Phonology
Consonants
|
|
Labial
|
Labiodental
|
Dental ~ Alveolar
|
Palatalized dental ~ Alveolar
|
Postalveolars
|
Palatal
|
Velar
|
| Nasals
|
m
|
|
n
|
nʲ
|
|
|
ŋ
|
| Plosive
|
p pʰ b
|
|
t tʰ d
|
tʲ tʲʰ dʲ
|
|
|
k kʰ g
|
| Affricates
|
|
|
t͡s t͡sʰ d͡z
|
t͡sʲ t͡sʲʰ d͡zʲ
|
t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒ
|
|
|
| Fricatives
|
|
|
s z
|
sʲ zʲ
|
ʃ ʒ
|
|
x ɣ
|
| Trills
|
|
|
r
|
rʲ
|
|
|
|
| Lateral approximants
|
|
|
l
|
lʲ
|
|
|
|
| Approximants
|
|
ʋ
|
|
|
|
j
|
|
Spelling
/p t tʲ k/ [p t tj k]
/pʰ tʰ tʲʰ kʰ/ [ph th thj kh]
/b d dʲ g/ [b d dj g]
/t͡s t͡sʲ t͡ʃ/ [c cj č]
/t͡sʰ t͡sʲʰ t͡ʃʰ/ [ch chj čh]
/d͡z d͡zʲ d͡ʒ/ [dz dzj dž]
/s sʲ ʃ x/ [s sj š h]
/z zʲ ʒ ɣ/ [z zj ž x]
/m n nʲ ŋ/ [m n nj ŋ]
/r rʲ l lʲ/ [r rj l lj]
/ʋ j/ [v j]
Vowels
|
|
Front
|
Central
|
Back
|
| Short
|
Long
|
Short
|
Long
|
Short
|
Long
|
| Close
|
|
iː yː
|
|
|
|
uː
|
| Near close
|
ɪ ʏ
|
|
|
|
ʊ
|
|
| Close-Mid
|
|
eː
|
|
|
|
oː
|
| Open-Mid
|
ɛ
|
|
|
|
ɔ
|
|
| Open
|
|
|
ä
|
äː
|
|
|
Spelling
/ɪ ʏ ʊ/ [i y u]
/ɛ ɔ/ [e o]
/ä/ [á]
/iː yː uː/ [ī ȳ ū]
/eː oː/ [ē ō]
/ɑː/ [ā]
Phonotactics
(C)(C)V(ː)(R)(C)
Accent
- penultimate primary acute accent
- ultimate secondary gravis accent
Grammar
Nouns
Gender and number
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| Animate
|
Masculine
|
-a
|
mana
|
man
|
-ē
|
manē
|
men
|
| Feminine
|
-i
|
kōni
|
woman
|
-in
|
kōnī
|
women
|
| Inanimate
|
-u
|
hakmu
|
stone
|
-ȳ
|
hakmȳ
|
stones
|
Declension
| Nominative
|
-
|
|
|
subject of intransitive clause and agent of transitive clause, predicate noun
|
| Genitive
|
-s
|
manas
|
of man
|
possessor, patient of transitive clause, theme of ditransitive clause
|
| Instrumental
|
-mi
|
manami
|
with man
|
instrument, accompaniament, method, recipient of ditransitive clause
|
| Vialis
|
-ko
|
manako
|
through man
|
way in space or time
|
| Ablative
|
-de
|
manade
|
from man
|
direction from smth
|
| Allative
|
-ri
|
manari
|
to man
|
direction towards smth
|
| Locative
|
-thu
|
manathu
|
(in/on/under) man
|
various locations (with prepositions)
|
| Benefactive
|
-la
|
manala
|
for man
|
destination to smth, purpose
|
Definiteness
| Indefinite
|
um
|
um mana
|
a man
|
| Definite
|
Proper
|
is
|
is mana
|
the man
|
| Distant
|
at
|
at mana
|
that man
|
Verbs
Negation
| Affirmative
|
-
|
vāth-
|
(to) look, observe
|
| Negative
|
ne-
|
ne-vāth-
|
don't (to) look, observe
|
Preverbs
| Towards
|
ri-
|
rivāth-
|
to discern
|
| Away from
|
de-
|
devāth-
|
to look from afar
|
| Inside
|
en-
|
envāth-
|
to stare
|
| Outside
|
ba-
|
bavāth-
|
to look out
|
Voice
| Active
|
-
|
vāth-
|
(to) look, observe
|
| Reflexive
|
-si-
|
vāsith-
|
(to) look on self
|
| Causative
|
-ra-
|
vārath-
|
(to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth
|
| Reflexive-Causative
|
-šē-
|
vāšēth-
|
(to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self
|
Aspect
| Imperfective
|
-
|
vāth-
|
(to) look, observe
|
| Iterative
|
-jā-
|
vāthjā-
|
(to) look, observe (many times)
|
| Perfective
|
-nu-
|
vāthnu-
|
(to) look, observe
|
Person
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1.
|
-an / -n
|
I
|
-ami
|
we
|
| 2.
|
-aš / -š
|
you
|
-ači / -či
|
you
|
| 3.
|
-at / -t
|
he / she / it
|
-ari / -ri
|
they
|
| 4.
|
-ah / -h
|
someone / something
|
|
Mood
| Indicative
|
-
|
ēsjan
|
I am going
|
| Conditional
|
-pō
|
ēsjanpō
|
I would be going
|
| Potentional
|
-mē
|
ēsjanmē
|
I may be going
|
| Eventive
|
-vī
|
ēsjanvī
|
I could be going (potentional + conditional)
|
| Imperative
|
-īh
|
ēsjīh
|
you go !
|
Non-finite verbs
| Action noun
|
-it-u
|
vāthitu
|
looking, observing
|
| Participles
|
| Adjectival
|
-ŋ-
|
vāthaŋ-
|
looking, observing
|
| Adverbial
|
-ŋ-e
|
vāthaŋe
|
looking, observing
|
Adjectives and adverbs
- three degrees: positive, comparative, superlative
Degrees of comparison
| Positive
|
Comparative
|
Superlative
|
| -
|
es-
|
good
|
-im-
|
esim-
|
better
|
-tat-
|
estat-
|
best
|
| dōrg-
|
strong
|
dōrgim-
|
stronger
|
dōrgtat-
|
strongest
|
| ispānd-
|
equine
|
ispāndim-
|
more equine
|
ispāndtat-
|
most equine
|
Formation of adverbs
| Basal adjective
|
Derived adverb
|
| es-
|
good
|
-e
|
ese
|
well
|
| dōrg-
|
strong
|
dōrge
|
strongly
|
| ispānd-
|
equine
|
ispānde
|
like / as horse
|
Numerals
Cardinal numerals
| 1.
|
šine
|
| 2.
|
vahta
|
| 3.
|
hāran
|
| 4.
|
neljen
|
| 5.
|
taven
|
| 6.
|
hašte
|
| 7.
|
algan
|
| 8.
|
sekin
|
| 9.
|
žahsin
|
| 10.
|
žuvaŋ
|
| 11.
|
šinekičthu
|
| 12.
|
vahtakičthu
|
| 20.
|
vahtažāŋ
|
| 21.
|
vahtažāŋ šine
|
| 30
|
hāranžāŋ
|
| 100.
|
kidžāt
|
| 101.
|
kidžāt šine
|
| 120.
|
kidžāt vahtažāŋ
|
| 121.
|
kidžāt vahtažāŋ šine
|
| 200.
|
vahta kidžāt
|
| 1.000.
|
džāsul
|
| 10.000.
|
žāŋdžāsul
|
Derived numerals
|
|
Ordinal
|
Multiplicative
|
Reproductive
|
Distributive
|
Fractional
|
| -t-
|
-ljār-
|
-kōm-
|
-pen-
|
-te
|
| 1.
|
šinet-
|
šineljār-
|
šinekōm-
|
šinepen-
|
šinete
|
| 10.
|
žuvaŋt-
|
žuvaŋljār-
|
žuvaŋkōm-
|
žuvaŋpen-
|
žuvaŋte
|
| 11.
|
šinekičthut-
|
šinekičthuljār-
|
šinekičthukōm-
|
šinekičthupen-
|
šinekičthute
|
| 20.
|
vahtažāŋt-
|
vahtažāŋljār-
|
vahtažāŋkōm-
|
vahtažāŋpen-
|
vahtažāŋte
|
| 21.
|
vahtažāŋt- šinet-
|
vahtažāŋ šineljār-
|
vahtažāŋ šinekōm-
|
vahtažāŋ šinepen-
|
vahtažāŋ šinete
|
| 100.
|
kidžātt-
|
kidžātljār-
|
kidžātkōm-
|
kidžātpen-
|
kidžātte
|
| 101.
|
kidžātt- šinet-
|
kidžāt šineljār-
|
kidžāt šinekōm-
|
kidžāt šinepen-
|
kidžāt šinete
|
| 120.
|
kidžātt- vahtažāŋt-
|
kidžāt vahtažāŋljār-
|
kidžāt vahtažāŋkōm-
|
kidžāt vahtažāŋpen-
|
kidžāt vahtažāŋte
|
| 121.
|
kidžāt vahtažāŋt- šinet-
|
kidžāt vahtažāŋ šineljār-
|
kidžāt vahtažāŋ šinekōm-
|
kidžāt vahtažāŋ šinepen-
|
kidžāt vahtažāŋ šinete
|
| 200.
|
vahta kidžātt-
|
vahta kidžātljār-
|
vahta kidžātkōm-
|
vahta kidžātpen-
|
vahta kidžātte
|
| 1000.
|
džāsult-
|
džāsulljār
|
džāsulkōm-
|
džāsulpen-
|
džāsulte
|
| 10.000.
|
žāŋdžāsult-
|
žāŋdžāsulljār-
|
žāŋdžāsulkōm-
|
žāŋdžāsulpen-
|
žāŋdžāsulte
|
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1.
|
mi
|
I
|
mej
|
we
|
| 2.
|
šī
|
thou
|
čēj
|
you
|
| 3.
|
ola
|
he
|
olē
|
they
|
| oli
|
she
|
olī
|
| olu
|
it
|
olȳ
|
| 4.
|
kas
|
someone / something
|
Possessive suffixes
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1.
|
-mi
|
my
|
-mī
|
our
|
| 2.
|
-šī
|
thee
|
-čī
|
your
|
| 3.
|
-la
|
his
|
-lē
|
their
|
| -li
|
her
|
-lī
|
| -lu
|
its
|
-lȳ
|
| 4.
|
-kas
|
of someone / of something
|
Demonstrative pronouns
|
|
Definite proper
|
Definite distant
|
Indefinite
|
| Place
|
sōt
|
here
|
tōt
|
there
|
katis
|
somewhere
|
| Source
|
desōt
|
from here
|
detōt
|
from there
|
dekatis
|
from somewhere
|
| Purpose direction
|
risōt
|
to here
|
ritōt
|
to there, so far
|
rikati
|
to somewhere
|
| Path
|
isti
|
this way
|
atti
|
that way
|
umti
|
some way
|
| Time
|
istīm
|
now
|
attīm
|
then
|
| Method
|
sīd
|
in this way
|
tīd
|
in that way
|
umīd
|
in some way
|
| Quantity
|
isvēl
|
so much
|
| Qualify
|
akissōt
|
like this here
|
akattōt
|
like that
|
akkas
|
like something
|
| Reason
|
ispūdla
|
for this reason
|
atpūdla
|
for that reason
|
kapūdla
|
for some reason
|
Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns
|
|
Interrogative / Relative
|
Indefinite
|
Unlimited
|
| Animate being
|
ka
|
who ? which ?
|
kas
|
someone
|
kavali
|
anyone
|
| Inanimate object
|
ku
|
what ? which ?
|
kus
|
something
|
|
anything
|
| Place
|
kati
|
where ?
|
katis
|
somewhere
|
kativali
|
anywhere
|
| Source
|
dekati
|
whence ?
|
dekatis
|
from somewhere
|
dekativali
|
from anywhere
|
| Purpose direction
|
rikati
|
whither ?
|
rikatis
|
to somewhere
|
rikativali
|
to anywhere
|
| Path
|
kajsti
|
which way ?
|
kajstis
|
via some way
|
kajstivali
|
via any way
|
| Time
|
kajstīm
|
when ?
|
kajstīms
|
once
|
kajstīmvali
|
ever
|
| Method
|
ke
|
how ?
|
kes
|
somehow
|
kevali
|
anyhow
|
| Quantity
|
kele
|
how much ?
|
keles
|
somehow much
|
kelevali
|
anyhow much
|
| Qualify
|
kašīn
|
which one ?
|
šīve
|
some
|
vale
|
any
|
| Reason
|
kala
|
why ?
|
Negative, universal and alternative pronouns
|
|
Negative
|
Universal
|
Alternative
|
| Animate being
|
neka
|
nobody
|
kaveš
|
every
|
kamūt
|
anyone else
|
| Inanimate object
|
neku
|
nothing
|
veš
|
every, all
|
kamūt
|
anything else
|
| Place
|
nekati
|
nowhere
|
kativeš
|
everywhere
|
katimūt
|
elswhere
|
| Source
|
denekati
|
from nowhere
|
dekativeš
|
from everywhere
|
dekatimūt
|
from elswhere
|
| Purpose direction
|
rinekati
|
to nowhere
|
rikativeš
|
to everywhere
|
rikatimūt
|
to elswhere
|
| Path
|
nekajsti
|
through no way
|
vešisti
|
through all ways
|
kajstimūt
|
which way else
|
| Time
|
netīm
|
never
|
veštīm
|
always
|
kajstīmmūt
|
when else
|
| Method
|
neke
|
nohow
|
veške
|
in all methods
|
kemūt
|
otherwise
|
| Quantity
|
neku
|
nothing
|
nekuvēl
|
otherwise than so many
|
| Quality
|
nekea / nekei / nekeu
|
neuter, indistinct
|
vala / vali / valu
|
any
|
mūta / mūti / mūtu
|
other
|
Reflexive, reciprocal and cooperative pronouns
| Reflexive
|
si
|
oneself
|
| Reciprocal
|
envahtasj (← en-vahta-si)
|
each other
|
| Cooperative
|
vipōre (← vi-pōru)
|
together cooperatively
|
Prepositions
Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals
| en
|
in, inside
|
Locative
|
| from inside
|
Ablative
|
| to inside
|
Allative
|
|
|
| an
|
on
|
Locative
|
| from on
|
Ablative
|
| to on
|
Allative
|
|
|
| ans
|
above
|
Locative
|
| from above
|
Ablative
|
| to above
|
Allative
|
|
|
| uns
|
under
|
Locative
|
| from under
|
Ablative
|
| to under
|
Allative
|
|
|
| ter
|
beside
|
Locative
|
| from beside
|
Ablative
|
| to beside
|
Allative
|
|
|
| de
|
away
|
Locative
|
| from away
|
Ablative
|
| to away
|
Allative
|
|
|
| envahtē
|
between
|
Locative
|
| from between
|
Ablative
|
| to between
|
Allative
|
|
|
| sū
|
behind
|
Locative
|
| from behind
|
Ablative
|
| to behind
|
Allative
|
|
|
| ba
|
out
|
Locative
|
| from out
|
Ablative
|
| to out
|
Allative
|
|
|
| enter
|
around
|
Locative
|
| from around
|
Ablative
|
| to around
|
Allative
|
|
|
| var
|
before, opposite to
|
Locative
|
| from before, from opposite to
|
Ablative
|
| to before, to opposite to
|
Allative
|
|
|
| entīm
|
during, in time of
|
Locative
|
| from time of
|
Ablative
|
| to time of
|
Allative
|
|
|
| zā
|
after
|
Locative
|
| from after
|
Ablative
|
| to after
|
Allative
|
Other prepositions
| Companion, attributive object
|
vi
|
with
|
Instrumental
|
| Lack
|
bal
|
without
|
Ablative
|
| Alternative
|
enza
|
instead
|
Genitive
|
| Contrary
|
zavare
|
against
|
Allative
|
| Resistance
|
suže
|
despite, though
|
Genitive
|
| Stylization
|
vidlāŋ
|
along to, according to
|
Genitive
|
Particles
Conjunctions
| Paratactical conjunctions
|
| Copulative
|
ē
|
and
|
| Conjunctive
|
ēže
|
also
|
| Disjunctive
|
vō
|
or
|
| Contrastive, exceptional
|
ēta
|
but
|
| Consequentive
|
že
|
so
|
| Comparative
|
žir
|
than
|
|
|
| Hypotactical conjunctions
|
| rila
|
to, for
|
| višče
|
althought
|
| pā
|
because
|
| jon
|
if
|
| chal
|
that, providing
|
Modifiers
| Restrictive
|
vēle
|
only
|
| Additive
|
adzje
|
yet
|
Polarity particles
| Affirmative
|
thā
|
yes
|
| Negative
|
ne
|
no
|
Word formation
Compounding
Derivation
Noun
Noun to noun
| Diminutive
|
-īl-
|
tahti → tahtīli
|
daughter → little daughter
|
| Augmentative
|
-ēg-
|
tābu → tābēgu
|
mountain → grand mountain
|
| Contradiction
|
ne-
|
mana → nemana
|
human → non-human
|
| Similarity
|
-ānd-
|
putu → putāndu
|
tree → pseudo-tree
|
| Half
|
pōr-
|
saga → pōrsaga
|
dog → half-dog
|
| Relational abstract
|
-vatu
|
aŋga → aŋgvatu
|
brother → brotherhood
|
| Related person
|
-čh-
|
tjehma → tjehmačha
|
cow → cowman
|
| Collective
|
-nt-
|
khepma → khepmanta
|
bird → birds (a a collective)
|
| Place
|
-alu
|
gala → galalu
|
fire → campfire
|
| Art / Craft
|
-del-tu
|
harmu → harmudeltu
|
war → craft of war
|
| Knowledge
|
-čh-tu
|
žihma → žihmačhtu
|
herb → herbalism
|
| Expert
|
-del-čh-
|
žihma → žihmadelčhu
|
herb → herbalist
|
Noun to adjective
| Possessive
|
-ān-
|
mana → manān-
|
man → human
|
| Originative
|
-dj-
|
daŋgu → daŋgudj-
|
sky → celestial
|
| Similaritive
|
-ānd-
|
katki → katkāndu
|
cat → felid
|
| Feature
|
-ik-
|
hašu → hašik-
|
hair → hairy
|
| Affiliative
|
-ān-
|
khāni → khānān-
|
family → familiar
|
| Privative
|
ne-...-ik-
|
tumpu → netumpik-
|
tooth → toothless
|
Verb
Verb to noun
| Agentive
|
-čh-
|
kūčh- → kūččh-
|
(to) shoot → shooter
|
| Experiencer, adressee
|
Reflexive voice + -čh-
|
mač-- → masiččh-
|
(to) teach → learner
|
| Result
|
-ju
|
būd-- → būdju
|
(to) fall → (a) fall
|
| Instance
|
-mu
|
džaŋg- → džaŋgmu
|
(to) speak → speech
|
| Instrument
|
-telu
|
bāh- → bāhtelu
|
(to) beat → whip
|
| Place
|
-alu
|
bēl- → bēlalu
|
(to) kill → place of kill
|
Verb to verb
Adjective
Adjective to noun
| Abstract
|
-mu
|
dōrg- → dōrgmu
|
strong → strength
|
Adjective to adjective
| Tendency
|
-līk-
|
es- → eslīk-
|
good → bland
|
| Intensification
|
-phār-
|
tuŋ- → tuŋphār-
|
big → very big
|
| Excess
|
-cot-
|
mīn- → mīncot-
|
small → too small
|
Syntax
Word order
Main word order is SOV. Generally, also it may be free, so other combinations are possible without a meaning's change.
Copular verbs
|
|
Positive
|
Negative
|
| Translative
|
has-
|
became
|
nās-
|
don't became
|
| Essive
|
iv-
|
be
|
nīv-
|
don't be
|
| Excessive
|
džer-
|
cease to be
|
nedžer-
|
don't cease to be
|
Modal verbs
| Obligative
|
džug-
|
to must
|
| Necessitative
|
dožd-
|
to need
|
| Jussive
|
vēn-
|
to should
|
| Optative
|
žīž-
|
to wish
|
| Desiderative
|
khet-
|
to want
|
| Dubitative
|
mah-
|
to doubt
|
| Hypothetical
|
dith-
|
maybe, perhaps
|
| Permissive
|
rim-
|
to let, to permit
|
| Precative
|
najm-
|
to request, to please, to ask
|
| Abilitive
|
mēt-
|
to can
|
Use of modal verbs
[Modal verb] + [Main verb as an action noun]
| Jussive
|
Vēnan rīsitu.
|
I should to write.
|
| Desiderative
|
Khetan rīsitu.
|
I'm wanting to write.
|
| Precative
|
Najman rīsitu
|
I request to write.
|
Onomastics
Colours
| jāš-
|
light
|
| tumb-
|
dark
|
| chal-
|
white
|
| hurs-
|
black
|
| bars-
|
red
|
| vorh-
|
reddish
|
| žuls-
|
pink
|
| djam-
|
blue
|
| žihik-
|
green
|
| šalg-
|
yellow
|
| altik-
|
golden
|
| sarak-
|
silver
|
| arūč-
|
orange
|
| šerkh-
|
grey
|
| bork-
|
brown
|
| sivol-
|
violet
|
| žihdjam-
|
navy blue
|
| dūršalg-
|
beige
|
Sides of world
| Direct sides
|
| North
|
black
|
hursmu
|
| South
|
white
|
chalmu
|
| East
|
red
|
barsmu
|
| West
|
gold
|
altikmu
|
| Indirect sides
|
| Northeast
|
red black
|
barshursmu
|
| Northwest
|
golden black
|
altikhursmu
|
| Southeast
|
red white
|
barschalmu
|
| Southwest
|
golden white
|
altikchalmu
|
Directions
| bothu
|
side
|
| kladzu
|
right
|
| lahvu
|
left
|
| varu
|
front
|
| zāmu
|
back
|
| talpu
|
top
|
| dodzjvu
|
bottom
|
| čeldu
|
center, middle, heart
|
Body parts
| plehmu
|
body
|
| čhāsu
|
blood
|
| pihu
|
skin
|
| mahu
|
meat
|
| mahinu
|
muscle
|
| kolku
|
bone
|
| nugamu
|
vertebra
|
| nelku
|
spine
|
| kolkuntu
|
skeleton
|
| bolgu
|
head
|
| hašu
|
hair
|
| sivu
|
eye
|
| chesu
|
ear
|
| ujsu
|
moustache
|
| agušu
|
mouth
|
| ulju
|
lip
|
| sagalu
|
beard
|
| halcu
|
chin
|
| unshalcu
|
cheek
|
| džehlu
|
mandible
|
| džučhu
|
upper jaw
|
| todu
|
tooth
|
| džemu
|
gum
|
| adžu
|
tusk
|
| hemegu
|
eyebrow
|
| skinju
|
front neck
|
| skuzu
|
back neck
|
| gurgu
|
throat
|
| gortu
|
larynx
|
| talju
|
tongue
|
| pagulu
|
palate
|
| taljilu
|
uvula
|
| slūnu
|
vein
|
| tuntumu
|
artery
|
| čeldu
|
heart
|
| puhtu
|
lung
|
| bachu
|
belly
|
| džambulu
|
stomach
|
| polku
|
kidney
|
| delmu
|
spleen
|
| vagalu
|
liver
|
| salnu
|
gall
|
| tirgu
|
rib
|
| bōhlu
|
intestine
|
| golvu
|
skull
|
| mojgu
|
brain
|
| žistu
|
hand
|
| alku
|
arm, shoulder
|
| varalku
|
forearm
|
| gežmu
|
hand palm
|
| klestu
|
fist
|
| pirtu
|
finger
|
| nuskulu
|
nail
|
| huspu
|
claw
|
| tjelemu
|
knee
|
| tokmu
|
elbow
|
| rahnu
|
wrist
|
| nenu
|
nose
|
| zāmu
|
back
|
| lābu
|
foot
|
| ošču
|
heel
|
| galbu
|
gullet
|
| panchalu
|
midriff
|
Kinship
| khāni
|
family
|
| apāmi
|
parents
|
| ami
|
mother
|
| apa
|
father
|
| laksa
|
child
|
| hūsa
|
son
|
| tahti
|
daughter
|
| šinčhāsmi
|
sibling
|
| aŋga
|
brother
|
| achji
|
sister
|
| amide čhāsudja / amide čhāsudji
|
cousin from mother's side
|
| apade čhāsudja / apade čhāsudji
|
cousin from father's side
|
| vahtata amide čhāsudja / vahtati amide čhāsudji
|
second cousin from mother's side
|
| vahtata apade čhāsudja / vahtati apade čhāsudji
|
second cousin from father's side
|
| dōlja čhasudja / dōlji čhāsudji
|
distant relative
|
| apāŋga (← apas aŋga)
|
father's brother
|
| apāchji (← apas achji)
|
father's sister
|
| apas šinčhāsmi
|
father's sibling
|
| amāŋga (← amis aŋga)
|
mother's brother
|
| amāchji (← amis achji)
|
mother's sister
|
| amis šinčhāsmi
|
mother's sibling
|
| aŋgasūsa (← aŋgas hūsa)
|
brother's son
|
| aŋgastahti (← aŋgas tahti)
|
brother's daughter
|
| achjisūsa (← achji hūsa)
|
sister's son
|
| achjistahti (← achjis tahti)
|
sister's daughter
|
| šinčhāsmis laksa
|
sibling's child
|
| varapāmi
|
grandparents
|
| ōni
|
grandmother
|
| ōda
|
grandfather
|
| varōni
|
great grandmother
|
| varōda
|
great grandfather
|
| zālaksa
|
grandchild
|
| zāhūsa
|
grandson
|
| zātahti
|
granddaughter
|
| unslaksa
|
great grandchild
|
| unshūsa
|
great grandson
|
| unstahti
|
great granddaughter
|
| ōdāŋga (← ōdas aŋga)
|
grandfather's brother
|
| ōdāchji (← ōdas achji)
|
grandfather's sister
|
| ōdas šinčhāsmi
|
grandfather's sibling
|
| ōnāŋga (← ōnis aŋga)
|
grandmother's brother
|
| ōnachji (← ōnis achji)
|
grandmother's sister
|
| ōnis šinčhāsmi
|
grandmother's sibling
|
| amide hena / amide heni
|
ancestor from maternal line
|
| apade hena / apade heni
|
ancestor from fathernal line
|
| vihena
|
common ancestor
|
| laksantu
|
progeny
|
Relatives from marriage
| kerjantu
|
marriage
|
| kvēniskhāni
|
family from wife's side
|
| kvēni
|
wife
|
| makha
|
husband
|
| vikerji
|
spouse
|
| apeza
|
father-in-law
|
| amezi
|
mother-in-law
|
| apēmezi
|
parents-in-law
|
| hūseza
|
son-in-law
|
| tahtezi
|
daughter-in-law
|
| lakseza
|
child-in-law
|
| aŋgeza
|
brother-in-law
|
| achjezi
|
sister-in-law
|
| šinčhāsmezi
|
sibling-in-law
|
| kvēnis dōlja čhāsudja / kvēnis dōlji čhāsudji
|
wife's distant relative
|
| makhas dōlja čhāsudja / makhas dōlji čhāsudji
|
husband's distant relative
|
| kvēnāŋgāni (← kvēnis aŋgani)
|
wife brother's wife
|
| kvēnāchjāna (← kvēnis achjāna)
|
wife sister's husband
|
| makhāŋgāna (← makhas aŋgāna)
|
husband brother's wife
|
| makhāchjāna (← makhas achjāna)
|
husband sister's husband
|
Relatives from adoption
| rivahaŋa apa
|
stepfather
|
| rivahanŋi ami
|
stepmother
|
| rivahaŋi apāmi
|
stepparents
|
| rivahaŋa aŋga
|
stepbrother
|
| rivahaŋa achji
|
stepsister
|
| rivahaŋa šinčhāsmi
|
stepsibling
|
| rivahaŋa laksa
|
stepchild
|
| rivahaŋa laksantu
|
adopted progeny
|
Animals
- kavli a female animal
- tintvi a fly
- kavla a male animal
- koža a male goat
- koži a male roe-deer
- gilča amphibian
- thjera animal
- kandži ant
- tarva aurochs
- plejči baldicoot
- hlačara bat
- hartaga bear
- khērva beast, monster
- čimaka beaver
- piri bee
- pirisačča bee-eater
- džalha beetle
- khepma bird
- molgi bivalve
- hursa gwarda black kite
- kopša blackbird
- tetera blackcock
- gāha boar
- apapa booby
- tirkča borer
- lačha bug
- kvaba bug, worm
- būga bull
- bēča bustard
- mačhila butterfly
- džuluka capercaillie
- sarka carp
- katki cat
- pīlumi caterpillar
- katkiča catfish
- dabantu cattle
- kokota cock
- čarača cockchafer
- taraka cockroach
- tjehma cow
- granja crane
- vrāka crow
- kukuči cuckoo
- ordžona deer
- saga dog
- himala donkey
- gwelki dormouse
- durda dove
- banti duck
- arula eagle
- aruliki phuhi eagle-owl
- aruliki sampa eagle-vulture
- skupa earwig
- narga elk
- thapula ermine
- bōsta european bison
- pharka falcon
- ordžoni female deer
- ahvala finch
- ljambi fish
- phalja flea
- švila fox
- gurga frog
- koža goat
- geŋga goose
- kurčuka grasshopper
- peleča greenfly
- čelga grub, worm
- pičuka hamster
- kunka hare
- pilahta hawk
- šejla hedgehog
- keni hen
- rūdmi herd
- žahli heron
- bemlika thjera hoofed animal
- ispa horse
- čakva insect
- dživa jackdaw
- živka jay
- čalaŋga kestrel
- gulmača kingfisher
- kulni lamb
- stirja lark
- čīma leech
- borsa leopard
- varva lewos
- žižva lizard
- tāši louse
- ksirja lynx
- pidži magpie
- asini mare
- tohora mink
- meŋgila minnow
- nuka mole
- zilma mosquito
- šepta moth
- čhīri mouse
- dloŋka nematode
- kelala nightingale
- hešti otter
- phuhi owl
- wolja ox
- ščerva partridge
- očura perch
- buruki pig
- horhota polecat
- pardača predator
- aruna ram
- pīšča rat
- korka raven
- aždžera reptile
- šīrji roe-deer
- zvačča ruminant
- solisa salmon
- uža serpent
- avi sheep
- švasiki shrew
- durgi shrike
- mlačha snail, slug
- dzeraka snow leopard, irbis
- terba sparrow
- harni spider
- askvi squail
- vašči squirrel
- lariši starling
- kolkola stork
- bunča stud, flock, herd
- eskera sturgeon
- jatini swallow
- budula swan
- džindža tench
- turuša thrush
- čika tick
- čolopa tineid
- činka tit
- gurva toad
- karpaka turtle, tortoise
- turtura turtledove
- žīmsi viper
- kšajka wagtail
- hīži wasp
- murhula weasel
- vajma whelp
- gnūra wild boar
- raga wolf
- žoŋga woodpecker
- melguča young animal
Time
- vadžru yesterday
- izdne today
- tomorrow
- adnu day
- naptu night
- zami winter
- visni spring
- halmi summer
- astvani autumn
- vetu year
- porju morning
- pōradnu midday
- hevdžanu evening
- pōrnaptu midnight
- tīmu time
- mohanu month
- algantu (algan + -nt-u) week
- khōri hour
- mīnili minute
- vahtati second
Natural phenomena
- tjesti star
- daŋgu sky
- njoru sun
- mohanu moon
- meŋhi earth
- vezi water
- vihra wind
- dvihu snow
- pahru bonfire
- mherku wood
- čajhu warm
- hšāju light, brightness
- dandu thunder
- borji storm
- vebčika planet
- galacchapu (← galas chapu) comet
- hšūntu (← hšājuntu) world
- pjaču rain
- gala fire
Rule
- argamu rule
- argača ruler
- dānča leader
- oriza king
- orizāni queen
- orizvatu kingdom
- zakhča chief
- zakhčavatu chiefdom
- thūka prince, duke
- thūki princess
- vikatu council
- lavda lord, master
- lavdamu state
