Phonology
Consonants
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Labial
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Labiodental
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Dental ~ Alveolar
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Palatalized dental ~ Alveolar
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Postalveolars
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Palatal
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Velar
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| Nasals
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m
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n
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ŋ
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| Plosive
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p pʰ b
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t tʰ d
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k kʰ g
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| Affricates
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t͡s t͡sʰ d͡z
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t͡sʲ t͡sʲʰ d͡zʲ
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t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒ
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| Fricatives
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s z
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sʲ zʲ
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ʃ ʒ
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x ɣ
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| Trills
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r
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rʲ
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| Lateral approximants
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l
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lʲ
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| Approximants
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ʋ
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j
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Spelling
/p t tʲ k/ [p t tj k]
/pʰ tʰ tʲʰ kʰ/ [ph th thj kh]
/b d dʲ g/ [b d dj g]
/t͡s t͡sʲ t͡ʃ/ [c cj č]
/t͡sʰ t͡sʲʰ t͡ʃʰ/ [ch chj čh]
/d͡z d͡zʲ d͡ʒ/ [dz dzj dž]
/s sʲ ʃ x/ [s sj š h]
/z zʲ ʒ ɣ/ [z zj ž x]
/m n nʲ ŋ/ [m n nj ŋ]
/r rʲ l lʲ/ [r rj l lj]
/ʋ j/ [v j]
Vowels
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Front
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Central
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Back
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| Short
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Long
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Short
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Long
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Short
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Long
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| Close
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iː yː
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uː
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| Near close
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ɪ ʏ
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ʊ
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| Close-Mid
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eː
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oː
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| Open-Mid
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ɛ
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ɔ
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| Open
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ä
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äː
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Spelling
/ɪ ʏ ʊ/ [i y u]
/ɛ ɔ/ [e o]
/ä/ [á]
/iː yː uː/ [ī ȳ ū]
/eː oː/ [ē ō]
/ɑː/ [ā]
Phonotactics
(C)(C)V(ː)(R)(C)
Accent
- penultimate primary acute accent
- ultimate secondary gravis accent
Grammar
Nouns
Gender and number
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Singular
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Plural
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| Animate
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Masculine
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-a
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mana
|
man
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-ē
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manē
|
men
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| Feminine
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-i
|
kōni
|
woman
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-in
|
kōnī
|
women
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| Inanimate
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-u
|
hakmu
|
stone
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-ȳ
|
hakmȳ
|
stones
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Declension
| Nominative
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-
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|
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subject of intransitive clause and agent of transitive clause
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| Genitive
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-s
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manas
|
of man
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possessor, patient of transitive clause, theme of ditransitive clause
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| Instrumental
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-mi
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manami
|
with man
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instrument, accompaniament, method, recipient of ditransitive clause
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| Vialis
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-ko
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manako
|
through man
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way in space or time
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| Ablative
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-de
|
manade
|
from man
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direction from smth
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| Allative
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-ri
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manari
|
to man
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direction towards smth
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| Locative
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-thu
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manathu
|
(in/on/under) man
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various locations (with prepositions)
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| Benefactive
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-la
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manala
|
for man
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destination to smth, purpose
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Definiteness
| Indefinite
|
um
|
um mana
|
a man
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| Definite
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Proper
|
is
|
is mana
|
the man
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| Distant
|
at
|
at mana
|
that man
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Verbs
Negation
| Affirmative
|
-
|
vāth-
|
(to) look, observe
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| Negative
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ne-
|
ne-vāth-
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don't (to) look, observe
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Preverbs
| Towards
|
ri-
|
rivāth-
|
to discern
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| Away from
|
de-
|
devāth-
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to look from afar
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| Inside
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en-
|
envāth-
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to stare
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| Outside
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ba-
|
bavāth-
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to look out
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Voice
| Active
|
-
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vāth-
|
(to) look, observe
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| Reflexive
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-si-
|
vāsith-
|
(to) look on self
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| Causative
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-ra-
|
vārath-
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(to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth
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| Reflexive-Causative
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-šē-
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vāšēth-
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(to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self
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Aspect
| Imperfective
|
-
|
vāth-
|
(to) look, observe
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| Iterative
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-jā-
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vāthjā-
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(to) look, observe (many times)
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| Perfective
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-nu-
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vāthnu-
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(to) look, observe
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Person
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Singular
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Plural
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| 1.
|
-an / -n
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I
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-ami
|
we
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| 2.
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-aš / -š
|
you
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-ači / -či
|
you
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| 3.
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-at / -t
|
he / she / it
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-ari / -ri
|
they
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| 4.
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-ah / -h
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someone / something
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|
Mood
| Indicative
|
-
|
ēsjan
|
I am going
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| Conditional
|
-pō
|
ēsjanpō
|
I would be going
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| Potentional
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-mē
|
ēsjanmē
|
I may be going
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| Eventive
|
-vī
|
ēsjanvī
|
I could be going (potentional + conditional)
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| Imperative
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-īh
|
ēsjīh
|
you go !
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Non-finite verbs
| Action noun
|
-it-u
|
vāthitu
|
looking, observing
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| Participles
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| Adjectival
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-ŋ-
|
vāthaŋ-
|
looking, observing
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| Adverbial
|
-ŋ-e
|
vāthaŋe
|
looking, observing
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Adjectives and adverbs
- three degrees: positive, comparative, superlative
Degrees of comparison
| Positive
|
Comparative
|
Superlative
|
| -
|
es-
|
good
|
-im-
|
esim-
|
better
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-tat-
|
estat-
|
best
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| dōrg-
|
strong
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dōrgim-
|
stronger
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dōrgtat-
|
strongest
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| ispānd-
|
equine
|
ispāndim-
|
more equine
|
ispāndtat-
|
most equine
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Formation of adverbs
| Basal adjective
|
Derived adverb
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| es-
|
good
|
-e
|
ese
|
well
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| dōrg-
|
strong
|
dōrge
|
strongly
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| ispānd-
|
equine
|
ispānde
|
like / as horse
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