Kala/affixes

See also: Kala lexicon

These are the functional affixes used in Kala. There are notes at the bottom of the page to explain exceptions and special cases.

pa ta ka ma na nya sa ha tsa tla ua la ya a

pa

-pa

from pala

1. able to ~; can ~ [ABIL]
2. ~ is possible; potential [POT]

example

• na inapa

1S eat-ABIL

I am able to eat.

• kamena anyapak

3PL-P.1S see-ABIL-NEG

They can't see me.
They can't possibly see me.

-pe

from peya

1. part
2. piece of ~

• inape

piece of food; morsel; crumb

-po

from nipo

1. coerce
2. force; compel

example

• eha inapoye

P.3sg eat-compel-PST

He was compelled to eat.

ta

-ta

from tlaka

1. male; masculine [MASC]

• umata

stallion, male horse; stud

-tai

from ata

1. be named; name [so called]

• umatai

a so-called horse

-te

from teya

1. propose; request [PREC]
2. suggest

• ya inate

VOC eat-PREC

Please eat.

ti-

from tiha

1. multiple of ~; ~ times
2. -ple

• tiha'o

thrice; triple; trio

-to

from to

1. manner; method; way

• makato

musicianship; musicality

ka

-kan

from kana

1. leader; teacher
2. chief of ~

• hakyokan

principal; headmaster

-ke

Kala	gloss	English
ha'ena unyake	3S-P.1S know-DUB	It's doubt(ed/ful) (that) he knows me.
na ke mita inayeke	1S O dog eat-PST-DUB	I doubt (that) the dog ate.

from ketsa

1. doubt
2. suspect; suspicion; dubitative [DUB]

-ki

Kala	gloss	English
itla nya tlelaki	this for wash-REFL	This is for washing oneself/yourself.
mita yatsikiye	dog bite-REFL-PST	The dog bit herself.

from ki

1. self; reflexive [REFL]

ma

-ma

from ama

1. occasion
2. time for ~

• inama ka

eat-time Q

Is it time to eat?

na

-na

from naka

1. female; feminine [FEM]

• umana

mare, female horse

nya

-nyo

from mayo

1. equipment
2. tool for ~

• na ke makanyo heyatli

1S O music-tool need-FUT

I will need the musical instrument.

sa

-sa

from sala

1. room; chamber; compartment

• inasa

dining room, dinning hall

ha

-ha

from taha

1. large; big; huge [AUG]
2. great; grand

• inaha

feast; large meal; buffet

tsa

-tsa

from tsaya

1. damn; general invective
2. shitty ~; damned ~

• umatsa

damned horse

tla

-tla

from kala

1. language; talk; say; speak

• tsayatla

cursing; vulgarities

ua

ua-

from uatla

1. that; medial [MED]

• uamita

that dog (by you)

-ua

from kuaha

1. study of; ~ study

• kehaua

biology

la

-la

from ela

1. become
2. change into ~; turn into ~

• na inyala

1S hunger-become

I'm getting hungry.

-la

from ula

1. any; some
2. whichever; indefinite [INDEF]

• mitala

any/some dog

-la

from yala

1. in the direction of ~ [MOT]

• na ke tsaka nahela

1S O house within-MOT

I'm going into the house.

ya

-ya

from tlaya

1. in-law
2. relative by marriage

• nakuya

sister-in-law

ye-

from yetla

1. that (over there); distal [DIST]

• yemita

that dog (over there)

-ye

from aye

1. past; past tense [PST]

• na inaye

1S eat-PST

I ate.

-yo

from yoha

1. have; possess [POSS]
2. genitive [GEN]

• imita nayo

PROX-dog 1S.POSS

This is my dog.

a

i-

from itla

1. this (by me); proximal [PROX]

• imita

this dog (by me)

Notes

1. The -u / u- is used to replace redundant syllables.