User:Masako/nkala

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muj
man; husband

	English	Singular	Plural
NOM	man	muj	mujim
ACC	(the) man [OBJ]	muji	mujim
GEN	of the man; the man's	mujin	mujimin
DAT/LOC	to the man; on the man	mujda	mujimda
ABL/COMP	from the man; than the man	mujac	mujimac
COM	with/accompaning the man	mujle	mujimle
INS	by; using; through the man	mujun	mujimun

Amal cases

Name	Marker	Meaning
Nominative	-	subject of verb [NOM]
Accusative	-i	object of verb [ACC]
Genitive	-in	shows possession [GEN]
Dative / Locative	-da	movement to, towards, unto / at, on, in [DAT/LOC]
Ablative / Comparative	-ac	movement away from [ABL]; than [COMP]
Comitative	-le	with; in the company of [COM]
Instrumental	-un	by; using; via; with; through [INS]

verb

to drink
icek

	present -Ø	past -(a)r-	future -(a)s-
1sg	ican	icran	icasan
2sg	icat	icrat	icasat
3sg	ica	icra	icasa
1pl	icuk	icruk	icasuk
2pl	icut	icrut	icasut
3pl	icum	icrum	icasum

ha-mak

to be here
hamak

	present -Ø	past -(a)r-	future -(a)s-
1sg	han	haran	hasan
2sg	teha	harat	hasat
3sg	ilha	ilhara	ilhasa
1pl	hanuk	haruk	hasuk
2pl	tumha	harut	hasut
3pl	umha	harum	hasum

pronoun declension

Pronoun Declension

	NOM	ACC	GEN	DAT/LOC	ABL/COMP	COM	INS
1sg	na / -an	ni	nai	naye	nac	nale	nun
2sg	te / -at	ti	tai	taye	tac	tele	tun
3sg	il(a/u) / -a	ili	(i)lai	ilye	ilac	ile	ilun
1pl	nuk / -uk	inuk	nika	danuk	nukac	nukle	nukun
2pl	tum / -ut	itum	tima	tumda	tumac	tumle	tumun
3pl	hum / -um	ihum/ihma	hima	humda	humac	humle	humun

sounds

Amal consonants

	Labial		Alveolar		Post- alveolar		Palatal		Velar		Glottal
Nasal		m		n
Stop	p	b	t	d					k	ɡ
Affricate			t͡s (c)		t͡ʃ (c)
Fricative	f	v	s	z	ʃ (c)	ʒ (j)					h
Approximant				l				j (y)		w (u)
Trill				r

Word Order

Word order in Amal is generally subject-object-verb.

• I want a book. - ketab-un has-an - book-OBL want-1sg

• Adjectives and nouns in the genitive case go after the nouns which they modify, post-positions go after the nouns or clauses that they modify, and modals go after the verbs that they modify and subsequently take all agglutinative suffixes. However, adverbs go before their verbs.

Nouns

morphology

case

case	infix	example	English
Nominative	-	bet	house
Oblique	-un	betun	to the house; in the house
Genitive	-in	betin	the house's; of the house
Vocative	-ya	betoya	Oh house!
Instrumental	-ec	betec	using the house; with the house; via the house

Pronouns

Pronouns in Amal are marked for number, person, and case. There are three persons. The stand-alone personal pronouns are not used widely as the person is evident from the personal verb ending. They are used for emphasis only in their simple form as the verb form itself already points to the person. This is similar to Spanish where a person will say comprendo - I understand instead of Yo comprendo - I understand.

Pronoun Declension

	NOM	ACC	DAT	GEN
1sg	an	ahan	eyan	anai
2sg	at	ahat	eyat	atai
3sg	a / al	ahal	eya(l)	alai
1pl	uk	ahuk	eyuk	ukai
2pl	ut	ahut	eyut	utai
3pl	um	ahum	eyum	umai

• He does not know us. - ah-uk sab-a-la - acc-1pl know-3sg-neg

Verbs

tense

Three tenses, two aspects, several moods...

• - | i | u
• r | sh
• ...

tense	infix	example	English
Simple Present Tense	-	ish-an	I drink
Present Perfect Tense	-ar	ish-ar-at	you have drank
Simple Past Tense	-iy	ish-iy-um	they drank
Immediate Past Tense	-il	ish-il-an	I just drank
Past Perfect Tense	-ir	ish-ir-an	I had drunk
Simple Future Tense	-uy	ish-uy-uk	we will drink
Future Possible Tense	-ush	ish-ush-a	he may drink
Future Perfect Tense	-ur	ish-ur-an	I will have drunk