Verbs in Vrkhazhian

Vrkhazhian verbs are called madsiṟud (singular madsiṟu). Because Vrkhazhian is a triconsonantal root language, the fundamental part of the verb form is the transfix, a discontinuous affix inserted between a root (which is collectively called masčišu and translated as "pattern"), though they primarily only convey the grammatical voices (active, passive, causative, and reflexive). There are five tenses (past, past progressive, present, present progressive, and future) and these are indicated by prefixes attached to the base form. There is only one aspect: the perfect, called saẕkeru, which is indicated by reduplicating the entire verb. Additionally, there are also five moods (indicative, jussive, subjunctive, commissive, and propositive) and these are also indicated by prefix, placed closer to the base form than the tense prefixes. Lastly, verbs are also conjugated for number, singular and plural, with the plural indicated by the suffix -am.

When referring to a particular verb pattern, they are referred to by a derivation of the canonical (exemplary) verb d-s-ṟ (to do, to perform, to execute, to act). For example, when referring to the verb pattern of the citation form of a verb, which is the active present singular indicative, it is called dusaṟ because that is the active present singular form of the verb.

Verb Patterns

Madsiṟom Dusaṟaẇ (Dusarh verbs)

This is the simplest basic form of a verb, it gives the general idea of its root.

k-j-m (to support, to hold up)

	Active Singular	Active Plural	Translation	Passive Singular	Passive Plural	Translation
Infinitive	ʾekjammu		to support	ʾekjemmi		to be supported
Past Simple	nukjam	nukjamam	supported	nikjem	nikjemam	was supported
Past Prog.	yokjam	yokjamam	was supporting	yekjem	yekjemam	was being supported
Present Simple	kujam	kujmam	support	kajem	kajmam	is supported
Present Prog.	hukjam	hukjamam	is suppoting	hikjem	hikjemam	is being supported
Future	ʾakjam	ʾakjamam	will support	ʾikjem	ʾikjemam	will be supported

Madsiṟom Lodsaṟaẇ (Lodsarh verbs)

This stem is created by prefixing an -l- between the base form and the tense prefix. The meaning this stem imparts is reflexive.

m-n-š (to write)

	Active Singular	Active Plural	Translation	Passive Singular	Passive Plural	Translation
Infinitive	lomnaššu		to write to self	lomnešši		to be written by self
Past Simple	nulmonaš	nulmonšam	wrote to self	nilmoneš	nilmonšam	was written by self
Past Prog.	yolmonaš	yolmonšam	was writing to self	yelmoneš	yelmonšam	was being written by self
Present Simple	lomnaš	lomnašam	writing to self	lomneš	lomnešam	is written by self
Present Prog.	hulmonaš	hulmonšam	is writing to self	hilmoneš	hilmonšam	is being written by self
Future	ʾalmonaš	ʾalmonšam	will write to self	ʾilmneš	ʾilmonšam	will be written by self

Additionally, the genitive pronouns are used to indicate the subject of a verb in a reflexive construction.

Madsiṟom Dussaṟaẇ (Dussarh verbs)

This stem is created by gemminating the middle root. The meaning this stem imparts is causative.

l-n-d (to learn)

	Active Singular	Active Plural	Translation	Passive Singular	Passive Plural	Translation
Infinitive	ʾelnaddu		to teach	ʾelneddi		to be taught
Past Simple	nulunnad	nulunnadam	taught	nilanned	nilannedam	was taught
Past Prog.	yolunnad	yolunnadam	was teaching	yelanned	yelannedam	was being taught
Present Simple	lunnad	lunnadam	teach	lanned	lannedam	is taught
Present Prog.	hulunnad	hulunnadam	is teaching	hilanned	hilannedam	is being taught
Future	ʾalunnad	ʾalunnadam	will teach	ʾilanned	ʾilannedam	will be taught

Madsiṟom Lodussaṟaẇ (Lodussarh verbs)

This stem is created by gemminating the middle root and prefixing a -l-, which is dissimilated to -n- near another ⟨l⟩, between the base form and the tense prefix. In both the active voice and the passive voice, the meaning this stem imparts is autocausative.

l-n-d (to learn)

	Active Singular	Active Plural	Translation	Passive Singular	Passive Plural	Translation
Infinitive	lolnaddu		to teach self	lolneddi		to be taught self
Past Simple	nunlunnad	nunlunnadam	taught self	ninlanned	ninlannedam	was taught self
Past Prog.	yonlunnad	yonlunnadam	was teaching self	yenlanned	yenlannedam	was being taught self
Present Simple	lolunnad	lolunnadam	teach self	lolanned	lolannedam	is taught self
Present Prog.	hunlunnad	hunlunnadam	is teaching self	hinlanned	hinlannedam	is being taught self
Future	ʾanlunnad	ʾanlunnadam	will teach self	ʾinlanned	ʾinlannedam	will be taught self

Verb moods

Vrkhazhian has five moods other than the indicative mood: jussive, conditional, subjunctive, commissive, and propositive. The table below shows the present tense of the verb s-b-b (to kill)

Verb Mood

	Active Singular	Active Plural	Translation	Passive Singular	Passive Plural	Translation
Jussive	wisbab	wisbabam	have to kill	wisbeb	wisbebam	have to be killed
Conditional	mosbab	mosbabam	would kill	mesbeb	mesbebam	would be killed
Subjunctive	bisbab	bisbabam	may kill	bisbeb	bisbebam	may be killed
Commissive	ḵastubab	ḵastubbam	promise to kill	ḵestabeb	ḵestabbam	promise to be killed
Propositive	mimsubab	mimsubbam	should kill	mimsabeb	mimsabbam	should be killed

• The jussive mood is mainly used for expressing obligation or duty, but when there are no subject pronouns or nouns in, it functions as the imperative, expressing direct commands to the adressee(s).
• The conditional mood expresses a hypothetical situation, that is dependent on another set of circumstances.
• The subjunctive mood expresses hypothetical actions or situations, usually in that-clauses.
• The commissive mood expresses a commitment to do something, like a promise or threat.
• The propositive mood express suggestions or propositions.

Weak Verbs

Verbs are considered weak if they contain a hollow consonant (called ʾahaẏwud).