Proto-Uralic/P
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| A-stems | ə-stems | Unclear | Ratio | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| *-pp- | *č/ćappa- 'to chop', *säppä 'gall', *śeppä 'skilled' | *ëppə 'father-in-law', *lappə 'flat', *woppə- 'to learn' | *ćuppɜ 'top', *läppɜ 'cover' | 3 : 3 = 1 |
| *-p- | *čupa 'thin', *kopa 'skin', *lapa 'blade', *śepä 'neck' | *jepəkä 'owl' | *kepɜ 'light' | 4 : 1 = 4 |
| *-w- | *uwa 'flow', *üwä 'belt', *lüwä- 'to shoot', #nïwa- 'to dehair' (?), *powa- 'to blow', *puwa- 'to strangle' (?), *tiwä 'deep' | *kiwə 'stone', *lë/owə 'bone', *sewə- 'to eat', *śawə 'clay', *śowə 'mouth' | *tä(w)wɜ 'lung' (?) | 5+2 : 5 ≈ 1 |
| *-tt- | *wo/ëtta- 'to take' (?) | #kowɜttə '6' | ||
| *-t- | *itä- 'to appear', *kota 'hut' (← IE), *pata 'pot', *śa/ëta '100' (← IE), *we/ätä- 'to pull'(← IE) | *kätə 'hand', *wetə 'water' | #nato 'sib-in-law' | |
| *-d₁- | *śad₁a- 'to rain' | *ad₁ə- 'to sleep', *ed₁ə 'front', *nüd₁ə 'handle', *pid₁ə 'long', *wid₁ə- 'to kill' | *küd₁ɜ 'middle', *küd₁ɜ 'bro-in-law', #pad₁o 'dam, wall', #wid₁ɜm 'marrow' | |
| *-kk- | *d₂okka- 'to push' (?), *lakka 'roof', *lükkä- 'to push', *pakka- 'to burst' | *ćo/ukkə 'top', *ra/ëkkɜ- 'to bild' (?) | ||
| *-k- | *eKä 'uncle', *čäKä- 'to put on', *čoka 'shallow', *jekä 'age' (← IE), *jëka- 'to divide', #lïka- 'to wash', *luka '10', *muka 'back', *śekä 'catfish', *taka 'behind' | *kokə- 'to find', *lukə- 'to read', *näkə- 'to see', *nükə- 'to tear', *tekə- 'to do', *wäkə 'power' | *juka~*jukə~*jokə 'river' | |
| *-x- | - | #jëxə- 'to drink', *mexə- 'to sell', *mëxə 'earth', *kixə- 'to rut', #poxə (-w-?) 'wood', *saxə- 'to receive', *suxə- 'to row', *śixələ 'hedgehog', *toxə- 'to bring', *wexə- 'to take (to)', *wixə- 'to take (from)' |
