Proto-Hispanic is the reconstructed common ancestor of the fictional group of Hispanic languages. Not yet estimated when it was spoken, and maybe it's asociated to Cardium pottery in Iberian peninsula. It is based on Basque and the Northern Caucasian languages.
Phonology
Consonants
|
Labial
|
Laminodental
|
Apicoalveolar
|
Postalveolar
|
Velar
|
Glottal
|
Nasal
|
*m
|
|
*n
|
|
*ŋ
|
|
Stop
|
Aspirated
|
*pʰ
|
|
*tʰ
|
|
*kʰ
|
*h
|
Voiceless
|
*p
|
|
*t
|
|
*k
|
|
Voiced
|
*b
|
|
*d
|
|
*g
|
|
Affricate
|
Aspirated
|
|
*tʰz
|
*tʰs
|
*tʰʃ
|
|
|
Voiceless
|
|
*tz
|
*ts
|
*tʃ
|
|
|
Voiced
|
|
*dz
|
*ds
|
*dʃ
|
|
|
Fricative
|
|
*z
|
*s
|
*ʃ
|
*x
|
*ɦ
|
Lateral
|
Fricative
|
|
|
*ɬ
|
|
|
|
Aproximant
|
|
|
*l
|
|
*ɫ
|
|
Rhotic
|
Aproximant
|
|
|
*ɹ
|
|
|
|
Trill
|
|
|
*r
|
|
|
|
Tap
|
|
|
*ɾ
|
|
|
|
Consonant gradation
|
Lenis
|
Fortis
|
Lenis/Fortis
|
Nasal
|
*ŋ
|
*n
|
*m
|
Labial Stop
|
*b
|
*p
|
*pʰ
|
Dentoalveolar Stop
|
*d
|
*t
|
*tʰ
|
Velar Stop
|
*g
|
*k
|
*kʰ
|
Laminodental Affricate
|
*dz
|
*tz
|
*tʰz
|
Apicoalveolar Affricate
|
*ds
|
*ts
|
*tʰs
|
Postalveolar Affricate
|
*dʃ
|
*tʃ
|
*tʰʃ
|
Sibilant Fricative
|
*z
|
*s
|
*ʃ
|
Laringal
|
*ɦ
|
*h
|
*x
|
Lateral
|
*l
|
*ɫ
|
*ɬ
|
Rhotic
|
*ɾ
|
*r
|
*ɹ
|
Vowels
|
Front
|
Central
|
Back
|
High
|
*i
|
*ɨ
|
*u
|
Mid
|
*e
|
*ə
|
*o
|
Low
|
|
*a
|
|
Ablaut patterns
|
I
|
II
|
III
|
Type 1
|
*a
|
*e
|
*i
|
Type 2
|
*a
|
*ə
|
*ɨ
|
Type 3
|
*a
|
*o
|
*u
|
Pronoun
Personal
|
1st person
|
2nd person
|
3rd person
|
4th person
|
Exclusive
|
Inclusive
|
Masculine
|
Feminine
|
Animate
|
Inanimate
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
Plural
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
Absolutive
|
*ni
|
*gu
|
*ɬu
|
*hi
|
*zu
|
*bi
|
*su
|
*be
|
*pe-rǝ
|
*ɦa
|
*ɦa-rǝ
|
*no
|
*no-rǝ
|
Ergative
|
*da, *ni-kǝ
|
*gu-kǝ
|
*ɬu-kǝ
|
*xa, *hi-kǝ
|
*zu-kǝ
|
*na, *bi-kǝ
|
*su-kǝ
|
*be-kǝ
|
*pe-rǝ-kǝ
|
*ɦa-kǝ
|
*ɦa-rǝ-kǝ
|
*no-kǝ
|
*no-rǝ-kǝ
|
Dative
|
*da-ɦi, *ni-r-ɦi
|
*gu-r-ɦi
|
*ɬu-r-ɦi
|
*xa-ɦi, *hi-r-ɦi
|
*zu-r-ɦi
|
*na-ɦi, *bi-r-ɦi
|
*su-r-ɦi
|
*be-r-ɦi
|
*pe-rǝ-r-ɦi
|
*ɦar-ɦi
|
*ɦa-rǝ-r-ɦi
|
*no-r-ɦi
|
*no-rǝ-r-ɦi
|
Instrumental
|
*ni-ta-z
|
*gu-ta-z
|
*ɬu-ta-z
|
*hi-ta-z
|
*zu-ta-z
|
*bi-ta-z
|
*su-ta-z
|
*be-ta-z
|
*pe-rǝ-ta-z
|
*ɦa-ta-z
|
*ɦa-rǝ-ta-z
|
*no-ta-z
|
*no-rǝ-ta-z
|
Genitive possesive
|
*ni-re
|
*gu-re
|
*ɬu-re
|
*hi-re
|
*zu-re
|
*bi-re
|
*su-re
|
*be-re
|
*pe-rǝ-re
|
*ɦa-re
|
*ɦa-rǝ-re
|
*no-re
|
*no-rǝ-re
|
Genitive locative
|
*ɦi-ni-nǝ
|
*ɦi-gu-nǝ
|
*ɦi-ɬu-nǝ
|
*ɦi-hi-nǝ
|
*ɦi-zu-nǝ
|
*ɦi-bi-nǝ
|
*ɦi-su-nǝ
|
*ɦi-be-nǝ
|
*ɦi-pe-rǝ-nǝ
|
*ɦi-ɦa-nǝ
|
*ɦi-ɦa-rǝ-nǝ
|
*ɦi-no-nǝ
|
*ɦi-no-rǝ-nǝ
|
Vocative
|
*zo
|
*ʃe
|
*ɬe
|
*do
|
*ze
|
*mo
|
*se
|
*da, *la
|
*ta, *ɫa
|
*za
|
*sa
|
*ga
|
*ka
|
Reflexive
|
*mi-ɦiŋǝ
|
*ʃi-ɦiŋǝ
|
*ɬi-ɦiŋǝ
|
*bi-ɦiŋǝ
|
*zi-ɦiŋǝ
|
*ni-ɦiŋǝ
|
*si-ɦiŋǝ
|
*ɫi
|
*ɫu
|
*dsi
|
*dsu
|
*tʃi
|
*tʃu
|
Demonstrative
|
Proximal
|
Medial-proximal
|
Medial
|
Medial-distal
|
Distal
|
Indeterminate
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
Plural
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
Singular
|
Absolutive
|
*ɦa
|
*ɦa-rǝ
|
*ɦi
|
*ɦi-rǝ
|
*ɦe
|
*ɦe-rǝ
|
*ɦo
|
*ɦo-rǝ
|
*ɦu
|
*ɦu-rǝ
|
*gǝ
|
*kǝ-rǝ
|
Interrogative
|
Original
|
Interrogative
|
Inanimate (What)
|
*za
|
*za-ɦi
|
Animate
|
Non-human (Which)
|
*kʰɨ
|
*kʰɨ-ɦi
|
Human (Who)
|
*nǝ
|
*nǝ-ɦi
|
Noun morphology
Declension
|
Animate
|
Inanimate
|
Singular |
Plural |
Indeterminate |
Singular |
Plural |
Indeterminate
|
Absolutive/Nominative/Essive
|
*-
|
*-rǝ
|
*-
|
*-
|
*-nǝ
|
*-
|
Ergative
|
*-kǝ
|
*-kǝ
|
*-kǝ
|
*-kǝ
|
*-kǝ
|
*-kǝ
|
Dative /elative
|
*-ɦi
|
*-ɦi
|
*-ɦi
|
*-ɦi
|
*-ɦi
|
*-ɦi
|
Instrumental (Attributive/dative)
|
*-z
|
*-z
|
*-z
|
*-ɬtu
|
*-ɬtu
|
*-ɬtu
|
Genitive
|
*-nǝ
|
*-nǝ
|
*-nǝ
|
*-nǝ
|
*-nǝ
|
*-nǝ
|
Allative
|
*-la
|
*-la
|
*-la
|
*-ɫa
|
*-ɫa
|
*-ɫa
|
Comitative
|
*-ki-n
|
*-ki-n
|
*-ki-n
|
*-ki-n
|
*-ki-n
|
*-ki-n
|
Innesive
|
*-nǝ
|
*-nǝ
|
*-nǝ
|
*-nǝ
|
*-nǝ
|
*-nǝ
|
Locative general
|
*-dǝ-
|
*-dǝ-
|
*-dǝ-
|
*-dǝ-
|
*-dǝ-
|
*-dǝ-
|
Essive/Prolative
|
*-tʰʃǝ
|
*-tʰʃǝ
|
*-tʰʃǝ
|
*-tʰʃǝ
|
*-tʰʃǝ
|
*-tʰʃǝ
|
Locative series
|
*-g-a-
|
*-k-a-
|
*-x-a-
|
*-g-a-
|
*-k-a-
|
*-x-a-
|
Instrumental/Comitative
|
*-tʰzǝ
|
*-tʰzǝ
|
*-tʰzǝ
|
*-tʰzǝ
|
*-tʰzǝ
|
*-tʰzǝ
|
Instrumental
|
*-bǝ
|
*-bǝ
|
*-bǝ
|
*-bǝ
|
*-bǝ
|
*-bǝ
|
Elative
|
*-ɦi
|
*-ɦu
|
*-ɦǝ
|
*-ɦi
|
*-ɦu
|
*-ɦǝ
|
Other cases
Oblique marks: *-rǝ-, *-ɦi-
Directive: *-rǝ
Locative: *-rǝ, *-tʰʃu
ad series: *-kǝ-, *-tʃǝ-, *-xǝ-, *-gǝ-
post/close series: *-kǝ, *-gǝ
complete series: *-ɬtʰ-
empty series: *-ɦ-
Negative particles
- bǝ /*-bǝ (negative/prohibitive)
- dǝ (prohibitive)
- dse/*tse
- -g- (privative)
- ɦu
- nǝ
Other particles
- -d- (substantivator/adjective)
- -d- (frequentative)
- -t- (substantivator of adjectives)
Class markers
Animate indeterminate: *(ɦ)a-
Animate maculine: *(ɦ)u- I
Animate feminine: *(ɦ)i- II
Inanimate (Factitive/frequentative): *-b- III
Affective *-ǝ-
Verb morphology
Personal particles
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
Subject |
Object |
Subject |
Object
|
1st person
|
Exclusive
|
*n-
|
*da
|
*gu
|
*gu
|
Inclusive
|
-
|
-
|
*ɬu
|
*ɬu
|
2nd person
|
Masculine
|
*h-
|
*xa
|
*zu
|
*zu
|
Feminine
|
*b-
|
*na
|
*su
|
*su
|
Third person particles
|
Subject
|
Object
|
Indeterminate
|
*ʃ-
|
*ga
|
Proximal
|
*p-
|
*ɦa
|
Medial-proximal
|
*d-
|
*ɦi
|
Medial
|
*tʰ-
|
*ɦe
|
Medial-distal
|
*ɫ-
|
*ɦo
|
Distal
|
*z-
|
*ɦu
|
Phonemic correspondences with real languages
Consonants
Proto-Hispanic
|
Iberian
|
Basque
|
*ŋ
|
?
|
n-/-0-/-n
|
*n
|
?
|
n
|
*m
|
?
|
m/n
|
*b
|
?
|
b
|
*p
|
?
|
p/b-
|
*pʰ
|
?
|
p
|
*d
|
?
|
d/t-
|
*t
|
?
|
t
|
*tʰ
|
?
|
t
|
*g
|
?
|
g
|
*k
|
?
|
k
|
*kʰ
|
?
|
h/0
|
*dz
|
?
|
z
|
*tz
|
?
|
z-/sU-/-tz-/-tsU-
|
*tʰz
|
?
|
z-/sU-/-tz-/-tsU-
|
*ds
|
?
|
z
|
*ts
|
?
|
tx-/tsU-/-tz-/-tsU-
|
*tʰs
|
?
|
z/sU
|
*dʃ
|
?
|
z
|
*tʃ
|
?
|
tx-/tsU-/-tz-/-tsU-
|
*tʰʃ
|
?
|
z-/sU-/-tz-/-tsU-
|
*z
|
?
|
z
|
*s
|
?
|
z
|
*ʃ
|
?
|
s
|
*ɦ
|
?
|
ɦ/h/0
|
*h
|
?
|
h/0
|
*x
|
?
|
g/h/0
|
*l
|
?
|
l-/-ɾ-/-l
|
*ɫ
|
?
|
l
|
*ɬ
|
?
|
l-/-lh-/-rC-/-l
|
*ɾ
|
?
|
ɾ
|
*r
|
?
|
r
|
*ɹ
|
?
|
ɾ/r?
|
Vowels
Proto-Hispanic
|
Iberian
|
Basque
|
*i
|
?
|
i?
|
*ɨ
|
?
|
i/u?
|
*u
|
?
|
u?
|
*e
|
?
|
e?
|
*ə
|
?
|
e/o?
|
*o
|
?
|
o?
|
*a
|
?
|
a?
|
Thematic lexicon
Personal relations
Proto-Hispanic
|
English meaning
|
Spanish meaning
|
Basque cognate
|
Notes
|
*ɦa-ma |
mother |
madre |
? |
-
|
*da-da-ɦi |
father |
padre |
? |
-
|
*i=tʰsi/*e=tʰsi |
sister |
hermana |
? |
-
|
*u=tʰsi/*o=tʰsi |
brother |
hermano |
? |
-
|
Day's cycle
Proto-Hispanic
|
English meaning
|
Spanish meaning
|
Basque cognate
|
Notes
|
*zeu̯ŋǝ / *ɦǝtʰsa / *tʰsaɦǝ |
yesterday |
ayer |
atzo, átzo |
-
|
Flora
Proto-Hispanic
|
English meaning
|
Spanish meaning
|
Basque cognate
|
Notes
|
*ɦˈaɬtǝ-lǝ |
brach, pod |
rama, vaina |
adar, ádar |
-
|
*ɦˈakʰǝ-ŋǝ |
brach, pod |
tronco, rama, haz |
aihen, aien, axen |
-
|
Adjectives
Proto-Hispanic
|
English meaning
|
Spanish meaning
|
Basque cognate
|
Notes
|
*ɦaɫǝ-ɦǝ |
weak, slow |
débil, lento |
ahul, aul, abol, áhül, aultu |
-
|
Verbs
Proto-Hispanic
|
English meaning
|
Spanish meaning
|
Basque cognate
|
Notes
|
*e-(a)tʰzei̯-n |
catch, gather, take |
atrapar, coger, llevar, tomar, recoger, reunir |
atzitu, atzipe, atzipatu, atsipatu |
-
|