anelshi anelva
anīlav
anennu
Dual anii aneç anev aniinu
Plural anen anenshi anenva
anīnav
anennu

-U verbs

Example verb: patuneç (heal)
Stem: patu

Person Number Declarative Imperative
Perfective Imperfective Habitual Retrospective Positive Negative
1st Singular patuu patoç patov patuunu
Dual patof patofçi patoffa patofnu patūsa patulassa
Paucal patutai patutaiç patutaiv patutainu patonka patulanna
Plural patuni patuneç patunev patuninu patūchi patulacchi
2nd Singular patufen patufenshi patufenva patufennu patū patulal
Dual patofni patofneç patofnev patofninu patūdri patuladri
Plural patofna patofnaç patofnav patofnanu patuçina patulaina
3rd sapient Singular patutas patutasshi patutasfa patutasnu
Dual patuchi patucheç patuchev patuchinu
Plural patutan patutanshi patutanva patutannu
3rd nonsapient Singular patol patolshi patolva
patulav
patonnu
Dual patwi patweç patwev patwinu
Plural paton patonshi patonva
patunav
patonnu

Note: Some verbs whose stem ends in -nu, -tu, or -du change nw, tw, and dw to m, p, and b. For example, kastolshi "mock" is kaspeç/kaspi/kaspev/kaspinu.

-Clu verbs

Example verb: nitruneç (paint)
Stem: nitru

Person Number Declarative Imperative
Perfective Imperfective Habitual Retrospective Positive Negative
1st Singular nitruu nitroç nitrov nitruunu
Dual nitrof nitrofshi nitroffa nitrofnu nitrūsa nitrulassa
Paucal nitrutai nitrutaiç nitrutaiv nitrutainu nitronka nitrulanna
Plural nitruni nitruneç nitrunev nitruninu nitrūchi nitrulacchi
2nd Singular nitrufen nitrufenshi nitrufenva nitrufennu nitrū nitrulal
Dual nitrofni nitrofneç nitrofnev nitrofninu nitrūdri nitruladri
Plural nitrofna nitrofnaç nitrofnav nitrofnanu nitruçina nitrulaina
3rd sapient Singular nitrutas nitrutasshi nitrutasfa nitrutasnu
Dual nitruchi nitrucheç nitruchev nitruchinu
Plural nitrutan nitrutanshi nitrutanva nitrutannu
3rd nonsapient Singular nitrol nitrolshi nitrolva
nitrulav
nitronnu
Dual nitulwi nitulweç nitulwev nitulwinu
Plural nitron nitronshi nitronva
nitrunav
nitronnu

-Ū verbs

Example verb: mettūneç (pull)
Stem: mettū

Person Number Declarative Imperative
Perfective Imperfective Habitual Retrospective Positive Negative
1st Singular mettuu mettoç mettov mettuunu
Dual mettof mettofçi mettoffa mettofnu mettūsa mattūlassa
Paucal mettūtai mettūtaiç mettūtaiv mettūtainu mettonka mettūlanna
Plural mettūni mettūneç mettūnev mettūninu mettūchi mettūlacchi
2nd Singular mettūfan mettūfanshi mettūfanva mettūfannu mettū mettūlal
Dual mettofni mettofneç mettofnev mettofninu mettūdri mettūladri
Plural mettofna mettofnaç mettofnav mettofnanu mettūçina mettūlaina
3rd sapient Singular mettūtas mettūtasshi mettūtasfa mettūtasnu
Dual mettūchi mettūcheç mettūchev mettūchinu
Plural mettūtan mettūtanshi mettūtanva mettūtannu
3rd nonsapient Singular mettol mettolshi mettolva
mettūlav
mettonnu
Dual mitwi[1] mitweç mitwev mitwinu
Plural metton mettonshi mettonva mettonnu

-Ai verbs

Example verb: kutaineç (respect)
Stem: kutai

Person Number Declarative Imperative
Imperfective Perfective Habitual Retrospective Positive Negative
1st Singular kutai
kutyu
kutaiç
kutyoç
kutaiv
kutyov
kutainu
kutyunu
Dual kutaif
kutyof
kutaifçi
kutyofçi
kutaiffa
kutyoffa
kutaifnu
kutyofnu
kutaisa kutailassa
Paucal kutaitai kutaitaiç kutaitaiv kutaitainu kutainka kutailanna
Plural kutaini kutaineç kutainev kutaininu kutaichi kutailacchi
2nd Singular kutaifen kutaifenshi kutaifenva kutaifennu kutai kutailal
Dual kutaifni kutaifneç kutaifnev kutaifnu kutaidri kutailadri
Plural kutaifna kutaifnaç kutaifnav kutaifnanu kutaiçina kutailaina
3rd sapient Singular kutaitas kutaitasshi kutaitasfa kutaitasnu
Dual kutaichi kutaicheç kutaichev kutaichinu
Plural kutaitan kutaitanshi kutaitanva kutaitannu
3rd nonsapient Singular kutail kutailshi kutailva
kutailav
kutainnu
Dual kutai kutaiç kutaiv kutainu
Plural kutain kutainshi kutainva
kutainav
kutainnu

-Au verbs

Example verb: kantavauneç (bathe)
Stem: kantavau

Person Number Declarative Imperative
Perfective Imperfective Habitual Retrospective Positive Negative
1st Singular kantavau kantavauç kantavauv kantavaunu
Dual kantavauf kantavaufçi kantavauffa kantavaufnu kantavausa kantavaulassa
Paucal kantavautai kantavautaiç kantavautaiv kantavautainu kantavaunka kantavaulanna
Plural kantavauni kantavauneç kantavaunev kantavauninu kantavauchi kantavaulacchi
2nd Singular kantavaufen kantavaufenshi kantavaufenva kantavaufennu kantavau kantavaulal
Dual kantavaufni kantavaufneç kantavaufnev kantavaufninu kantavaudri kantavauladri
Plural kantavaufna kantavaufnaç kantavaufnav kantavaufnanu kantavauçina kantavaulaina
3rd sapient Singular kantavautas kantavautasshi kantavautasfa kantavautasnu
Dual kantavauchi kantavaucheç kantavauchev kantavauchinu
Plural kantavautan kantavautanshi kantavautanva kantavautannu
3rd nonsapient Singular kantavaul kantavaulshi kantavaulva
kantavaulav
kantavaunnu
Dual kantavau
kantavi[2]
kantavauç
kantaveç
kantavauv
kantavev
kantavaunu
kantavinu
Plural kantavaun kantavaunshi kantavaunva
kantavaunav
kantavaunnu

Fricative-final verbs

F-final

Example verb: falafneç (drown)
Stem: falaf

Person Number Declarative Imperative
Perfective Imperfective Habitual Retrospective Positive Negative
1st Singular falafu falafoç falafov falafunu
Dual falaffof falaffofçi falaffoffa falaffofnu falafkasa falaflassa
Paucal falaftai falaftaiç falaftaiv falaftainu falafkana falaflanna
Plural falafni falafneç falafnev falafninu falafkachi falaflacchi
2nd Singular falaffen falaffenshi falaffenva falaffennu falaf falaflal
Dual falaffini falaffineç falaffinev falaffininu falafkadri falafladri
Plural falaffina falaffinaç falaffinav falaffinanu falafçina falaflaina
3rd sapient Singular falaftas falaftasshi falaftasfa falaftasnu
Dual falafchi falafcheç falafchev falafchinu
Plural falaftan falaftanshi falaftanva falaftannu
3rd nonsapient Singular falaffa falaffaç falaffav falaffanu
Dual falaffi falaffeç falaffev falaffinu
Plural falafna falafnaç falafnav falafnanu

S-final

Example verb: mitasneç (run)
Stem: mitas

Person Number Declarative Imperative
Perfective Imperfective Habitual Retrospective Positive Negative
1st Singular mitasu mitasoç mitasov mitasunu
Dual mitassof mitassofçi mitassoffa mitassofnu mitaskasa mitasrassa
Paucal mitastai mitastaiç mitastaiv mitastainu mitaskana mitasranna
Plural mitasni mitasneç mitasnev mitasninu mitaskachi mitasracchi
2nd Singular mitasfen mitasfenshi mitasfenva mitasfennu mitas mitasral
Dual mitasfini mitasfineç mitasfinev mitasfininu mitaskadri mitasradri
Plural mitasfina mitasfinaç mitasfinav mitasfinanu mitasshina mitasraina
3rd sapient Singular mitastas mitastasshi mitastasfa mitastasnu
Dual mitasshi mitassheç mitasshev mitasshinu
Plural mitastan mitastanshi mitastanva mitastannu
3rd nonsapient Singular mitassa mitassaç mitassav mitassanu
Dual mitasshi mitassheç mitasshev mitasshinu
Plural mitasna mitasnaç mitasnav mitasnanu

V-final

Example verb: latovneç (command)
Stem: latuv

Person Number Declarative Imperative
Perfective Imperfective Habitual Retrospective Positive Negative
1st Singular latuvu latuvoç latuvov latuvunu
Dual latuvlof latuvlofçi latuvloffa latuvlofnu latovgasa latuvlassa
Paucal latovdai latovdaiç latovdaiv latovdainu latovgana latuvlanna
Plural latovni latovneç latovnev latovninu latovgachi latuvlacchi
2nd Singular latovven latovvenshi latovvenva latovvennu latov latuvlal
Dual latovvini latovvineç latovvinev latovvininu latovgadri latuvladri
Plural latovvina latovvinaç latovvinav latovvinanu latovzhina latuvlaina
3rd sapient Singular latovdas latovdasshi latovdasfa latovdasnu
Dual latovji latovjeç latovjev latovjinu
Plural latovdan latovdanshi latovdanva latovdannu
3rd nonsapient Singular latuvla latuvlaç latuvlav latuvlanu
Dual latuvli latuvleç latuvlev latuvlinu
Plural latovna latovnaç latovnav latovnanu

Z-final

Example verb: fenkazhezneç (adapt, fit in, adjust to)
Stem: fenkazhez

Person Number Declarative Imperative
Perfective Imperfective Habitual Retrospective Positive Negative
1st Singular fenkazhizu fenkazhizoç fenkazhizov fenkazhizunu
Dual fenkazhizrof fenkazhizrofçi fenkazhizroffa fenkazhizrofnu fenkazhezgasa fenkazhizrassa
Paucal fenkazhezdai fenkazhezdaiç fenkazhezdaiv fenkazhezdainu fenkazhezgana fenkazhizranna
Plural fenkazhezni fenkazhezneç fenkazheznev fenkazhezninu fenkazhezgachi fenkazhizracchi
2nd Singular fenkazhezven fenkazhezvenshi fenkazhezvenva fenkazhezvennu fenkazhez fenkazhizral
Dual fenkazhezvini fenkazhezvineç fenkazhezvinev fenkazhezvininu fenkazhezgadri fenkazhizradri
Plural fenkazhezvina fenkazhezvinaç fenkazhezvinav fenkazhezvinanu fenkazhezzhinu fenkezhizrainu
3rd sapient Singular fenkazhezdas fenkazhezdasshi fenkazhezdasfa fenkazhezdasnu
Dual fenkazhezzhi fenkazhezzheç fenkazhezzhev fenkazhezzhinu
Plural fenkazhezdan fenkazhezdanshi fenkazhezdanva fenkazhezdannu
3rd nonsapient Singular fenkazhizra fenkazhizraç fenkazhizrav fenkazhizranu
Dual fenkazhizri fenkazhizreç fenkazhizrev fenkazhizrinu
Plural fenkazhezna fenkazheznaç fenkazheznav fenkazheznanu

N-final verbs

Type 1

Example verb: balenneç (avoid)
Stem: Balen

Person Number Declarative Imperative
Perfective Imperfective Habitual Retrospective Positive Negative
1st Singular balinu
baling'u[3]
balinoç
baling'oç[3]
balinov
baling'ov[3]
balinunu
baling'unu[3]
Dual balinrof balinrofçi balinroffa balinrofnu balenkasa balinrassa
Paucal balentai balentaiç balentaiv balentainu balenkana balinranna
Plural balenni balenneç balennev balenninu balenkachi balinracchi
2nd Singular balenfen balenfenshi balenfenva balenfennu balen balinral
Dual balenfini balenfineç balenfinev balenfininu balenkadri balinradri
Plural balenfina balenfinaç balenfinav balenfinanu balençina balinraina
3rd sapient Singular balentas balentasshi balentasfa balentasnu
Dual balenchi balencheç balenchev balenchinu
Plural balentan balentanshi balentanva balentannu
3rd nonsapient Singular balinra balinraç balinrav balinranu
Dual balinri balinreç balinrev balinrinu
Plural balenna balennaç balennav balennanu

Type 2

Example verb: alanneç (count)
Stem: alan

Person Number Declarative Imperative
Perfective Imperfective Habitual Retrospective Positive Negative
1st Singular alanu
alang'u[3]
alanoç
alang'oç[3]
alanov
alang'ov[3]
alanunu
alang'unu[3]
Dual alannof alannofçi alannoffa alannofnu alankasa alanrassa
Paucal alantai alantaiç alantaiv alantainu alankana alanranna
Plural alanni alanneç alannev alanninu alankachi alanracchi
2nd Singular alanfen alanfenshi alanfenva alanfennu alan alanral
Dual alanfini alanfineç alanfinev alanfininu alankadri alanradri
Plural alanfina alanfinaç alanfinav alanfinanu alanshina alanraina
3rd sapient Singular alantas alantasshi alantasfa alantasnu
Dual alanchi alancheç alanchev alanchinu
Plural alantan alantanshi alantanva alantannu
3rd nonsapient Singular alanna alannaç alannav alannanu
Dual alanni alanneç alannev alanninu
Plural alanna alannaç alannav alannanu

L-final verbs

Example: kabanneç (discover)
Stem: kabal

Person Number Declarative Imperative
Perfective Imperfective Habitual Retrospective Positive Negative
1st Singular kabalu kabaloç kabalov kabalunu
Dual kaballof kaballofçi kaballoffa kaballofnu kabalkasa kaballassa
Paucal kabaltai kabaltaiç kabaltaiv kabaltainu kabalkana kaballanna
Plural kabanni kabanneç kabannev kabanninu kabalkachi kaballacchi
2nd Singular kabalfen kabalfenshi kabalfenva kabalfennu kabal kaballal
Dual kabalfini kabalfineç kabalfinev kabalfininu kabalkadri kaballadri
Plural kabalfina kabalfinaç kabalfinav kabalfinanu kabalshina kaballaina
3rd sapient Singular kabaltas kabaltasshi kabaltasfa kabaltasnu
Dual kabalchi kabalcheç kabalchev kabalchinu
Plural kabaltan kabaltanshi kabaltanva kabaltannu
3rd nonsapient Singular kaballa kaballaç kaballav kaballanu
Dual kaballi kaballeç kaballev kaballinu
Plural kabanna kabannaç kabannav kabannanu

Geminating verbs

Example: katanneç (fall asleep)
Stem: kata, kata*-

Person Number Declarative Imperative
Perfective Imperfective Habitual Retrospective Positive Negative
1st Singular katau
katakku
katauç
katakkoç
katauv
katakkov
kataunu
katakkunu
Dual katallof katallofçi katalloffa katallofnu katakkasa katallassa
Paucal katattai katattaiç katattaiv katattainu katakkana katallanna
Plural katanni katanneç katannev katanninu katakkachi katallacchi
2nd Singular kataffen kataffenshi kataffenva kataffennu katal
katakka[3]
katallal
Dual kataffini kataffineç kataffinev kataffininu katakkadri katalladri
Plural kataffina kataffinaç kataffinav kataffinanu kataççina katallaina
3rd sapient Singular katattas katattasshi katattasfa katattasnu
Dual katacchi kataccheç katacchev katacchinu
Plural katattan katattanshi katattanva katattannu
3rd nonsapient Singular katalla katallaç katallav katallanu
Dual katalli katalleç katallev katallinu
Plural katanna katannaç katannav katannanu

Stop-final verbs

P-final

Example verb: kūnempeç (break)
Stem: kūnef, kūnip-

Person Number Declarative Imperative
Perfective Imperfective Habitual Retrospective Positive Negative
1st Singular kūnipu
kūnifu[3]
kūnipoç
kūnifoç[3]
kūnipov
kūnifov[3]
kūnipunu
kūnifunu[3]
Dual kūniplof kūniplofçi kūniploffa kūniplofnu kūnefkasa kūniplassa
Paucal kūneftai kūneftaiç kūneftaiv kūneftainu kūnefkana kūniplanna
Plural kūnempi kūnempeç kūnempev kūnempinu kūnefkachi kūniplacchi
2nd Singular kūneffen kūneffenshi kūneffenva kūneffennu kūnef kūniplal
Dual kūneffini kūneffineç kūneffinev kūneffininu kūnefkadri kūnipladri
Plural kūneffina kūneffinaç kūneffinav kūneffinanu kūnefçina kūniplaina
3rd sapient Singular kūneftas kūneftasshi kūneftasfa kūneftasnu
Dual kūnefchi kūnefcheç kūnefchev kūnefchinu
Plural kūneftan kūneftanshi kūneftanva kūneftannu
3rd nonsapient Singular kūnipla kūniplaç kūniplav kūniplanu
Dual kūnipli kūnipleç kūniplev kūniplinu
Plural kūnempa kūnempaç kūnempav kūnempanu

B-final

Example verb: kalambeç (take false credit)
Stem: kalav, kalab-

Person Number Declarative Imperative
Perfective Imperfective Habitual Retrospective Positive Negative
1st Singular kalabu
kalavu[3]
kalaboç
kalavoç[3]
kalabov
kalavov[3]
kalabunu
kalavunu[3]
Dual kalablof kalablofçi kalabloffa kalablofnu kalavgasa kalablassa
Paucal kalavdai kalavdaiç kalavdaiv kalavdainu kalavgana kalablanna
Plural kalambi kalambeç kalambev kalambinu kalavgachi kalablacchi
2nd Singular kalavven kalavvenshi kalavvenva kalavvennu kalav kalablal
Dual kalavvini kalavvineç kalavvinev kalavvininu kalavgadri kalabladri
Plural kalavvina kalavvinaç kalavvinav kalavvinanu kalavzhina kalablaina
3rd sapient Singular kalavdas kalavdasshi kalavdasfa kalavdasnu
Dual kalavji kalavjeç kalavjev kalavjinu
Plural kalavdan kalavdanshi kalavdanva kalavdannu
3rd nonsapient Singular kalabla kalablaç kalablav kalablanu
Dual kalabli kalableç kalablev kalablinu
Plural kalamba kalambaç kalambav kalambanu

T-final

Example verb: fatancheç (bite)
Stem: fatas, fatat-

Person Number Declarative Imperative
Perfective Imperfective Habitual Retrospective Positive Negative
1st Singular fatatu
fatasu[3]
fatatoç
fatasoç[3]
fatatov
fatasov[3]
fatatunu
fatasunu[3]
Dual fatatrof fatatrofçi fatatroffa fatatrofnu fataskasa fatatrassa
Paucal fatattai fatattaiç fatattaiv fatattainu fataskana fatatranna
Plural fatanchi fatancheç fatanchev fatanchinu fataskachi fatatracchi
2nd Singular fatasfen fatasfenshi fatasfenva fatasfennu fatas fatatral
Dual fatasfini fatasfineç fatasfinev fatasfininu fataskadri fatatradri
Plural fatasfina fatasfinaç fatasfinav fatasfinanu fatasshina fatatraina
3rd sapient Singular fatattas fatattasshi fatattasfa fatattasnu
Dual fatacchi fataccheç fatacchev fatacchinu
Plural fatattan fatattanshi fatattanva fatattannu
3rd nonsapient Singular fatatra fatatraç fatatrav fatatranu
Dual fatatri fatatreç fatatrev fatatrinu
Plural fatanta fatantaç fatantav fatantanu

D-final

Person Number Declarative Imperative
Perfective Imperfective Habitual Retrospective Positive Negative
1st Singular
Dual
Paucal
Plural
2nd Singular
Dual
Plural
3rd sapient Singular
Dual
Plural
3rd nonsapient Singular
Dual
Plural

K-final

Example verb: vulensheç (go)
Stem: vulī, vulik-

Person Number Declarative Imperative
Perfective Imperfective Habitual Retrospective Positive Negative
1st Singular vuliku
vulekku[3]
vulikoç
vulekkoç[3]
vulikov
vulekkov[3]
vulikunu
vulekkunu[3]
Dual vuliklof vuliklofçi vulikloffa vuliklofnu vulekkasa vuliklassa
Paucal vulītai vulītaiç vulītaiv vulītainu vulekkana vuliklanna
Plural vulenshi vulensheç vulenshev vulenshinu vulekkachi vuliklacchi
2nd Singular vulīfen vulīfenshi vulīfenva vulīfennu vulī vuliklal
Dual vulīfini vulīfineç vulīfinev vulīfininu vulekkadri vulikladri
Plural vulīfina vulīfinaç vulīfinav vulīfinanu vuleççina vuliklaina
3rd sapient Singular vulītas vulītasshi vulītasfa vulītasnu
Dual vulīchi vulīcheç vulīchev vulīchinu
Plural vulītan vulītanshi vulītanva vulītannu
3rd nonsapient Singular vulikla vuliklaç vuliklav vuliklanu
Dual vulikli vulikleç vuliklev vuliklinu
Plural vulenka vulenkaç vulenkav vulenkanu

G-final

Example verb: gazhing'eç (renounce, abdicate)
Stem: gazhī, gazig-

Person Number Declarative Imperative
Perfective Imperfective Habitual Retrospective Positive Negative
1st Singular gazhigu
gazheggu[3]
gazhigoç
gazheggoç[3]
gazhigov
gazheggov[3]
gazhigunu
gazheggunu[3]
Dual gazhiglof gazhiglofçi gazhigloffa gazhiglofnu gazheggasa gazhiglassa
Paucal gazhītai gazhītaiç gazhītaiv gazhītainu gazheggana gazhiglanna
Plural gazhing'i gazhing'eç gazhing'ev gazhing'inu gazheggachi gazhiglacchi
2nd Singular gazhīfen gazhīfenshi gazhīfenva gazhīfennu gazhī gazhiglal
Dual gazhīfini gazhīfineç gazhīfinev gazhīfininu gazheggadri gazhigladri
Plural gazhīfina gazhīfinaç gazhīfinav gazhīfinanu gazhezzhina gazhiglaina
3rd sapient Singular gazhītas gazhītasshi gazhītasfa gazhītasnu
Dual gazhīchi gazhīcheç gazhīchev gazhīchinu
Plural gazhītan gazhītanshi gazhītanva gazhītannu
3rd nonsapient Singular gazhigla gazhiglaç gazhiglav gazhiglanu
Dual gazhigli gazhigleç gazhiglev gazhiglinu
Plural glazhenga glazhengaç glazhengav glazhenganu

Irregular verbs

Defective verbs

Defective verbs are verbs that do not take all possible forms. Some verbs, due to their meaning, do not take certain aspects (for example, stative verbs can never occur in the resultive), but these are not classified as defective.

Lakantū (there is/are) takes no aspectual affixes and occurs only in the 3rd person. Some speakers furthermore used only the singular forms.

Person Number Present Past Future
3rd sapient Singular Taskantū Fataskantū Naitaskantū
Dual Chikantū Fachikantū Naichikantū
Plural Tankantū Fatankantū Naitankantū
3rd nonsapient Singular Lakantū Fakkantū Naikkantū
Dual Likantū Faikantū Naikantū
Plural Nakantū Fankantū
Fannakantū[3]
Nainkantū
Nainnakantū[3]

Nasni (to be) likewise took no aspect suffixes, but did take all persons. For some speakers, the imperative forms were not used, instead, the prefix nas-/nat- was used

Person Number Declarative Imperative
Positive Negative
1st Singular Yansu
Dual Yansof Naskassa Nasrassa
Paucal Nastai Naskanna Nasranna
Plural Nasni Naskachi Nasrachi
2nd Singular Nasfen Yanas Nasral
Dual Nasfini
Nafni
Naskadri Nasradri
Plural Nasfina
Nafna
Nasshina Nasraina
3rd sapient Singular Nastas
Dual Nasshi
Plural Nastan
3rd nonsapient Singular Yansa
Dual Yanshi
Plural Nasna

Non-defective verbs

These are verbs which are mostly regular, with only a few irregularities, and generally take all aspects.

Notes

  1. ū -> wi, followed by degemination of the -t- since geminate stops can only be intervocalic
  2. vwi -> vi
  3. 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 3.22 3.23 3.24 3.25 3.26 3.27 3.28 3.29 3.30 Archaic