Phonology
Consonants
|
|
Labial
|
Labiodental
|
Dental ~ Alveolar
|
Palatalized dental ~ Alveolar
|
Postalveolars
|
Palatal
|
Velar
|
| Nasals
|
m
|
|
n
|
|
|
|
ŋ
|
| Plosive
|
p pʰ b
|
|
t tʰ d
|
|
|
|
k kʰ g
|
| Affricates
|
|
|
t͡s t͡sʰ d͡z
|
t͡sʲ t͡sʲʰ d͡zʲ
|
t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒ
|
|
|
| Fricatives
|
|
|
s z
|
sʲ zʲ
|
ʃ ʒ
|
|
x ɣ
|
| Trills
|
|
|
r
|
rʲ
|
|
|
|
| Lateral approximants
|
|
|
l
|
lʲ
|
|
|
|
| Approximants
|
|
ʋ
|
|
|
|
j
|
|
Spelling
/p t tʲ k/ [p t tj k]
/pʰ tʰ tʲʰ kʰ/ [ph th thj kh]
/b d dʲ g/ [b d dj g]
/t͡s t͡sʲ t͡ʃ/ [c cj č]
/t͡sʰ t͡sʲʰ t͡ʃʰ/ [ch chj čh]
/d͡z d͡zʲ d͡ʒ/ [dz dzj dž]
/s sʲ ʃ x/ [s sj š h]
/z zʲ ʒ ɣ/ [z zj ž x]
/m n nʲ ŋ/ [m n nj ŋ]
/r rʲ l lʲ/ [r rj l lj]
/ʋ j/ [v j]
Vowels
|
|
Front
|
Central
|
Back
|
| Short
|
Long
|
Short
|
Long
|
Short
|
Long
|
| Close
|
|
iː yː
|
|
|
|
uː
|
| Near close
|
ɪ ʏ
|
|
|
|
ʊ
|
|
| Close-Mid
|
|
eː
|
|
|
|
oː
|
| Open-Mid
|
ɛ
|
|
|
|
ɔ
|
|
| Open
|
|
|
ä
|
äː
|
|
|
Spelling
/ɪ ʏ ʊ/ [i y u]
/ɛ ɔ/ [e o]
/ä/ [á]
/iː yː uː/ [ī ȳ ū]
/eː oː/ [ē ō]
/ɑː/ [ā]
Phonotactics
(C)(C)V(ː)(R)(C)
Accent
- penultimate primary acute accent
- ultimate secondary gravis accent
Grammar
Nouns
Gender and number
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| Animate
|
Masculine
|
-a
|
mana
|
man
|
-ē
|
manē
|
men
|
| Feminine
|
-i
|
kōni
|
woman
|
-in
|
kōnī
|
women
|
| Inanimate
|
-u
|
hakmu
|
stone
|
-ȳ
|
hakmȳ
|
stones
|
Declension
| Nominative
|
-
|
|
|
subject of intransitive clause and agent of transitive clause, predicate noun
|
| Genitive
|
-s
|
manas
|
of man
|
possessor, patient of transitive clause, theme of ditransitive clause
|
| Instrumental
|
-mi
|
manami
|
with man
|
instrument, accompaniament, method, recipient of ditransitive clause
|
| Vialis
|
-ko
|
manako
|
through man
|
way in space or time
|
| Ablative
|
-de
|
manade
|
from man
|
direction from smth
|
| Allative
|
-ri
|
manari
|
to man
|
direction towards smth
|
| Locative
|
-thu
|
manathu
|
(in/on/under) man
|
various locations (with prepositions)
|
| Benefactive
|
-la
|
manala
|
for man
|
destination to smth, purpose
|
Definiteness
| Indefinite
|
um
|
um mana
|
a man
|
| Definite
|
Proper
|
is
|
is mana
|
the man
|
| Distant
|
at
|
at mana
|
that man
|
Verbs
Negation
| Affirmative
|
-
|
vāth-
|
(to) look, observe
|
| Negative
|
ne-
|
ne-vāth-
|
don't (to) look, observe
|
Preverbs
| Towards
|
ri-
|
rivāth-
|
to discern
|
| Away from
|
de-
|
devāth-
|
to look from afar
|
| Inside
|
en-
|
envāth-
|
to stare
|
| Outside
|
ba-
|
bavāth-
|
to look out
|
Voice
| Active
|
-
|
vāth-
|
(to) look, observe
|
| Reflexive
|
-si-
|
vāsith-
|
(to) look on self
|
| Causative
|
-ra-
|
vārath-
|
(to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth
|
| Reflexive-Causative
|
-šē-
|
vāšēth-
|
(to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self
|
Aspect
| Imperfective
|
-
|
vāth-
|
(to) look, observe
|
| Iterative
|
-jā-
|
vāthjā-
|
(to) look, observe (many times)
|
| Perfective
|
-nu-
|
vāthnu-
|
(to) look, observe
|
Person
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1.
|
-an / -n
|
I
|
-ami
|
we
|
| 2.
|
-aš / -š
|
you
|
-ači / -či
|
you
|
| 3.
|
-at / -t
|
he / she / it
|
-ari / -ri
|
they
|
| 4.
|
-ah / -h
|
someone / something
|
|
Mood
| Indicative
|
-
|
ēsjan
|
I am going
|
| Conditional
|
-pō
|
ēsjanpō
|
I would be going
|
| Potentional
|
-mē
|
ēsjanmē
|
I may be going
|
| Eventive
|
-vī
|
ēsjanvī
|
I could be going (potentional + conditional)
|
| Imperative
|
-īh
|
ēsjīh
|
you go !
|
Non-finite verbs
| Action noun
|
-it-u
|
vāthitu
|
looking, observing
|
| Participles
|
| Adjectival
|
-ŋ-
|
vāthaŋ-
|
looking, observing
|
| Adverbial
|
-ŋ-e
|
vāthaŋe
|
looking, observing
|
Adjectives and adverbs
- three degrees: positive, comparative, superlative
Degrees of comparison
| Positive
|
Comparative
|
Superlative
|
| -
|
es-
|
good
|
-im-
|
esim-
|
better
|
-tat-
|
estat-
|
best
|
| dōrg-
|
strong
|
dōrgim-
|
stronger
|
dōrgtat-
|
strongest
|
| ispānd-
|
equine
|
ispāndim-
|
more equine
|
ispāndtat-
|
most equine
|
Formation of adverbs
| Basal adjective
|
Derived adverb
|
| es-
|
good
|
-e
|
ese
|
well
|
| dōrg-
|
strong
|
dōrge
|
strongly
|
| ispānd-
|
equine
|
ispānde
|
like / as horse
|
Numerals
Cardinal numerals
| 1.
|
šine
|
| 2.
|
vahta
|
| 3.
|
hāran
|
| 4.
|
neljen
|
| 5.
|
taven
|
| 6.
|
hašte
|
| 7.
|
algan
|
| 8.
|
sekin
|
| 9.
|
žahsin
|
| 10.
|
žuvaŋ
|
| 11.
|
šinekičthu
|
| 12.
|
vahtakičthu
|
| 20.
|
vahtažāŋ
|
| 21.
|
vahtažāŋ šine
|
| 30
|
hāranžāŋ
|
| 100.
|
kidžāt
|
| 101.
|
kidžāt šine
|
| 120.
|
kidžāt vahtažāŋ
|
| 121.
|
kidžāt vahtažāŋ šine
|
| 200.
|
vahta kidžāt
|
| 1.000.
|
džāsul
|
| 10.000.
|
žāŋdžāsul
|
Derived numerals
|
|
Ordinal
|
Multiplicative
|
Reproductive
|
Distributive
|
Fractional
|
| -t-
|
-ljār-
|
-kōm-
|
-pen-
|
-te
|
| 1.
|
šinet-
|
šineljār-
|
šinekōm-
|
šinepen-
|
šinete
|
| 10.
|
žuvaŋt-
|
žuvaŋljār-
|
žuvaŋkōm-
|
žuvaŋpen-
|
žuvaŋte
|
| 11.
|
šinekičthut-
|
šinekičthuljār-
|
šinekičthukōm-
|
šinekičthupen-
|
šinekičthute
|
| 20.
|
vahtažāŋt-
|
vahtažāŋljār-
|
vahtažāŋkōm-
|
vahtažāŋpen-
|
vahtažāŋte
|
| 21.
|
vahtažāŋt- šinet-
|
vahtažāŋ šineljār-
|
vahtažāŋ šinekōm-
|
vahtažāŋ šinepen-
|
vahtažāŋ šinete
|
| 100.
|
kidžātt-
|
kidžātljār-
|
kidžātkōm-
|
kidžātpen-
|
kidžātte
|
| 101.
|
kidžātt- šinet-
|
kidžāt šineljār-
|
kidžāt šinekōm-
|
kidžāt šinepen-
|
kidžāt šinete
|
| 120.
|
kidžātt- vahtažāŋt-
|
kidžāt vahtažāŋljār-
|
kidžāt vahtažāŋkōm-
|
kidžāt vahtažāŋpen-
|
kidžāt vahtažāŋte
|
| 121.
|
kidžāt vahtažāŋt- šinet-
|
kidžāt vahtažāŋ šineljār-
|
kidžāt vahtažāŋ šinekōm-
|
kidžāt vahtažāŋ šinepen-
|
kidžāt vahtažāŋ šinete
|
| 200.
|
vahta kidžātt-
|
vahta kidžātljār-
|
vahta kidžātkōm-
|
vahta kidžātpen-
|
vahta kidžātte
|
| 1000.
|
džāsult-
|
džāsulljār
|
džāsulkōm-
|
džāsulpen-
|
džāsulte
|
| 10.000.
|
žāŋdžāsult-
|
žāŋdžāsulljār-
|
žāŋdžāsulkōm-
|
žāŋdžāsulpen-
|
žāŋdžāsulte
|
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1.
|
mi
|
I
|
mej
|
we
|
| 2.
|
šī
|
thou
|
čēj
|
you
|
| 3.
|
ola
|
he
|
olē
|
they
|
| oli
|
she
|
olī
|
| olu
|
it
|
olȳ
|
| 4.
|
kas
|
someone / something
|
Possessive suffixes
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1.
|
-mi
|
my
|
-mī
|
our
|
| 2.
|
-šī
|
thee
|
-čī
|
your
|
| 3.
|
-la
|
his
|
-lē
|
their
|
| -li
|
her
|
-lī
|
| -lu
|
its
|
-lȳ
|
| 4.
|
-kas
|
of someone / of something
|
Demonstrative pronouns
|
|
Definite proper
|
Definite distant
|
Indefinite
|
| Place
|
sōt
|
here
|
tōt
|
there
|
katis
|
somewhere
|
| Source
|
desōt
|
from here
|
detōt
|
from there
|
dekatis
|
from somewhere
|
| Purpose direction
|
risōt
|
to here
|
ritōt
|
to there, so far
|
rikati
|
to somewhere
|
| Path
|
isti
|
this way
|
atti
|
that way
|
umti
|
some way
|
| Time
|
istīm
|
now
|
attīm
|
then
|
| Method
|
sīd
|
in this way
|
tīd
|
in that way
|
umīd
|
in some way
|
| Quantity
|
isvēl
|
so much
|
| Qualify
|
akissōt
|
like this here
|
akattōt
|
like that
|
akkas
|
like something
|
| Reason
|
ispūdla
|
for this reason
|
atpūdla
|
for that reason
|
kapūdla
|
for some reason
|
Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns
|
|
Interrogative / Relative
|
Indefinite
|
Unlimited
|
| Animate being
|
ka
|
who ? which ?
|
kas
|
someone
|
kavali
|
anyone
|
| Inanimate object
|
ku
|
what ? which ?
|
kus
|
something
|
|
anything
|
| Place
|
kati
|
where ?
|
katis
|
somewhere
|
kativali
|
anywhere
|
| Source
|
dekati
|
whence ?
|
dekatis
|
from somewhere
|
dekativali
|
from anywhere
|
| Purpose direction
|
rikati
|
whither ?
|
rikatis
|
to somewhere
|
rikativali
|
to anywhere
|
| Path
|
kajsti
|
which way ?
|
kajstis
|
via some way
|
kajstivali
|
via any way
|
| Time
|
kajstīm
|
when ?
|
kajstīms
|
once
|
kajstīmvali
|
ever
|
| Method
|
ke
|
how ?
|
kes
|
somehow
|
kevali
|
anyhow
|
| Quantity
|
kele
|
how much ?
|
keles
|
somehow much
|
kelevali
|
anyhow much
|
| Qualify
|
kašīn
|
which one ?
|
šīve
|
some
|
vale
|
any
|
| Reason
|
kala
|
why ?
|
Negative, universal and alternative pronouns
|
|
Negative
|
Universal
|
Alternative
|
| Animate being
|
neka
|
nobody
|
kaveš
|
every
|
kamūt
|
anyone else
|
| Inanimate object
|
neku
|
nothing
|
veš
|
every, all
|
kamūt
|
anything else
|
| Place
|
nekati
|
nowhere
|
kativeš
|
everywhere
|
katimūt
|
elswhere
|
| Source
|
denekati
|
from nowhere
|
dekativeš
|
from everywhere
|
dekatimūt
|
from elswhere
|
| Purpose direction
|
rinekati
|
to nowhere
|
rikativeš
|
to everywhere
|
rikatimūt
|
to elswhere
|
| Path
|
nekajsti
|
through no way
|
vešisti
|
through all ways
|
kajstimūt
|
which way else
|
| Time
|
netīm
|
never
|
veštīm
|
always
|
kajstīmmūt
|
when else
|
| Method
|
neke
|
nohow
|
veške
|
in all methods
|
kemūt
|
otherwise
|
| Quantity
|
neku
|
nothing
|
nekuvēl
|
otherwise than so many
|
| Quality
|
nekea / nekei / nekeu
|
neuter, indistinct
|
vala / vali / valu
|
any
|
mūta / mūti / mūtu
|
other
|
Reflexive, reciprocal and cooperative pronouns
| Reflexive
|
si
|
oneself
|
| Reciprocal
|
envahtasj (← en-vahta-si)
|
each other
|
| Cooperative
|
vipōre (← vi-pōru)
|
together cooperatively
|
Prepositions
Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals
| en
|
in, inside
|
Locative
|
| from inside
|
Ablative
|
| to inside
|
Allative
|
|
|
| an
|
on
|
Locative
|
| from on
|
Ablative
|
| to on
|
Allative
|
|
|
| ans
|
above
|
Locative
|
| from above
|
Ablative
|
| to above
|
Allative
|
|
|
| uns
|
under
|
Locative
|
| from under
|
Ablative
|
| to under
|
Allative
|
|
|
| ter
|
beside
|
Locative
|
| from beside
|
Ablative
|
| to beside
|
Allative
|
|
|
| de
|
away
|
Locative
|
| from away
|
Ablative
|
| to away
|
Allative
|
|
|
| envahtē
|
between
|
Locative
|
| from between
|
Ablative
|
| to between
|
Allative
|
|
|
| sū
|
behind
|
Locative
|
| from behind
|
Ablative
|
| to behind
|
Allative
|
|
|
| ba
|
out
|
Locative
|
| from out
|
Ablative
|
| to out
|
Allative
|
|
|
| enter
|
around
|
Locative
|
| from around
|
Ablative
|
| to around
|
Allative
|
|
|
| var
|
before, opposite to
|
Locative
|
| from before, from opposite to
|
Ablative
|
| to before, to opposite to
|
Allative
|
|
|
| entīm
|
during, in time of
|
Locative
|
| from time of
|
Ablative
|
| to time of
|
Allative
|
|
|
| zā
|
after
|
Locative
|
| from after
|
Ablative
|
| to after
|
Allative
|
Other prepositions
| Companion, attributive object
|
vi
|
with
|
Instrumental
|
| Lack
|
bal
|
without
|
Ablative
|
| Alternative
|
enza
|
instead
|
Genitive
|
| Contrary
|
zavare
|
against
|
Allative
|
| Resistance
|
suže
|
despite, though
|
Genitive
|
| Stylization
|
vidlāŋ
|
along to, according to
|
Genitive
|
Particles
Conjunctions
| Paratactical conjunctions
|
| Copulative
|
ē
|
and
|
| Conjunctive
|
ēže
|
also
|
| Disjunctive
|
vō
|
or
|
| Contrastive, exceptional
|
ēta
|
but
|
| Consequentive
|
že
|
so
|
| Comparative
|
žir
|
than
|
|
|
| Hypotactical conjunctions
|
| rila
|
to, for
|
| višče
|
althought
|
| pā
|
because
|
| jon
|
if
|
| chal
|
that, providing
|
Modifiers
| Restrictive
|
vēle
|
only
|
| Additive
|
adzje
|
yet
|
Polarity particles
| Affirmative
|
thā
|
yes
|
| Negative
|
ne
|
no
|
Word formation
Compounding
Derivation
Noun
Noun to noun
| Diminutive
|
-īl-
|
tahti → tahtīli
|
daughter → little daughter
|
| Augmentative
|
-ēg-
|
tābu → tābēgu
|
mountain → grand mountain
|
| Contradiction
|
ne-
|
mana → nemana
|
human → non-human
|
| Similarity
|
-ānd-
|
putu → putāndu
|
tree → pseudo-tree
|
| Half
|
pōr-
|
saga → pōrsaga
|
dog → half-dog
|
| Relational abstract
|
-vatu
|
aŋga → aŋgvatu
|
brother → brotherhood
|
| Related person
|
-čh-
|
tjehma → tjehmačha
|
cow → cowman
|
| Collective
|
-nt-
|
khepma → khepmanta
|
bird → birds (a a collective)
|
| Place
|
-alu
|
gala → galalu
|
fire → campfire
|
| Art / Craft
|
-del-tu
|
harmu → harmudeltu
|
war → craft of war
|
| Knowledge
|
-čh-tu
|
žihma → žihmačhtu
|
herb → herbalism
|
| Expert
|
-del-čh-
|
žihma → žihmadelčhu
|
herb → herbalist
|
Noun to adjective
| Possessive
|
-ān-
|
mana → manān-
|
man → human
|
| Originative
|
-dj-
|
daŋgu → daŋgudj-
|
sky → celestial
|
| Similaritive
|
-ānd-
|
katki → katkāndu
|
cat → felid
|
| Feature
|
-ik-
|
hašu → hašik-
|
hair → hairy
|
| Affiliative
|
-ān-
|
khāni → khānān-
|
family → familiar
|
| Privative
|
ne-...-ik-
|
tumpu → netumpik-
|
tooth → toothless
|
Verb
Verb to noun
| Agentive
|
-čh-
|
kūčh- → kūččh-
|
(to) shoot → shooter
|
| Experiencer, adressee
|
Reflexive voice + -čh-
|
mač-- → masiččh-
|
(to) teach → learner
|
| Result
|
-ju
|
būd-- → būdju
|
(to) fall → (a) fall
|
| Instance
|
-mu
|
džaŋg- → džaŋgmu
|
(to) speak → speech
|
| Instrument
|
-telu
|
bāh- → bāhtelu
|
(to) beat → whip
|
| Place
|
-alu
|
bēl- → bēlalu
|
(to) kill → place of kill
|
Verb to verb
Adjective
Adjective to noun
| Abstract
|
-mu
|
dōrg- → dōrgmu
|
strong → strength
|
Adjective to adjective
| Tendency
|
-līk-
|
es- → eslīk-
|
good → bland
|
| Intensification
|
-phār-
|
tuŋ- → tuŋphār-
|
big → very big
|
| Excess
|
-cot-
|
mīn- → mīncot-
|
small → too small
|
Syntax
Word order
Main word order is SOV. Generally, also it may be free, so other combinations are possible without a meaning's change.
Copular verbs
|
|
Positive
|
Negative
|
| Translative
|
has-
|
became
|
nās-
|
don't became
|
| Essive
|
iv-
|
be
|
nīv-
|
don't be
|
| Excessive
|
džer-
|
cease to be
|
nedžer-
|
don't cease to be
|
Modal verbs
| Obligative
|
džug-
|
to must
|
| Necessitative
|
dožd-
|
to need
|
| Jussive
|
vēn-
|
to should
|
| Optative
|
žīž-
|
to wish
|
| Desiderative
|
khet-
|
to want
|
| Dubitative
|
mah-
|
to doubt
|
| Hypothetical
|
dith-
|
maybe, perhaps
|
| Permissive
|
rim-
|
to let, to permit
|
| Precative
|
najm-
|
to request, to please, to ask
|
| Abilitive
|
mēt-
|
to can
|
Use of modal verbs
[Modal verb] + [Main verb as an action noun]
| Jussive
|
Vēnan rīsitu.
|
I should to write.
|
| Desiderative
|
Khetan rīsitu.
|
I'm wanting to write.
|
| Precative
|
Najman rīsitu
|
I request to write.
|
Onomastics
Colours
| jāš-
|
light
|
| tumb-
|
dark
|
| chal-
|
white
|
| hurs-
|
black
|
| bars-
|
red
|
| vorh-
|
reddish
|
| žuls-
|
pink
|
| djam-
|
blue
|
| žihik-
|
green
|
| šalg-
|
yellow
|
| altik-
|
golden
|
| sarak-
|
silver
|
| arūč-
|
orange
|
| šerkh-
|
grey
|
| bork-
|
brown
|
| sivol-
|
violet
|
| žihdjam-
|
navy blue
|
| dūršalg-
|
beige
|
Sides of world
| Direct sides
|
| North
|
black
|
hursmu
|
| South
|
white
|
chalmu
|
| East
|
red
|
barsmu
|
| West
|
gold
|
altikmu
|
| Indirect sides
|
| Northeast
|
red black
|
barshursmu
|
| Northwest
|
golden black
|
altikhursmu
|
| Southeast
|
red white
|
barschalmu
|
| Southwest
|
golden white
|
altikchalmu
|
Directions
| bothu
|
side
|
| kladzu
|
right
|
| lahvu
|
left
|
| varu
|
front
|
| zāmu
|
back
|
| talpu
|
top
|
| dodzjvu
|
bottom
|
| čeldu
|
center, middle, heart
|
Body parts
| plehmu
|
body
|
| čhāsu
|
blood
|
| pihu
|
skin
|
| mahu
|
meat
|
| mahinu
|
muscle
|
| kolku
|
bone
|
| nugamu
|
vertebra
|
| nelku
|
spine
|
| kolkuntu
|
skeleton
|
| bolgu
|
head
|
| hašu
|
hair
|
| sivu
|
eye
|
| chesu
|
ear
|
| ujsu
|
moustache
|
| agušu
|
mouth
|
| ulju
|
lip
|
| sagalu
|
beard
|
| halcu
|
chin
|
| unshalcu
|
cheek
|
| džehlu
|
mandible
|
| džučhu
|
upper jaw
|
| todu
|
tooth
|
| džemu
|
gum
|
| adžu
|
tusk
|
| hemegu
|
eyebrow
|
| skinju
|
front neck
|
| skuzu
|
back neck
|
| gurgu
|
throat
|
| gortu
|
larynx
|
| talju
|
tongue
|
| pagulu
|
palate
|
| taljilu
|
uvula
|
| slūnu
|
vein
|
| tuntumu
|
artery
|
| čeldu
|
heart
|
| puhtu
|
lung
|
| bachu
|
belly
|
| džambulu
|
stomach
|
| polku
|
kidney
|
| delmu
|
spleen
|
| vagalu
|
liver
|
| salnu
|
gall
|
| tirgu
|
rib
|
| bōhlu
|
intestine
|
| golvu
|
skull
|
| mojgu
|
brain
|
| žistu
|
hand
|
| alku
|
arm, shoulder
|
| varalku
|
forearm
|
| gežmu
|
hand palm
|
| klestu
|
fist
|
| pirtu
|
finger
|
| nuskulu
|
nail
|
| huspu
|
claw
|
| tjelemu
|
knee
|
| tokmu
|
elbow
|
| rahnu
|
wrist
|
| nenu
|
nose
|
| zāmu
|
back
|
| lābu
|
foot
|
| ošču
|
heel
|
| galbu
|
gullet
|
| panchalu
|
midriff
|
Kinship
| khāni
|
family
|
| apāmi
|
parents
|
| ami
|
mother
|
| apa
|
father
|
| laksa
|
child
|
| hūsa
|
son
|
| tahti
|
daughter
|
| šinčhāsmi
|
sibling
|
| aŋga
|
brother
|
| achji
|
sister
|
| amide čhāsudja / amide čhāsudji
|
cousin from mother's side
|
| apade čhāsudja / apade čhāsudji
|
cousin from father's side
|
| vahtata amide čhāsudja / vahtati amide čhāsudji
|
second cousin from mother's side
|
| vahtata apade čhāsudja / vahtati apade čhāsudji
|
second cousin from father's side
|
| dōlja čhasudja / dōlji čhāsudji
|
distant relative
|
| apāŋga (← apas aŋga)
|
father's brother
|
| apāchji (← apas achji)
|
father's sister
|
| apas šinčhāsmi
|
father's sibling
|
| amāŋga (← amis aŋga)
|
mother's brother
|
| amāchji (← amis achji)
|
mother's sister
|
| amis šinčhāsmi
|
mother's sibling
|
| aŋgasūsa (← aŋgas hūsa)
|
brother's son
|
| aŋgastahti (← aŋgas tahti)
|
brother's daughter
|
| achjisūsa (← achji hūsa)
|
sister's son
|
| achjistahti (← achjis tahti)
|
sister's daughter
|
| šinčhāsmis laksa
|
sibling's child
|
| varapāmi
|
grandparents
|
| ōni
|
grandmother
|
| ōda
|
grandfather
|
| varōni
|
great grandmother
|
| varōda
|
great grandfather
|
| zālaksa
|
grandchild
|
| zāhūsa
|
grandson
|
| zātahti
|
granddaughter
|
| unslaksa
|
great grandchild
|
| unshūsa
|
great grandson
|
| unstahti
|
great granddaughter
|
| ōdāŋga (← ōdas aŋga)
|
grandfather's brother
|
| ōdāchji (← ōdas achji)
|
grandfather's sister
|
| ōdas šinčhāsmi
|
grandfather's sibling
|
| ōnāŋga (← ōnis aŋga)
|
grandmother's brother
|
| ōnachji (← ōnis achji)
|
grandmother's sister
|
| ōnis šinčhāsmi
|
grandmother's sibling
|
| amide hena / amide heni
|
ancestor from maternal line
|
| apade hena / apade heni
|
ancestor from fathernal line
|
| vihena
|
common ancestor
|
| laksantu
|
progeny
|
Relatives from marriage
| kerjantu
|
marriage
|
| kvēniskhāni
|
family from wife's side
|
| kvēni
|
wife
|
| makha
|
husband
|
| vikerji
|
spouse
|
| apeza
|
father-in-law
|
| amezi
|
mother-in-law
|
| apēmezi
|
parents-in-law
|
| hūseza
|
son-in-law
|
| tahtezi
|
daughter-in-law
|
| lakseza
|
child-in-law
|
| aŋgeza
|
brother-in-law
|
| achjezi
|
sister-in-law
|
| šinčhāsmezi
|
sibling-in-law
|
| kvēnis dōlja čhāsudja / kvēnis dōlji čhāsudji
|
wife's distant relative
|
| makhas dōlja čhāsudja / makhas dōlji čhāsudji
|
husband's distant relative
|
| kvēnāŋgāni (← kvēnis aŋgani)
|
wife brother's wife
|
| kvēnāchjāna (← kvēnis achjāna)
|
wife sister's husband
|
| makhāŋgāna (← makhas aŋgāna)
|
husband brother's wife
|
| makhāchjāna (← makhas achjāna)
|
husband sister's husband
|
Relatives from adoption
| rivahaŋa apa
|
stepfather
|
| rivahanŋi ami
|
stepmother
|
| rivahaŋi apāmi
|
stepparents
|
| rivahaŋa aŋga
|
stepbrother
|
| rivahaŋa achji
|
stepsister
|
| rivahaŋa šinčhāsmi
|
stepsibling
|
| rivahaŋa laksa
|
stepchild
|
| rivahaŋa laksantu
|
adopted progeny
|
Animals
kavli a female animal
tintvi a fly
kavla a male animal
koža a male goat
koži a male roe-deer
gilča amphibian
thjera animal
kandži ant
tarva aurochs
plejči baldicoot
hlačara bat
hartaga bear
khērva beast, monster
čimaka beaver
piri bee
pirisačča bee-eater
džalha beetle
khepma bird
molgi bivalve
hursa gwarda black kite
kopša blackbird
tetera blackcock
gāha boar
apapa booby
tirkča borer
lačha bug
kvaba bug, worm
būga bull
bēča bustard
mačhila butterfly
džuluka capercaillie
sarka carp
katki cat
pīlumi caterpillar
katkiča catfish
dabantu cattle
kokota cock
čarača cockchafer
taraka cockroach
tjehma cow
granja crane
vrāka crow
kukuči cuckoo
ordžona deer
saga dog
himala donkey
gwelki dormouse
durda dove
banti duck
arula eagle
aruliki phuhi eagle-owl
aruliki sampa eagle-vulture
skupa earwig
narga elk
thapula ermine
bōsta european bison
pharka falcon
ordžoni female deer
ahvala finch
ljambi fish
phalja flea
švila fox
gurga frog
koža goat
geŋga goose
kurčuka grasshopper
peleča greenfly
čelga grub, worm
pičuka hamster
kunka hare
pilahta hawk
šejla hedgehog
keni hen
rūdmi herd
žahli heron
bemlika thjera hoofed animal
ispa horse
čakva insect
dživa jackdaw
živka jay
čalaŋga kestrel
gulmača kingfisher
kulni lamb
stirja lark
čīma leech
borsa leopard
varva lewos
žižva lizard
tāši louse
ksirja lynx
pidži magpie
asini mare
tohora mink
meŋgila minnow
nuka mole
zilma mosquito
šepta moth
čhīri mouse
dloŋka nematode
kelala nightingale
hešti otter
phuhi owl
wolja ox
ščerva partridge
očura perch
buruki pig
horhota polecat
pardača predator
aruna ram
pīšča rat
korka raven
aždžera reptile
šīrji roe-deer
zvačča ruminant
solisa salmon
uža serpent
avi sheep
švasiki shrew
durgi shrike
mlačha snail, slug
dzeraka snow leopard, irbis
terba sparrow
harni spider
askvi squail
vašči squirrel
lariši starling
kolkola stork
bunča stud, flock, herd
eskera sturgeon
jatini swallow
budula swan
džindža tench
turuša thrush
čika tick
čolopa tineid
činka tit
gurva toad
karpaka turtle, tortoise
turtura turtledove
žīmsi viper
kšajka wagtail
hīži wasp
murhula weasel
vajma whelp
gnūra wild boar
raga wolf
žoŋga woodpecker
melguča young animal
