Proto-Uralic/-ka
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Examples of this suffix:
Derivation
- *piðə 'tall' → *piðkä 'id.' (BF, Smy)
- *tu(x)lə 'wind' → tulka 'feather' (Janhunen 2008) (does have OU mth.)
- *pä(x)lə 'side' → *pälkä 'thumb' (Janhunen 2008)
- *ńä(x)lə- 'eat' → S *ńālkē 'tasty', F *nälkä 'hunger' (AASmy #1)
- *pončə 'tail' → FS *počka 'thigh' (AASmy #2, orig. J. Saarikivi)
- *ńërə 'cartilage' → S *ńōrkēs, Ma *nörɣə, OU *ńëërəɣ (but Mo *nar) (OR; cf. MZhVoc #2)
- *pakša 'knot in tree' → Mo *pakškə (with front vowels? Mk -kä) (and BF *pahka?)
- *pelə- 'to fear' → BF *pelko 'fear', *pelkät- 'to fear' (? verbal sense perhaps re-derived)
- *päŋə 'head' → S *pāŋkē 'headstall' (OR)
- *čüŋə → FS *čüŋkä (Koponen 2001)
- Bionym extention group:
- *pečä 'pine' → BF *petäkä 'id.'
- *pićla 'rowan' → BF *pihlaka 'id.'
- *säwnV 'ide' → BF *säynäkä 'id.'
- *tokta 'Gavia arctica' → FS *toktaka 'id.' (or just S *toktēkē?)
- Pronoun extension: *mi- *jo- *ku- *ke- → F mikä minkä mitkä, joka jonka jotka, kuka, kenkä ketkä
- *werə 'blood' → Mansi *wirəɣ → *wiɣr 'id' (or *-w?)
Potential cases
- With potentially related irregularities
- Trisyllables (mostly limited to Finno-Permic)
- *ńuləka 'fir' (Smy *ńulkå!)
- #kajaka 'gull' (Mansi *kåjək)
- #majaka 'beaver' (suffix not apparent in Permic)
- BF *jalaka 'elm' (cf. *halaka, *salaka 'willow' ← Gmc)
- BF *kataka 'juniper' (versus Samic *koačēvē 'prickly'?)
- Mari *l(k) → *l (but also eg. *walka- → *wale-, *mälkə → *mel)
- *śe/äälkä 'back' (~ Li sälga, S *čēlkē)
- *jalka 'foot' (Ma *jal; but cf. *jälki)
- Smy irregular *-ə
- *woŋka 'hole' (cf. *oŋtə, *omtə 'hole'?)
- *koðʲka 'spirit'
- *śo/ëðka 'duck' (FSM *śoðka)
- *tu/üðka 'prod'
- Regular(ish)
- *koska 'aunt'
- *ńačka 'wet'
- *waŋka 'handle'
- *taŋka 'tassle'
- *kaŋka 'dry place'
- *puŋka 'clump'