Proto-Uralic/P
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A-stems | ə-stems | Unclear | Ratio | |
---|---|---|---|---|
*-pp- | *č/ćappa- "to chop", *säppä "gall", *śeppä "skilled" | *ëppə "father-in-law", *lappə "flat", *woppə- "to learn" | *ćuppɜ "top", *läppɜ "cover" | 3 : 3 = 1 |
*-p- | *čupa "thin", *kopa "skin", *lapa "blade", *śepä "neck" | *jepəkä "owl" | *kepɜ "light" | 4 : 1 = 4 |
*-w- | *uwa "flow", *üwä "belt", *lüwä- "to shoot", #nïwa- "to dehair" (?), *powa- "to blow", *puwa- "to strangle" (?), *tiwä "deep" | *kiwə "stone", *lë/owə "bone", *sewə- "to eat", *śawə "clay", *śowə "mouth" | *tä(w)wɜ "lung" (?) | 5+2 : 5 ≈ 1 |
*-tt- | *wo/ëtta- "to take" (?) | #kowɜttə "6" | ||
*-t- | *itä- "to appear", *kota "hut" (← IE), *pata "pot", *śa/ëta "100" (← IE), *we/ätä- "to pull"(← IE) | *kätə "hand", *wetə "water" | #nato "sib-in-law" | |
*-d₁- | *śad₁a- "to rain" | *ad₁ə- "to sleep", *ed₁ə "front", *nüd₁ə "handle", *pid₁ə "long", *wid₁ə- "to kill" | *küd₁ɜ "middle", *küd₁ɜ "bro-in-law", #pad₁o "dam, wall", #wid₁ɜm "marrow" | |
*-kk- | *d₂okka- "to push" (?), *lakka "roof", *lükkä- "to push", *pakka- "to burst" | *ćo/ukkə "top", *ra/ëkkɜ- "to bild" (?) | ||
*-k- | *eKä "uncle", *čäKä- "to put on", *čoka "shallow", *jekä "age" (← IE), *jëka- "to divide", #lïka- "to wash", *luka "10", *muka "back", *śekä "catfish", *taka "behind" | *kokə- "to find", *lukə- "to read", *näkə- "to see", *nükə- "to tear", *tekə- "to do", *wäkə "power" | *juka~*jukə~*jokə "river" | |
*-x- | - | #jëxə- "to drink", *mexə- "to sell", *mëxə "earth", *kixə- "to rut", #poxə (-w-?) "wood", *saxə- "to receive", *suxə- "to row", *śixələ "hedgehog", *toxə- "to bring", *wexə- "to take (to)", *wixə- "to take (from)" |