Classical Kasshian paradigms/verbs
Complete person-aspect paradigms for all regular classes of verbs in Classical Kasshian, along with their stem forms (the forms auxiliaries are attached to).
Vowel-final
-A verbs
Example verb: gwachaneç (fall)
Stem: gwacha
Person | Number | Declarative | Imperative | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perfective | Imperfective | Habitual | Retrospective | Positive | Negative | ||
1st | Singular | gwachau | gwachauç | gwachauv | gwachaunu | ||
Dual | gwachauf | gwachaufçi | gwachauffa | gwachaufnu | gwachāsa | gwachalassa | |
Paucal | gwachatai | gwachataiç | gwachataiv | gwachatainu | gwachanka | gwachalanna | |
Plural | gwachani | gwachaneç | gwachanev | gwachaninu | gwachāchi | gwachalacchi | |
2nd | Singular | gwachafen | gwachafenshi | gwachafenva | gwachafennu | gwachā | gwachalal |
Dual | gwachafni | gwachafneç | gwachafnev | gwachafninu | gwachādri | gwachaladri | |
Plural | gwachafna | gwachafnaç | gwachafnav | gwachafnanu | gwachaçina | gwachalaina | |
3rd sapient | Singular | gwachatas | gwachatasshi | gwachatasfa | gwachatasnu | ||
Dual | gwachachi | gwachacheç | gwachachev | gwachachinu | |||
Plural | gwachatan | gwachatanshi | gwachatanva | gwachatannu | |||
3rd nonsapient | Singular | gwachal | gwachalshi | gwachalva gwachalav |
gwachannu | ||
Dual | gwachai | gwachaiç | gwachaiv | gwachainu | |||
Plural | gwachan | gwachanshi | gwachanva gwachanav |
gwachannu |
-Ā verbs
Example verb: kapāneç (hit)
Stem: kapā
Person | Number | Declarative | Imperative | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perfective | Imperfective | Habitual | Retrospective | Positive | Negative | ||
1st | Singular | kapau | kapauç | kapauv | kapaunu | ||
Dual | kapauf | kapaufçi | kapauffa | kapaufnu | kapāsa | kapālassa | |
Paucal | kapātai | kapātaiç | kapātaiv | kapātainu | kapanka | kapālanna | |
Plural | kapāni | kapāneç | kapānev | kapāninu | kapāchi | kapālacchi | |
2nd | Singular | kapāfen | kapāfenshi | kapāfenva | kapāfennu | kapā | kapālal |
Dual | kapafni | kapafneç | kapafnev | kapafninu | kapādri | kapāladri | |
Plural | kapafna | kapafnaç | kapafnav | kapafnanu | kapāçina | kapālaina | |
3rd sapient | Singular | kapātas | kapātasshi | kapātasfa | kapātasnu | ||
Dual | kapāchi | kapācheç | kapāchev | kapāchinu | |||
Plural | kapātan | kapātanshi | kapātanva | kapātannu | |||
3rd nonsapient | Singular | kapal | kapalshi | kapalva kapālav |
kapannu | ||
Dual | kapai | kapaiç | kapaiv | kapainu | |||
Plural | kapan | kapanshi | kapanva kapānav |
kapannu |
A-dropping verbs
Example verb: vastaneç (to lie)
Stem: vasta
Person | Number | Declarative | Imperative | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perfective | Imperfective | Habitual | Retrospective | Positive | Negative | ||
1st | Singular | vastu | vastoç | vastov | vastunu | ||
Dual | vastrof | vastrofçi | vastroffa | vastrofnu | vastāsa | vastrassa | |
Paucal | vastatai | vastataiç | vastataiv | vastatainu | vastanka | vastranna | |
Plural | vastani | vastaneç | vastanev | vastaninu | vastāchi | vastracchi | |
2nd | Singular | vastafen | vastafenshi | vastafenva | vastafennu | vastā | vastral |
Dual | vastafni | vastafneç | vastafnev | vastafninu | vastādri | vastradri | |
Plural | vastafna | vastafnaç | vastafnav | vastafnanu | vastaçina | vastraina | |
3rd sapient | Singular | vastatas | vastatasshi | vastatasfa | vastatasnu | ||
Dual | vastachi | vastacheç | vastachev | vastachinu | |||
Plural | vastatan | vastatanshi | vastatanva | vastatannu | |||
3rd nonsapient | Singular | vastra | vastraç | vastrav | vastranu | ||
Dual | vastri | vastreç | vastrev | vastrinu | |||
Plural | vastan | vastanshi | vastanva vastanav |
vastannu |
-I verbs
Example verb: Labineç (give)
Stem: Labi
Person | Number | Declarative | Imperative | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perfective | Imperfective | Habitual | Retrospective | Positive | Negative | ||
1st | Singular | labyu | labyoç | labyov | labyunu | ||
Dual | labyof | labyofçi | labyoffa | labyofnu | labīsa | labilal | |
Paucal | labitai | labitaiç | labitaiv | labitainu | labenka | labilanna | |
Plural | labini | labineç | labinev | labininu | labīchi | labilacchi | |
2nd | Singular | labifen | labifenshi | labifenva | labifennu | labī | labilal |
Dual | labefni | labefneç | labefnev | labefninu | labīdri | labiladri | |
Plural | labefna | labefnaç | labefnav | labefnanu | labiçina | labilaina | |
3rd sapient | Singular | labitas | labitasshi | labitasfa | labitasnu | ||
Dual | labichi | labicheç | labichev | labichinu | |||
Plural | labitan | labitanshi | labitanva | labitannu | |||
3rd nonsapient | Singular | label | labelshi | labelva labilav |
labennu | ||
Dual | labii | labeç | labev | labiinu | |||
Plural | laben | labenshi | labenva labinav |
labennu |
-Cli verbs
Example verb: Nyassaglineç (prepare)
Stem: Nyassagli
Person | Number | Declarative | Imperative | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perfective | Imperfective | Habitual | Retrospective | Positive | Negative | ||
1st | Singular | nyassagilyu | nyassagilyoç | nyassagilyov | nyassagilyunu | ||
Dual | nyassagilyof | nyassagilyofçi | nyassagilyoffa | nyassagilyofnu | nyassaglīsa | nyassaglilassa | |
Paucal | nyassaglitai | nyassaglitaiç | nyassaglitaiv | nyassaglitainu | nyassaglenka | nyassaglilanna | |
Plural | nyassaglini | nyassaglineç | nyassaglinev | nyassaglininu | nyassaglīchi | nyassaglilacchi | |
2nd | Singular | nyassaglifen | nyassaglifenshi | nyassaglifenva | nyassaglifennu | nyassaglī | nyassaglilal |
Dual | nyassaglefni | nyassaglefneç | nyassaglefnev | nyassaglefninu | nyassaglīdri | nyassagliladri | |
Plural | nyassaglefna | nyassaglefnaç | nyassaglefnav | nyassaglefnanu | nyassagliçina | nyassaglilaina | |
3rd sapient | Singular | nyassaglitas | nyassaglitasshi | nyassaglitasfa | nyassaglitasnu | ||
Dual | nyassaglichi | nyassaglicheç | nyassaglichev | nyassaglichinu | |||
Plural | nyassaglitan | nyassaglitanshi | nyassaglitanva | nyassaglitannu | |||
3rd nonsapient | Singular | nyassaglel | nyassaglelshi | nyassaglelva nyassaglilav |
nyassaglennu | ||
Dual | nyassaglii | nyassagleç | nyassaglev | nyassagliinu | |||
Plural | nyassaglen | nyassaglenshi | nyassaglenva nyassaglinav |
nyassaglennu |
-Ī verbs
Example verb: anīneç (swallow)
Stem: anī
Person | Number | Declarative | Imperative | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perfective | Imperfective | Habitual | Retrospective | Positive | Negative | ||
1st | Singular | anyu | anyoç | anyov | anyunu | ||
Dual | anyof | anyofçi | anyoffa | anyofnu | anīsa | anīlassa | |
Paucal | anītai | anītaiç | anītaiv | anītainu | anenka | anīlanna | |
Plural | anīni | anīneç | anīnev | anīninu | anīchi | anīlacchi | |
2nd | Singular | anīfen | anīfenshi | anīfenva | anīfennu | anī | anīlal |
Dual | anefni | anefneç | anefnev | anefninu | anīdri | anīladri | |
Plural | anefna | anefnaç | anefnav | anefnanu | anīçina | anīlaina | |
3rd sapient | Singular | anītas | anītasshi | anītasfa | anītasnu | ||
Dual | anīchi | anīcheç | anīchev | anīchinu | |||
Plural | anītan | anītanshi | anītanva | anītannu | |||
3rd nonsapient | Singular | anel | anelshi | anelva anīlav |
anennu | ||
Dual | anii | aneç | anev | aniinu | |||
Plural | anen | anenshi | anenva anīnav |
anennu |
-U verbs
Example verb: patuneç (heal)
Stem: patu
Person | Number | Declarative | Imperative | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perfective | Imperfective | Habitual | Retrospective | Positive | Negative | ||
1st | Singular | patuu | patoç | patov | patuunu | ||
Dual | patof | patofçi | patoffa | patofnu | patūsa | patulassa | |
Paucal | patutai | patutaiç | patutaiv | patutainu | patonka | patulanna | |
Plural | patuni | patuneç | patunev | patuninu | patūchi | patulacchi | |
2nd | Singular | patufen | patufenshi | patufenva | patufennu | patū | patulal |
Dual | patofni | patofneç | patofnev | patofninu | patūdri | patuladri | |
Plural | patofna | patofnaç | patofnav | patofnanu | patuçina | patulaina | |
3rd sapient | Singular | patutas | patutasshi | patutasfa | patutasnu | ||
Dual | patuchi | patucheç | patuchev | patuchinu | |||
Plural | patutan | patutanshi | patutanva | patutannu | |||
3rd nonsapient | Singular | patol | patolshi | patolva patulav |
patonnu | ||
Dual | patwi | patweç | patwev | patwinu | |||
Plural | paton | patonshi | patonva patunav |
patonnu |
Note: Some verbs whose stem ends in -nu, -tu, or -du change nw, tw, and dw to m, p, and b. For example, kastolshi "mock" is kaspeç/kaspi/kaspev/kaspinu.
-Clu verbs
Example verb: nitruneç (paint)
Stem: nitru
Person | Number | Declarative | Imperative | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perfective | Imperfective | Habitual | Retrospective | Positive | Negative | ||
1st | Singular | nitruu | nitroç | nitrov | nitruunu | ||
Dual | nitrof | nitrofshi | nitroffa | nitrofnu | nitrūsa | nitrulassa | |
Paucal | nitrutai | nitrutaiç | nitrutaiv | nitrutainu | nitronka | nitrulanna | |
Plural | nitruni | nitruneç | nitrunev | nitruninu | nitrūchi | nitrulacchi | |
2nd | Singular | nitrufen | nitrufenshi | nitrufenva | nitrufennu | nitrū | nitrulal |
Dual | nitrofni | nitrofneç | nitrofnev | nitrofninu | nitrūdri | nitruladri | |
Plural | nitrofna | nitrofnaç | nitrofnav | nitrofnanu | nitruçina | nitrulaina | |
3rd sapient | Singular | nitrutas | nitrutasshi | nitrutasfa | nitrutasnu | ||
Dual | nitruchi | nitrucheç | nitruchev | nitruchinu | |||
Plural | nitrutan | nitrutanshi | nitrutanva | nitrutannu | |||
3rd nonsapient | Singular | nitrol | nitrolshi | nitrolva nitrulav |
nitronnu | ||
Dual | nitulwi | nitulweç | nitulwev | nitulwinu | |||
Plural | nitron | nitronshi | nitronva nitrunav |
nitronnu |
-Ū verbs
Example verb: mettūneç (pull)
Stem: mettū
Person | Number | Declarative | Imperative | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perfective | Imperfective | Habitual | Retrospective | Positive | Negative | ||
1st | Singular | mettuu | mettoç | mettov | mettuunu | ||
Dual | mettof | mettofçi | mettoffa | mettofnu | mettūsa | mattūlassa | |
Paucal | mettūtai | mettūtaiç | mettūtaiv | mettūtainu | mettonka | mettūlanna | |
Plural | mettūni | mettūneç | mettūnev | mettūninu | mettūchi | mettūlacchi | |
2nd | Singular | mettūfan | mettūfanshi | mettūfanva | mettūfannu | mettū | mettūlal |
Dual | mettofni | mettofneç | mettofnev | mettofninu | mettūdri | mettūladri | |
Plural | mettofna | mettofnaç | mettofnav | mettofnanu | mettūçina | mettūlaina | |
3rd sapient | Singular | mettūtas | mettūtasshi | mettūtasfa | mettūtasnu | ||
Dual | mettūchi | mettūcheç | mettūchev | mettūchinu | |||
Plural | mettūtan | mettūtanshi | mettūtanva | mettūtannu | |||
3rd nonsapient | Singular | mettol | mettolshi | mettolva mettūlav |
mettonnu | ||
Dual | mitwi[1] | mitweç | mitwev | mitwinu | |||
Plural | metton | mettonshi | mettonva | mettonnu |
-Ai verbs
Example verb: kutaineç (respect)
Stem: kutai
Person | Number | Declarative | Imperative | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Imperfective | Perfective | Habitual | Retrospective | Positive | Negative | ||
1st | Singular | kutai kutyu |
kutaiç kutyoç |
kutaiv kutyov |
kutainu kutyunu |
||
Dual | kutaif kutyof |
kutaifçi kutyofçi |
kutaiffa kutyoffa |
kutaifnu kutyofnu |
kutaisa | kutailassa | |
Paucal | kutaitai | kutaitaiç | kutaitaiv | kutaitainu | kutainka | kutailanna | |
Plural | kutaini | kutaineç | kutainev | kutaininu | kutaichi | kutailacchi | |
2nd | Singular | kutaifen | kutaifenshi | kutaifenva | kutaifennu | kutai | kutailal |
Dual | kutaifni | kutaifneç | kutaifnev | kutaifnu | kutaidri | kutailadri | |
Plural | kutaifna | kutaifnaç | kutaifnav | kutaifnanu | kutaiçina | kutailaina | |
3rd sapient | Singular | kutaitas | kutaitasshi | kutaitasfa | kutaitasnu | ||
Dual | kutaichi | kutaicheç | kutaichev | kutaichinu | |||
Plural | kutaitan | kutaitanshi | kutaitanva | kutaitannu | |||
3rd nonsapient | Singular | kutail | kutailshi | kutailva kutailav |
kutainnu | ||
Dual | kutai | kutaiç | kutaiv | kutainu | |||
Plural | kutain | kutainshi | kutainva kutainav |
kutainnu |
-Au verbs
Example verb: kantavauneç (bathe)
Stem: kantavau
Person | Number | Declarative | Imperative | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perfective | Imperfective | Habitual | Retrospective | Positive | Negative | ||
1st | Singular | kantavau | kantavauç | kantavauv | kantavaunu | ||
Dual | kantavauf | kantavaufçi | kantavauffa | kantavaufnu | kantavausa | kantavaulassa | |
Paucal | kantavautai | kantavautaiç | kantavautaiv | kantavautainu | kantavaunka | kantavaulanna | |
Plural | kantavauni | kantavauneç | kantavaunev | kantavauninu | kantavauchi | kantavaulacchi | |
2nd | Singular | kantavaufen | kantavaufenshi | kantavaufenva | kantavaufennu | kantavau | kantavaulal |
Dual | kantavaufni | kantavaufneç | kantavaufnev | kantavaufninu | kantavaudri | kantavauladri | |
Plural | kantavaufna | kantavaufnaç | kantavaufnav | kantavaufnanu | kantavauçina | kantavaulaina | |
3rd sapient | Singular | kantavautas | kantavautasshi | kantavautasfa | kantavautasnu | ||
Dual | kantavauchi | kantavaucheç | kantavauchev | kantavauchinu | |||
Plural | kantavautan | kantavautanshi | kantavautanva | kantavautannu | |||
3rd nonsapient | Singular | kantavaul | kantavaulshi | kantavaulva kantavaulav |
kantavaunnu | ||
Dual | kantavau kantavi[2] |
kantavauç kantaveç |
kantavauv kantavev |
kantavaunu kantavinu | |||
Plural | kantavaun | kantavaunshi | kantavaunva kantavaunav |
kantavaunnu |
Fricative-final verbs
F-final
Example verb: falafneç (drown)
Stem: falaf
Person | Number | Declarative | Imperative | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perfective | Imperfective | Habitual | Retrospective | Positive | Negative | ||
1st | Singular | falafu | falafoç | falafov | falafunu | ||
Dual | falaffof | falaffofçi | falaffoffa | falaffofnu | falafkasa | falaflassa | |
Paucal | falaftai | falaftaiç | falaftaiv | falaftainu | falafkana | falaflanna | |
Plural | falafni | falafneç | falafnev | falafninu | falafkachi | falaflacchi | |
2nd | Singular | falaffen | falaffenshi | falaffenva | falaffennu | falaf | falaflal |
Dual | falaffini | falaffineç | falaffinev | falaffininu | falafkadri | falafladri | |
Plural | falaffina | falaffinaç | falaffinav | falaffinanu | falafçina | falaflaina | |
3rd sapient | Singular | falaftas | falaftasshi | falaftasfa | falaftasnu | ||
Dual | falafchi | falafcheç | falafchev | falafchinu | |||
Plural | falaftan | falaftanshi | falaftanva | falaftannu | |||
3rd nonsapient | Singular | falaffa | falaffaç | falaffav | falaffanu | ||
Dual | falaffi | falaffeç | falaffev | falaffinu | |||
Plural | falafna | falafnaç | falafnav | falafnanu |
S-final
Example verb: mitasneç (run)
Stem: mitas
Person | Number | Declarative | Imperative | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perfective | Imperfective | Habitual | Retrospective | Positive | Negative | ||
1st | Singular | mitasu | mitasoç | mitasov | mitasunu | ||
Dual | mitassof | mitassofçi | mitassoffa | mitassofnu | mitaskasa | mitasrassa | |
Paucal | mitastai | mitastaiç | mitastaiv | mitastainu | mitaskana | mitasranna | |
Plural | mitasni | mitasneç | mitasnev | mitasninu | mitaskachi | mitasracchi | |
2nd | Singular | mitasfen | mitasfenshi | mitasfenva | mitasfennu | mitas | mitasral |
Dual | mitasfini | mitasfineç | mitasfinev | mitasfininu | mitaskadri | mitasradri | |
Plural | mitasfina | mitasfinaç | mitasfinav | mitasfinanu | mitasshina | mitasraina | |
3rd sapient | Singular | mitastas | mitastasshi | mitastasfa | mitastasnu | ||
Dual | mitasshi | mitassheç | mitasshev | mitasshinu | |||
Plural | mitastan | mitastanshi | mitastanva | mitastannu | |||
3rd nonsapient | Singular | mitassa | mitassaç | mitassav | mitassanu | ||
Dual | mitasshi | mitassheç | mitasshev | mitasshinu | |||
Plural | mitasna | mitasnaç | mitasnav | mitasnanu |
V-final
Example verb: latovneç (command)
Stem: latuv
Person | Number | Declarative | Imperative | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perfective | Imperfective | Habitual | Retrospective | Positive | Negative | ||
1st | Singular | latuvu | latuvoç | latuvov | latuvunu | ||
Dual | latuvlof | latuvlofçi | latuvloffa | latuvlofnu | latovgasa | latuvlassa | |
Paucal | latovdai | latovdaiç | latovdaiv | latovdainu | latovgana | latuvlanna | |
Plural | latovni | latovneç | latovnev | latovninu | latovgachi | latuvlacchi | |
2nd | Singular | latovven | latovvenshi | latovvenva | latovvennu | latov | latuvlal |
Dual | latovvini | latovvineç | latovvinev | latovvininu | latovgadri | latuvladri | |
Plural | latovvina | latovvinaç | latovvinav | latovvinanu | latovzhina | latuvlaina | |
3rd sapient | Singular | latovdas | latovdasshi | latovdasfa | latovdasnu | ||
Dual | latovji | latovjeç | latovjev | latovjinu | |||
Plural | latovdan | latovdanshi | latovdanva | latovdannu | |||
3rd nonsapient | Singular | latuvla | latuvlaç | latuvlav | latuvlanu | ||
Dual | latuvli | latuvleç | latuvlev | latuvlinu | |||
Plural | latovna | latovnaç | latovnav | latovnanu |
Z-final
Example verb: fenkazhezneç (adapt, fit in, adjust to)
Stem: fenkazhez
Person | Number | Declarative | Imperative | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perfective | Imperfective | Habitual | Retrospective | Positive | Negative | ||
1st | Singular | fenkazhizu | fenkazhizoç | fenkazhizov | fenkazhizunu | ||
Dual | fenkazhizrof | fenkazhizrofçi | fenkazhizroffa | fenkazhizrofnu | fenkazhezgasa | fenkazhizrassa | |
Paucal | fenkazhezdai | fenkazhezdaiç | fenkazhezdaiv | fenkazhezdainu | fenkazhezgana | fenkazhizranna | |
Plural | fenkazhezni | fenkazhezneç | fenkazheznev | fenkazhezninu | fenkazhezgachi | fenkazhizracchi | |
2nd | Singular | fenkazhezven | fenkazhezvenshi | fenkazhezvenva | fenkazhezvennu | fenkazhez | fenkazhizral |
Dual | fenkazhezvini | fenkazhezvineç | fenkazhezvinev | fenkazhezvininu | fenkazhezgadri | fenkazhizradri | |
Plural | fenkazhezvina | fenkazhezvinaç | fenkazhezvinav | fenkazhezvinanu | fenkazhezzhinu | fenkezhizrainu | |
3rd sapient | Singular | fenkazhezdas | fenkazhezdasshi | fenkazhezdasfa | fenkazhezdasnu | ||
Dual | fenkazhezzhi | fenkazhezzheç | fenkazhezzhev | fenkazhezzhinu | |||
Plural | fenkazhezdan | fenkazhezdanshi | fenkazhezdanva | fenkazhezdannu | |||
3rd nonsapient | Singular | fenkazhizra | fenkazhizraç | fenkazhizrav | fenkazhizranu | ||
Dual | fenkazhizri | fenkazhizreç | fenkazhizrev | fenkazhizrinu | |||
Plural | fenkazhezna | fenkazheznaç | fenkazheznav | fenkazheznanu |
N-final verbs
Type 1
Example verb: balenneç (avoid)
Stem: Balen
Person | Number | Declarative | Imperative | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perfective | Imperfective | Habitual | Retrospective | Positive | Negative | ||
1st | Singular | balinu baling'u[3] |
balinoç baling'oç[3] |
balinov baling'ov[3] |
balinunu baling'unu[3] |
||
Dual | balinrof | balinrofçi | balinroffa | balinrofnu | balenkasa | balinrassa | |
Paucal | balentai | balentaiç | balentaiv | balentainu | balenkana | balinranna | |
Plural | balenni | balenneç | balennev | balenninu | balenkachi | balinracchi | |
2nd | Singular | balenfen | balenfenshi | balenfenva | balenfennu | balen | balinral |
Dual | balenfini | balenfineç | balenfinev | balenfininu | balenkadri | balinradri | |
Plural | balenfina | balenfinaç | balenfinav | balenfinanu | balençina | balinraina | |
3rd sapient | Singular | balentas | balentasshi | balentasfa | balentasnu | ||
Dual | balenchi | balencheç | balenchev | balenchinu | |||
Plural | balentan | balentanshi | balentanva | balentannu | |||
3rd nonsapient | Singular | balinra | balinraç | balinrav | balinranu | ||
Dual | balinri | balinreç | balinrev | balinrinu | |||
Plural | balenna | balennaç | balennav | balennanu |
Type 2
Example verb: alanneç (count)
Stem: alan
Person | Number | Declarative | Imperative | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perfective | Imperfective | Habitual | Retrospective | Positive | Negative | ||
1st | Singular | alanu alang'u[3] |
alanoç alang'oç[3] |
alanov alang'ov[3] |
alanunu alang'unu[3] |
||
Dual | alannof | alannofçi | alannoffa | alannofnu | alankasa | alanrassa | |
Paucal | alantai | alantaiç | alantaiv | alantainu | alankana | alanranna | |
Plural | alanni | alanneç | alannev | alanninu | alankachi | alanracchi | |
2nd | Singular | alanfen | alanfenshi | alanfenva | alanfennu | alan | alanral |
Dual | alanfini | alanfineç | alanfinev | alanfininu | alankadri | alanradri | |
Plural | alanfina | alanfinaç | alanfinav | alanfinanu | alanshina | alanraina | |
3rd sapient | Singular | alantas | alantasshi | alantasfa | alantasnu | ||
Dual | alanchi | alancheç | alanchev | alanchinu | |||
Plural | alantan | alantanshi | alantanva | alantannu | |||
3rd nonsapient | Singular | alanna | alannaç | alannav | alannanu | ||
Dual | alanni | alanneç | alannev | alanninu | |||
Plural | alanna | alannaç | alannav | alannanu |
L-final verbs
Example: kabanneç (discover)
Stem: kabal
Person | Number | Declarative | Imperative | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perfective | Imperfective | Habitual | Retrospective | Positive | Negative | ||
1st | Singular | kabalu | kabaloç | kabalov | kabalunu | ||
Dual | kaballof | kaballofçi | kaballoffa | kaballofnu | kabalkasa | kaballassa | |
Paucal | kabaltai | kabaltaiç | kabaltaiv | kabaltainu | kabalkana | kaballanna | |
Plural | kabanni | kabanneç | kabannev | kabanninu | kabalkachi | kaballacchi | |
2nd | Singular | kabalfen | kabalfenshi | kabalfenva | kabalfennu | kabal | kaballal |
Dual | kabalfini | kabalfineç | kabalfinev | kabalfininu | kabalkadri | kaballadri | |
Plural | kabalfina | kabalfinaç | kabalfinav | kabalfinanu | kabalshina | kaballaina | |
3rd sapient | Singular | kabaltas | kabaltasshi | kabaltasfa | kabaltasnu | ||
Dual | kabalchi | kabalcheç | kabalchev | kabalchinu | |||
Plural | kabaltan | kabaltanshi | kabaltanva | kabaltannu | |||
3rd nonsapient | Singular | kaballa | kaballaç | kaballav | kaballanu | ||
Dual | kaballi | kaballeç | kaballev | kaballinu | |||
Plural | kabanna | kabannaç | kabannav | kabannanu |
Geminating verbs
Example: katanneç (fall asleep)
Stem: kata, kata*-
Person | Number | Declarative | Imperative | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perfective | Imperfective | Habitual | Retrospective | Positive | Negative | ||
1st | Singular | katau katakku |
katauç katakkoç |
katauv katakkov |
kataunu katakkunu |
||
Dual | katallof | katallofçi | katalloffa | katallofnu | katakkasa | katallassa | |
Paucal | katattai | katattaiç | katattaiv | katattainu | katakkana | katallanna | |
Plural | katanni | katanneç | katannev | katanninu | katakkachi | katallacchi | |
2nd | Singular | kataffen | kataffenshi | kataffenva | kataffennu | katal katakka[3] |
katallal |
Dual | kataffini | kataffineç | kataffinev | kataffininu | katakkadri | katalladri | |
Plural | kataffina | kataffinaç | kataffinav | kataffinanu | kataççina | katallaina | |
3rd sapient | Singular | katattas | katattasshi | katattasfa | katattasnu | ||
Dual | katacchi | kataccheç | katacchev | katacchinu | |||
Plural | katattan | katattanshi | katattanva | katattannu | |||
3rd nonsapient | Singular | katalla | katallaç | katallav | katallanu | ||
Dual | katalli | katalleç | katallev | katallinu | |||
Plural | katanna | katannaç | katannav | katannanu |
Stop-final verbs
P-final
Example verb: kūnempeç (break)
Stem: kūnef, kūnip-
Person | Number | Declarative | Imperative | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perfective | Imperfective | Habitual | Retrospective | Positive | Negative | ||
1st | Singular | kūnipu kūnifu[3] |
kūnipoç kūnifoç[3] |
kūnipov kūnifov[3] |
kūnipunu kūnifunu[3] |
||
Dual | kūniplof | kūniplofçi | kūniploffa | kūniplofnu | kūnefkasa | kūniplassa | |
Paucal | kūneftai | kūneftaiç | kūneftaiv | kūneftainu | kūnefkana | kūniplanna | |
Plural | kūnempi | kūnempeç | kūnempev | kūnempinu | kūnefkachi | kūniplacchi | |
2nd | Singular | kūneffen | kūneffenshi | kūneffenva | kūneffennu | kūnef | kūniplal |
Dual | kūneffini | kūneffineç | kūneffinev | kūneffininu | kūnefkadri | kūnipladri | |
Plural | kūneffina | kūneffinaç | kūneffinav | kūneffinanu | kūnefçina | kūniplaina | |
3rd sapient | Singular | kūneftas | kūneftasshi | kūneftasfa | kūneftasnu | ||
Dual | kūnefchi | kūnefcheç | kūnefchev | kūnefchinu | |||
Plural | kūneftan | kūneftanshi | kūneftanva | kūneftannu | |||
3rd nonsapient | Singular | kūnipla | kūniplaç | kūniplav | kūniplanu | ||
Dual | kūnipli | kūnipleç | kūniplev | kūniplinu | |||
Plural | kūnempa | kūnempaç | kūnempav | kūnempanu |
B-final
Example verb: kalambeç (take false credit)
Stem: kalav, kalab-
Person | Number | Declarative | Imperative | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perfective | Imperfective | Habitual | Retrospective | Positive | Negative | ||
1st | Singular | kalabu kalavu[3] |
kalaboç kalavoç[3] |
kalabov kalavov[3] |
kalabunu kalavunu[3] |
||
Dual | kalablof | kalablofçi | kalabloffa | kalablofnu | kalavgasa | kalablassa | |
Paucal | kalavdai | kalavdaiç | kalavdaiv | kalavdainu | kalavgana | kalablanna | |
Plural | kalambi | kalambeç | kalambev | kalambinu | kalavgachi | kalablacchi | |
2nd | Singular | kalavven | kalavvenshi | kalavvenva | kalavvennu | kalav | kalablal |
Dual | kalavvini | kalavvineç | kalavvinev | kalavvininu | kalavgadri | kalabladri | |
Plural | kalavvina | kalavvinaç | kalavvinav | kalavvinanu | kalavzhina | kalablaina | |
3rd sapient | Singular | kalavdas | kalavdasshi | kalavdasfa | kalavdasnu | ||
Dual | kalavji | kalavjeç | kalavjev | kalavjinu | |||
Plural | kalavdan | kalavdanshi | kalavdanva | kalavdannu | |||
3rd nonsapient | Singular | kalabla | kalablaç | kalablav | kalablanu | ||
Dual | kalabli | kalableç | kalablev | kalablinu | |||
Plural | kalamba | kalambaç | kalambav | kalambanu |
T-final
Example verb: fatancheç (bite)
Stem: fatas, fatat-
Person | Number | Declarative | Imperative | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perfective | Imperfective | Habitual | Retrospective | Positive | Negative | ||
1st | Singular | fatatu fatasu[3] |
fatatoç fatasoç[3] |
fatatov fatasov[3] |
fatatunu fatasunu[3] |
||
Dual | fatatrof | fatatrofçi | fatatroffa | fatatrofnu | fataskasa | fatatrassa | |
Paucal | fatattai | fatattaiç | fatattaiv | fatattainu | fataskana | fatatranna | |
Plural | fatanchi | fatancheç | fatanchev | fatanchinu | fataskachi | fatatracchi | |
2nd | Singular | fatasfen | fatasfenshi | fatasfenva | fatasfennu | fatas | fatatral |
Dual | fatasfini | fatasfineç | fatasfinev | fatasfininu | fataskadri | fatatradri | |
Plural | fatasfina | fatasfinaç | fatasfinav | fatasfinanu | fatasshina | fatatraina | |
3rd sapient | Singular | fatattas | fatattasshi | fatattasfa | fatattasnu | ||
Dual | fatacchi | fataccheç | fatacchev | fatacchinu | |||
Plural | fatattan | fatattanshi | fatattanva | fatattannu | |||
3rd nonsapient | Singular | fatatra | fatatraç | fatatrav | fatatranu | ||
Dual | fatatri | fatatreç | fatatrev | fatatrinu | |||
Plural | fatanta | fatantaç | fatantav | fatantanu |
D-final
Person | Number | Declarative | Imperative | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perfective | Imperfective | Habitual | Retrospective | Positive | Negative | ||
1st | Singular | ||||||
Dual | |||||||
Paucal | |||||||
Plural | |||||||
2nd | Singular | ||||||
Dual | |||||||
Plural | |||||||
3rd sapient | Singular | ||||||
Dual | |||||||
Plural | |||||||
3rd nonsapient | Singular | ||||||
Dual | |||||||
Plural |
K-final
Example verb: vulensheç (go)
Stem: vulī, vulik-
Person | Number | Declarative | Imperative | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perfective | Imperfective | Habitual | Retrospective | Positive | Negative | ||
1st | Singular | vuliku vulekku[3] |
vulikoç vulekkoç[3] |
vulikov vulekkov[3] |
vulikunu vulekkunu[3] |
||
Dual | vuliklof | vuliklofçi | vulikloffa | vuliklofnu | vulekkasa | vuliklassa | |
Paucal | vulītai | vulītaiç | vulītaiv | vulītainu | vulekkana | vuliklanna | |
Plural | vulenshi | vulensheç | vulenshev | vulenshinu | vulekkachi | vuliklacchi | |
2nd | Singular | vulīfen | vulīfenshi | vulīfenva | vulīfennu | vulī | vuliklal |
Dual | vulīfini | vulīfineç | vulīfinev | vulīfininu | vulekkadri | vulikladri | |
Plural | vulīfina | vulīfinaç | vulīfinav | vulīfinanu | vuleççina | vuliklaina | |
3rd sapient | Singular | vulītas | vulītasshi | vulītasfa | vulītasnu | ||
Dual | vulīchi | vulīcheç | vulīchev | vulīchinu | |||
Plural | vulītan | vulītanshi | vulītanva | vulītannu | |||
3rd nonsapient | Singular | vulikla | vuliklaç | vuliklav | vuliklanu | ||
Dual | vulikli | vulikleç | vuliklev | vuliklinu | |||
Plural | vulenka | vulenkaç | vulenkav | vulenkanu |
G-final
Example verb: gazhing'eç (renounce, abdicate)
Stem: gazhī, gazig-
Person | Number | Declarative | Imperative | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perfective | Imperfective | Habitual | Retrospective | Positive | Negative | ||
1st | Singular | gazhigu gazheggu[3] |
gazhigoç gazheggoç[3] |
gazhigov gazheggov[3] |
gazhigunu gazheggunu[3] |
||
Dual | gazhiglof | gazhiglofçi | gazhigloffa | gazhiglofnu | gazheggasa | gazhiglassa | |
Paucal | gazhītai | gazhītaiç | gazhītaiv | gazhītainu | gazheggana | gazhiglanna | |
Plural | gazhing'i | gazhing'eç | gazhing'ev | gazhing'inu | gazheggachi | gazhiglacchi | |
2nd | Singular | gazhīfen | gazhīfenshi | gazhīfenva | gazhīfennu | gazhī | gazhiglal |
Dual | gazhīfini | gazhīfineç | gazhīfinev | gazhīfininu | gazheggadri | gazhigladri | |
Plural | gazhīfina | gazhīfinaç | gazhīfinav | gazhīfinanu | gazhezzhina | gazhiglaina | |
3rd sapient | Singular | gazhītas | gazhītasshi | gazhītasfa | gazhītasnu | ||
Dual | gazhīchi | gazhīcheç | gazhīchev | gazhīchinu | |||
Plural | gazhītan | gazhītanshi | gazhītanva | gazhītannu | |||
3rd nonsapient | Singular | gazhigla | gazhiglaç | gazhiglav | gazhiglanu | ||
Dual | gazhigli | gazhigleç | gazhiglev | gazhiglinu | |||
Plural | glazhenga | glazhengaç | glazhengav | glazhenganu |
Irregular verbs
Defective verbs
Defective verbs are verbs that do not take all possible forms. Some verbs, due to their meaning, do not take certain aspects (for example, stative verbs can never occur in the resultive), but these are not classified as defective.
Lakantū (there is/are) takes no aspectual affixes and occurs only in the 3rd person. Some speakers furthermore used only the singular forms.
Person | Number | Present | Past | Future |
---|---|---|---|---|
3rd sapient | Singular | Taskantū | Fataskantū | Naitaskantū |
Dual | Chikantū | Fachikantū | Naichikantū | |
Plural | Tankantū | Fatankantū | Naitankantū | |
3rd nonsapient | Singular | Lakantū | Fakkantū | Naikkantū |
Dual | Likantū | Faikantū | Naikantū | |
Plural | Nakantū | Fankantū Fannakantū[3] |
Nainkantū Nainnakantū[3] |
Nasni (to be) likewise took no aspect suffixes, but did take all persons. For some speakers, the imperative forms were not used, instead, the prefix nas-/nat- was used
Person | Number | Declarative | Imperative | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Positive | Negative | |||
1st | Singular | Yansu | ||
Dual | Yansof | Naskassa | Nasrassa | |
Paucal | Nastai | Naskanna | Nasranna | |
Plural | Nasni | Naskachi | Nasrachi | |
2nd | Singular | Nasfen | Yanas | Nasral |
Dual | Nasfini Nafni |
Naskadri | Nasradri | |
Plural | Nasfina Nafna |
Nasshina | Nasraina | |
3rd sapient | Singular | Nastas | ||
Dual | Nasshi | |||
Plural | Nastan | |||
3rd nonsapient | Singular | Yansa | ||
Dual | Yanshi | |||
Plural | Nasna |
Non-defective verbs
These are verbs which are mostly regular, with only a few irregularities, and generally take all aspects.