Phonology
Consonants
|
Labial
|
Labiodental
|
Dental ~ Alveolar
|
Palatalized dental ~ Alveolar
|
Postalveolars
|
Palatal
|
Velar
|
Nasals
|
m
|
|
n
|
|
|
|
ŋ
|
Plosive
|
p pʰ b
|
|
t tʰ d
|
|
|
|
k kʰ g
|
Affricates
|
|
|
t͡s t͡sʰ d͡z
|
t͡sʲ t͡sʲʰ d͡zʲ
|
t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒ
|
|
|
Fricatives
|
|
|
s z
|
sʲ zʲ
|
ʃ ʒ
|
|
x ɣ
|
Trills
|
|
|
r
|
rʲ
|
|
|
|
Lateral approximants
|
|
|
l
|
lʲ
|
|
|
|
Approximants
|
|
ʋ
|
|
|
|
j
|
|
Spelling
/p t tʲ k/ [p t tj k]
/pʰ tʰ tʲʰ kʰ/ [ph th thj kh]
/b d dʲ g/ [b d dj g]
/t͡s t͡sʲ t͡ʃ/ [c cj č]
/t͡sʰ t͡sʲʰ t͡ʃʰ/ [ch chj čh]
/d͡z d͡zʲ d͡ʒ/ [dz dzj dž]
/s sʲ ʃ x/ [s sj š h]
/z zʲ ʒ ɣ/ [z zj ž x]
/m n nʲ ŋ/ [m n nj ŋ]
/r rʲ l lʲ/ [r rj l lj]
/ʋ j/ [v j]
Vowels
|
Front
|
Central
|
Back
|
Short
|
Long
|
Short
|
Long
|
Short
|
Long
|
Close
|
|
iː yː
|
|
|
|
uː
|
Near close
|
ɪ ʏ
|
|
|
|
ʊ
|
|
Close-Mid
|
|
eː
|
|
|
|
oː
|
Open-Mid
|
ɛ
|
|
|
|
ɔ
|
|
Open
|
|
|
ä
|
äː
|
|
|
Spelling
/ɪ ʏ ʊ/ [i y u]
/ɛ ɔ/ [e o]
/ä/ [á]
/iː yː uː/ [ī ȳ ū]
/eː oː/ [ē ō]
/ɑː/ [ā]
Phonotactics
(C)(C)V(ː)(R)(C)
Accent
- penultimate primary acute accent
- ultimate secondary gravis accent
Grammar
Nouns
Gender and number
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
Animate
|
Masculine
|
-a
|
mana
|
man
|
-ē
|
manē
|
men
|
Feminine
|
-i
|
kōni
|
woman
|
-in
|
kōnī
|
women
|
Inanimate
|
-u
|
hakmu
|
stone
|
-ȳ
|
hakmȳ
|
stones
|
Declension
Nominative
|
-
|
|
|
subject of intransitive clause and agent of transitive clause
|
Genitive
|
-s
|
manas
|
of man
|
possessor, patient of transitive clause, theme of ditransitive clause
|
Instrumental
|
-mi
|
manami
|
with man
|
instrument, accompaniament, method, recipient of ditransitive clause
|
Vialis
|
-ko
|
manako
|
through man
|
way in space or time
|
Ablative
|
-de
|
manade
|
from man
|
direction from smth
|
Allative
|
-ri
|
manari
|
to man
|
direction towards smth
|
Locative
|
-thu
|
manathu
|
(in/on/under) man
|
various locations (with prepositions)
|
Benefactive
|
-la
|
manala
|
for man
|
destination to smth, purpose
|
Definiteness
Indefinite
|
um
|
um mana
|
a man
|
Definite
|
Proper
|
is
|
is mana
|
the man
|
Distant
|
at
|
at mana
|
that man
|
Verbs
Voice
Active
|
-
|
vāth-
|
(to) look, observe
|
Reflexive
|
-si-
|
vāsith-
|
(to) look on self
|
Causative
|
-ra-
|
vārath-
|
(to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth
|
Reflexive-Causative
|
-šē-
|
vāšēth-
|
(to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self
|
Aspect
Imperfective
|
-
|
vāth-
|
(to) look, observe
|
Iterative
|
-jā-
|
vāthjā-
|
(to) look, observe (many times)
|
Perfective
|
-nu-
|
vāthnu-
|
(to) look, observe
|
Person
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
1.
|
-an / -n
|
I
|
-ami
|
we
|
2.
|
-aš / -š
|
you
|
-ači / -či
|
you
|
3.
|
-at / -t
|
he / she / it
|
-ari / -ri
|
they
|
4.
|
-ah / -h
|
someone / something
|
|
Mood
Indicative
|
-
|
ēsjan
|
I am going
|
Conditional
|
-pō
|
ēsjanpō
|
I would be going
|
Potentional
|
-mē
|
ēsjanmē
|
I may be going
|
Eventive
|
-vī
|
ēsjanvī
|
I could be going (potentional + conditional)
|
Imperative
|
-īh
|
ēsjīh
|
you go !
|