User:Cedh audmanh/TCR4/Ronc Tyu
Ronc Tyu text
Láo ric gèn mpsac.
Tà san nà tei tyuc zò ric gèn mpsac wonc dànc. "Tróu ric mbzac ki no ngóu? Tróu ric mbzac śac bwá xie o dzó bù kòun téc tra sun?"
No dao fae níe do tra sun yu fwenc o dzó bù kòun hkwì xie. Tà san nà tei me dànc: "Ki no ngóu mbzac-hxáe. Rao myen myen dźé dro. Tróu ric mbzac lóa kù no ngóu?"
No té gao mbèin o dzó mic myen láo dànc. "Nyú tenc kù no śoc roa! Tśi ngóu mbzac-ploc. Tśi té gao mbèin o dzó hpúoc o dzó té fi mó radźáo mwác. Tśi dro dyen kyáo lo xon. Pyec tenc tśi yoc myen mic ndźù gonc, mbzac-ploc zúc dyòun gyè zènc."
Tà san nà mpao mbzac kei. "Trén nànc hei nàc soc ló ki ric mbzac, bùn tśi yo lei ngòc wo ngèi gibyonc rie ndzì?"
No dao dao kòun nyu pou gonc – o dzó do nàc tyòu to. "Ki mbzac ngóu mbzac-rigéi. Kèc san hei wuo wuo zróu mpsac-rigéi." Dànc tùc nyu ndźei ki ric mbzac.
"Ki táo dzónc. Na sunc yu kèc san hei wuo wuo ngóu na rigéi bùn trùc ndè ndźí suo myèc yu tśi, o rón rei orà kèc wuo wuo zróu mpsac-rigéi, bùn ndźí yo rigéi gibyonc suo rie ngòc. Mbzac-rigéi ngóu no gló. Fùn tenc bún ndźei táe yu tśi. Bún yunc dráo nàenc."
Tà san nà tòc wa tenc dànc ngwae wuc dwá ndzáo ndźei mpsac.
Translation
English
About the different types of ducks.
The great-grandmother teaches the different types of ducks to the children. "What type of duck is this bird? What type of duck behaves like a fish and swims under the water?"
The bird dives into the river and swims around like a fish. The great-grandmother tells the children: "This bird is a cormorant. Let's keep looking. What type of duck is that bird over there?"
The bird sits in the middle of its nest and turns its head to face the children. "It's obvious that that bird is resting comfortably! It's a pot-bellied duck. It sits in the middle of its nest and lays eggs and sits on the eggs to keep them warm. It does this so that its hatchlings will be healthy. When it is hungry and looking for food, the pot-bellied duck walks in a funny waddling manner."
The great-grandmother points at a beautiful duck. "Which name do we give to this type of duck, which decorates its eyes by wearing a dark color around them?"
The bird flies around for a while and finds some food – and it goes there and takes it and eats it! "This duck is a masked duck. Our ancestors become masked ducks." The children already recognize this type of duck.
"This is correct. The faces of our ancestors live on in all the masks that the shaman keeps in his house, and it is said that their souls live on in the masked ducks, who wear a dark mask around the eyes. The masked duck is a significant bird. It's good that you know its story. You pay good attention."
The great-grandmother makes sure that the children learn everything about ducks properly.
Translation of previous text
- (Nuim, by phi2dao)
About the types of ducks.
The great-grandmother teaches the children about the types of ducks. "What type (of duck) is this? What type (of duck) becomes like a fish and goes swimming?"
It goes into the river and becomes like a fish. The great-grandmother explains to the children: "It is a cormorant. OK. And what type (of duck) is this?"
It sits in the house and lays eggs and sits on the eggs. "It must feel comfortable! You know, it's a laying duck. It becomes a pot-bellied duck. The pot-bellied duck goes waddling towards its food."
The great-grandmother explains a beautiful duck. "What type (of duck) wears color around the eyes (as an adornment)?"
It flies around them and sees food – and it goes there and takes it! "This duck is a masked duck. Our ancestors become masked ducks." The children already know this type of duck.
"You see, the ancestors do it like the masked ducks and wear color around the eyes (as an adornment). This is correct. It is good, this masked duck. Now pay attention." The great-grandmother teaches the children properly.
Interlinear gloss
- Láo
- watch
- ric
- type[POSS]
- gèn
- ATTR/different
- mpsac.
- PL/duck
- Tà
- grandmother
- san
- related_to
- nà
- mother
- tei
- say
- tyuc
- talk_about
- zò
- put
- ric
- type[POSS]
- gèn
- ATTR/different
- mpsac
- PL/duck
- wonc
- BEN
- dànc.
- PL/child
- "Tróu
- which.A
- ric
- type[POSS]
- mbzac
- duck
- ki
- this
- no
- bird
- ngóu?"
- COP
- "Tróu
- which.A
- ric
- type[POSS]
- mbzac
- duck
- śac
- do
- bwá
- resemble
- xie
- fish
- o
- and
- dzó
- same.A
- bù
- swim
- kòun
- move_around
- téc
- LOC.DYN
- tra
- under
- sun?"
- water
- "No
- bird
- dao
- fly
- fae
- fall
- níe
- sink
- do
- come.to.3I
- tra
- under
- sun
- water
- yu
- of
- fwenc
- river
- o
- and
- dzó
- same.A
- bù
- swim
- kòun
- move_around
- hkwì
- manner_of
- xie.
- fish
- Tà
- grandmother
- san
- related_to
- nà
- mother
- tei
- say
- me
- tell
- dànc:
- PL/child
- "Ki
- this
- no
- bird
- ngóu
- COP
- mbzac-hxáe."
- duck-PL/fish
- "Rao
- in_order_to
- myen
- look
- myen
- look
- dźé
- 1PC
- dro."
- do_the_same
- "Tróu
- which.A
- ric
- type[POSS]
- mbzac
- duck
- lóa
- there
- kù
- that
- no
- bird
- ngóu?"
- COP
- No
- bird
- té
- sit
- gao
- in_middle_of
- mbèin
- nest
- o
- and
- dzó
- same.A
- mic
- turn_around
- myen
- look
- láo
- watch
- dànc.
- PL/child
- "Nyú
- PASS/see
- tenc
- SUB
- kù
- that
- no
- bird
- śoc
- rest
- roa!"
- feel_comfortable
- "Tśi
- 3A.SG
- ngóu
- COP
- mbzac-ploc."
- duck-round[3D]
- "Tśi
- 3A.SG
- té
- sit
- gao
- in_middle_of
- mbèin
- nest
- o
- and
- dzó
- same.A
- hpúoc
- lay_eggs
- o
- and
- dzó
- same
- té
- sit
- fi
- wrap
- mó
- cover
- radźáo
- CAUS-warm
- mwác."
- eggs
- "Tśi
- 3A.SG
- dro
- do_the_same
- dyen
- so_that
- kyáo
- PL/baby_bird
- lo
- become
- xon."
- healthy
- "Pyec
- continue
- tenc
- SUB
- tśi
- 3A.SG
- yoc
- hungry
- myen
- look
- mic
- turn_around
- ndźù
- search
- gonc,
- food
- mbzac-ploc
- duck-round[3D]
- zúc
- walk
- dyòun
- squat
- gyè
- shift_position
- zènc."
- funny
- Tà
- grandmother
- san
- related_to
- nà
- mother
- mpao
- point_at
- mbzac
- duck
- kei.
- ATTR/beautiful
- "Trén
- which.I
- nànc
- name
- hei
- 1PL
- nàc
- take
- soc
- give
- ló
- DAT
- ki
- this
- ric
- type[POSS]
- mbzac,
- duck
- bùn
- REL.A
- tśi
- 3A.SG
- yo
- wear
- lei
- decorate
- ngòc
- eyes
- wo
- INSTR
- ngèi
- color
- gibyonc
- ATTR/dark
- rie
- around
- ndzì?"
- 3A.COLL
- No
- bird
- dao
- fly
- dao
- fly
- kòun
- move_around
- nyu
- see
- pou
- find
- gonc
- food
- —
- o
- and
- dzó
- same.A
- do
- come.to.3I
- nàc
- take
- tyòu
- eat
- to.
- 3I.COLL
- "Ki
- this
- mbzac
- duck
- ngóu
- COP
- mbzac-rigéi."
- duck-mask
- "Kèc
- ancestors
- san
- related_to
- hei
- 1PL
- wuo
- live
- wuo
- live
- zróu
- change_into
- mpsac-rigéi."
- PL/duck-mask
- Dànc
- PL/child
- tùc
- know[savoir]
- nyu
- see
- ndźei
- know[connaître]
- ki
- this
- ric
- type[POSS]
- mbzac.
- duck
- "Ki
- this
- táo
- thing
- dzónc."
- true
- "Na
- all
- sunc
- face
- yu
- of
- kèc
- ancestors
- san
- related_to
- hei
- 1PL
- wuo
- live
- wuo
- live
- ngóu
- COP
- na
- all
- rigéi
- mask
- bùn
- REL.A
- trùc
- shaman
- ndè
- keep
- ndźí
- 3A.PL
- suo
- LOC.STAT
- myèc
- SGV/village
- yu
- of
- tśi,"
- 3A.SG
- "o
- and
- rón
- PASS/recite
- rei
- QUOT
- orà
- PL/spirit[POSS]
- kèc
- ancestors
- wuo
- live
- wuo
- live
- zróu
- change_into
- mpsac-rigéi
- PL/duck-mask
- bùn
- REL.A
- ndźí
- 3A.PL
- yo
- wear
- rigéi
- mask
- gibyonc
- ATTR/dark
- suo
- LOC.STAT
- rie
- around
- ngòc."
- eyes
- "Mbzac-rigéi
- duck-mask
- ngóu
- COP
- no
- bird
- gló."
- ATTR/significant
- "Fùn
- it_is_good
- tenc
- SUB
- bún
- 2PC
- ndźei
- know[connaître]
- táe
- legend
- yu
- of
- tśi."
- 3A.SG
- "Bún
- 2PC
- yunc
- awake
- dráo
- eager
- nàenc."
- clever
- Tà
- grandmother
- san
- related_to
- nà
- mother
- tòc
- watch_out
- wa
- guard
- tenc
- SUB
- dànc
- PL/child
- ngwae
- do_properly
- wuc
- hear
- dwá
- understand
- ndzáo
- learn
- ndźei
- know[connaître]
- mpsac.
- PL/duck
Vocabulary
| word | morphology | type | meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| brec | pl orà | n.a.poss | spirit, soul, personality |
| bù | v.it | swim, float | |
| bùn | pron | (relative pronoun, animate) | |
| bún | pron | (2nd person paucal) | |
| bwá | v.it | be similar, be like, resemble | |
| dao | v.it | fly | |
| do | v.it | come, approach (towards something inanimate) | |
| dráo | v.it | be eager, be motivated | |
| dro | v.it | do the same thing (generic proverb, can stand in for a whole verb phrase including the object) | |
| dwá | v.tr | understand | |
| dyen | cj | so that | |
| dyòun | v.it | kneel, squat, crouch | |
| dzó | pron | the same one (animate) | |
| dzónc | v.it | be true, be correct | |
| dźé | pron | (1st person paucal) | |
| fae | v.it | fall | |
| fi | v.tr | wrap, cover | |
| fùn | v.aux | "it is good [that]..." | |
| fwenc | n.a | river | |
| gao | pp.n | in the middle of | |
| gonc | n.i.coll | food | |
| gyè | v.it | move sideways, shift one's position | |
| hei | pron | (1st person plural) | |
| hkwì | pp.v | in the manner of | |
| hpúoc | v.it | lay eggs | |
| kèc | n.a.coll | ancestors | |
| ki | det | this, these | |
| kòun | v.it | move around, go (nowhere in particular), roam, wander | |
| kù | det | that, those | |
| láo | v.tr | watch, look at (when used as a coverb: about, concerning) | |
| lei | v.tr | decorate | |
| lo | v.aux | become | |
| ló | pp.v | for, to (dative) | |
| lóa | adv | there | |
| màc | sgv myèc | n.i.coll | village (sgv: house) |
| mbèin | n.i | nest (of birds or other animals) | |
| mbzac | pl mpsac | n.a | duck, goose |
| me | v.tr | tell, say towards | |
| mic | v.it | turn around | |
| mó | v.tr | cover, protect | |
| mpao | v.tr | single out, point at | |
| mwác | n.i.coll | eggs | |
| myen | v.it | look (intransitive) | |
| na | qu | all (of many) | |
| nà | n.a | mother, maternal aunt | |
| nàc | v.tr | choose, take, use | |
| nàenc | v.it | be intelligent, be clever | |
| nànc | n.i | name | |
| ndè | v.tr | store, keep, retain | |
| ndzáo | v.tr | learn (mental knowledge) | |
| ndzì | pron | (3rd person animate paucal/collective) | |
| ndźei | v.tr | know, be acquainted with (cf. French connaître) | |
| ndźí | pron | (3rd person animate plural) | |
| ndźù | v.tr | search for | |
| ngèi | n.i | color | |
| ngèn | attr gèn | v.it | be different, be distinct, be unusual, be foreign |
| ngòc | n.a.coll | eyes | |
| ngóu | v.tr | be (copula) | |
| ngwae | v.it | do properly, do well | |
| níe | v.it | sink, dive | |
| no | n.a | bird | |
| nyào | pl kyáo | n.a | chick, baby bird |
| nyu | pass nyú | v.tr | see |
| o | cj | and, also (used with clauses) | |
| ploc | v.it | be round (3D) | |
| pou | v.tr | find, discover | |
| pwanc | pl dànc | n.a | child |
| pyec | v.it | keep happening, continue | |
| pyonc | attr gibyonc | v.it | be black, be dark |
| radźáo | v.tr | keep sb./sth. warm | |
| rao | cj | in order to, with the goal of (also used to introduce hortative statements, lit. "in order to do X, we do it") | |
| rei | cj | (quotative complementizer, introduces reported speech) | |
| ric | n.i.poss | type, kind, variety, species | |
| rie | pp.n | around | |
| rigéi | n.a | mask | |
| roa | v.it | feel comfortable, be at ease | |
| ron | pass rón | v.tr | recite, tell (a story), hand down (a tradition) |
| san | pp.n | socially related to | |
| soc | v.tr | give | |
| sun | n.i.coll | water | |
| sunc | n.a | face | |
| suo | pp.v | at, on (static locative) | |
| śac | v.tr | do, make, behave (generic proverb) | |
| śoc | v.it | rest, relax, take a break | |
| tà | n.a | grandmother | |
| táe | n.a | story, legend | |
| táo | n.i | thing, item | |
| té | v.it | sit | |
| téc | pp.v | near, around (dynamic locative) | |
| tei | v.tr | say, speak | |
| tenc | cj | (complementizer) | |
| to | pron | (3rd person inanimate collective) | |
| tó | attr gló | v.it | be significant, have a hidden meaning |
| tòc | v.it | watch out, be vigilant | |
| tra | pp.n | under, at the bottom of | |
| trén | det | which? (interrogative inanimate) | |
| tróu | det | which? (interrogative animate) | |
| trùc | n.a | priest, shaman | |
| tśi | pron | (3rd person animate singular/singulative) | |
| tùc | v.tr | know how to do sth. (cf. French savoir; expresses experiential aspect when used in a SVC) | |
| tyòu | v.tr | eat | |
| tyuc | v.tr | talk about, discuss | |
| wa | v.tr | protect, guard | |
| wo | pp.v | with, by, using (instrumental) | |
| wonc | pp.v | for the benefit of (benefactive) | |
| wuc | v.tr | hear, listen | |
| wuo | v.it | breathe, be alive | |
| xei | attr kei | v.it | be pretty, be beautiful |
| xie | pl hxáe | n.a | fish |
| xon | v.it | be healthy | |
| yo | v.tr | wear (clothes) | |
| yoc | v.it | be empty, be hungry | |
| yu | pp.n | of, belonging to, associated with | |
| yunc | v.it | be awake, be alert, pay attention | |
| zènc | v.it | joke, be playful, be funny | |
| zò | v.tr | put, place | |
| zróu | v.tr | change, convert, turn into | |
| zúc | v.it | walk |
Idiomatic serial verb constructions
| collocation | type | meaning | notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| nyu ndźei | svc.tr | recognize | (lit. see know) |
| té fi mó radźáo | svc.tr | breed (of birds) | (lit. sit wrap cover keep-warm) |
| tei tyuc zò | svc.tr | teach | (lit. say talk-about put) |
| yunc dráo nàenc | svc.it | pay attention | (lit. be-awake be-eager be-clever) |
| zúc dyòun gyè | svc.it | waddle | (lit. walk squat move-sideways) |
Grammar notes
Nouns
- Nouns can be animate or inanimate, countable or collective, and optionally or obligatorily possessed.
- Countable nouns inflect for plural number. Plural forms which occur in this text and are distinct from the singular are given in the wordlist.
- Collective nouns refer to a collection of items by default, and may inflect for singulative number if only one single member of the collection is referenced. Singulative forms which occur in this text are given in the wordlist.
- Obligatorily possessed nouns must be followed immediately by their possessor, without any explicit marking. Optionally possessed nouns form possessive phrases with a preposition.
- Compound nouns can be formed head-initially. Both nominal and verbal roots may be used in the modifier position of such compounds.
Verbs
- Verbs inflect for passive voice and for the attributive (a kind of participle, which makes up for the fact that Ronc Tyu does not have a lexical class of adjectives). All passive and attributive forms which occur in this text are given in the wordlist.
- Reduplicating a verb root indicates habitual, iterative, or continuative aspect.
Prepositions
- Ronc Tyu distinguishes between two types of prepositions: Adnominal prepositions (pp.n) refer only to noun phrases (e.g. "the tree on the hill"), whereas adverbial prepositions (pp.v) always refer to the clause (e.g. "I'm standing on the hill"). Adnominal prepositions may be nested within an adverbial prepositional phrase.
Syntax
- The basic word order is SVO.
- Phrases are typically head-initial, with modifiers following their heads.
- Ronc Tyu frequently uses serial verb constructions (SVC) consisting of two or more verbs to describe complex actions and situations, with the component verbs typically appearing in the chronological order of subevents. Some common collocations have a slightly idiomatic meaning, but most of the SVC instances in this text should be fairly transparent.
- Some types of SVC can also serve a grammatical purpose, but this occurs only once in this text and has been noted in the wordlist.
- Relative clauses always contain an overt pronoun referring to the relativized element within the relative clause (i.e. they follow a pronoun-retention strategy).
- Content questions asking for a specific noun phrase are formed by adding a special interrogative determiner and fronting the entire phrase. Pronoun retention does not apply in questions, so there will be no coreferential pronoun later on in the sentence.
- Passive verbs followed by a complementizer are sometimes used to make impersonal general statements.
