Proto-Uralic/P
| A-stems | ə-stems | Unclear | Ratio | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| *-pp- | *č/ćappa- 'to chop', *säppä 'gall', *śeppä 'skilled'
*kuppa 'boil', #ta/uppa- 'to stomp'; FP *räppä 'smoke hole'; FV *čappa 'sour', *koppala 'grouse hen'; FMo *käppä 'paw', *tuppa- 'to fill' |
*ëppə 'father-in-law', *lappə 'flat', *woppə- 'to learn'
FV *koppə 'mold'; FS *tüppə- 'to be engulfed' |
*ćuppɜ 'top', *läppɜ 'cover'
#läppɜd₁ɜ 'spleen'; FMs *kBppɜ 'swimbladder'; CH *ćippɜ- 'to pinch'; MaH *čappɜ 'pale'; PH *šAppɜ- 'to dry'; FV *luppɜ 'lichen'; WU *kuppɜ 'cup' |
3 : 3 = 1 |
| *-p- | *čupa 'thin', *kopa 'skin', *lapa 'blade', *śepä 'neck'
EU *apa 'older sis'; FP *repäs ~ H ravas 'fox' (← II) |
*jepəkä 'owl'
FS *repə- 'to tear' |
*kepɜ 'light'
FP *kipɜ 'spark' |
4 : 1 = 4 |
| *-w- | *uwa 'flow', *üwä 'belt', *lüwä- 'to shoot', #nïwa- 'to dehair' (?), *powa- 'to blow', *puwa- 'to strangle' (?), *tiwä 'deep'
SKh *läwä 'youngster' (?) |
*kiwə 'stone', *lë/owə 'bone', *sewə- 'to eat', *śawə 'clay', *śowə 'mouth'
FV *lowə 'gap'; FMo *tewə 'work' |
*tä(w)wɜ 'lung' (?)
WU *śAwɜ 'smoke' |
5+2 : 5 ≈ 1 |
| *-tt- | *wo/ëtta- 'to take' (?)
MoSmy *jotta- 'to go' |
#kowɜttə '6' | ||
| *-t- | *itä- 'to appear', *kota 'hut' (← IE), *pata 'pot', *śa/ëta '100' (← IE), *we/ätä- 'to pull'(← IE)
FP #rita 'trap'; FV *pitä- 'hold'; MaP *ja/ëta- 'to ask'; FMo *uTar 'udder' ← IE |
*kätə 'hand', *wetə 'water'
FP *sëtə 'axle'; FV #sïto- 'to bind'; FS *totə 'true' |
#nato 'sib-in-law'
FP *latɜ 'track' (← B.) | |
| *-d₁- | *śad₁a- 'to rain' | *ad₁ə- 'to sleep', *ed₁ə 'front', *nüd₁ə 'handle', *pid₁ə 'long', *wid₁ə- 'to kill'
FP *kud₁ə- 'to weave', ← IE? |
*küd₁ɜ 'middle', *küd₁ɜ 'bro-in-law', #pad₁o 'dam, wall', #wid₁ɜm 'marrow' | |
| *-kk- | *d₂okka- 'to push' (?), *lakka 'roof', *lükkä- 'to push', *pakka- 'to burst'
FP *mükkä 'mute', *tukka 'bundle' |
*ćo/ukkə 'top'
#śukkə 'piece'; Ug *jokkə- 'to stick in' |
*ra/ëkkɜ- 'to bild' (?) | |
| *-k- | *eKä 'uncle', *čäKä- 'to put on', *čoka 'shallow', *jekä 'year' (← IE), *jëka- 'to divide', #lïka- 'to wash', *luka '10', *muka 'back', *śekä 'catfish', *taka 'behind'
FP *je/äkälä 'lichen', *śuka- 'to sharpen' (← IE); SMo *le/äkä 'valley' |
*čäkə 'fog', *kokə- 'to find', *lukə- 'to read', *mäkə 'hill', *näkə- 'to see', *nükə- 'to tear', *tekə- 'to do', *wäkə 'power'
FS *rükə- 'to coff' |
*juka~*jukə~*jokə 'river'
MaOU *mäkɜ 'honey' (?); FP *nikɜ 'new', *šokə- 'to say' | |
| *-x- | - | #jëxə- 'to drink', *mexə- 'to sell', *mëxə 'earth', *kixə- 'to rut', #poxə (-w-?) 'wood', *saxə- 'to receive', *suxə- 'to row', *śixələ 'hedgehog', *toxə- 'to bring', *wexə- 'to take (to)', *wixə- 'to take (from)'
EU *toxə 'lake'; Ug *jüɣ- 'to come' |
