Ejective/Inventories
Main table
coronals | 1 dorsal | 2 dorsals | 3 dorsals | 4 dorsals | ∑ | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | no /pʼ/ | (/tʼ kʼ/?) | /tʼ kʼ kʷʼ/ (suggested for glottalic PIE)
/tʼ kʼ qʼ/ (examples?) |
1 | ||
/pʼ/ | /pʼ tʼ kʼ/ (Nisenan, Waimoa) | /pʼ tʼ kʼ qʼ/ (examples?) | 2 | |||
2 | no /pʼ/ | /tʼ tsʼ kʼ/ (reconstructed Akkadian) /tʼ tʃʼ kʼ/ (Selti) |
/tʼ tʃʼ kʼ kʷʼ/ (Blin) |
/tʼ tʃʼ kʼ kʲʼ kʷʼ/ (Chaha, Inor) /tsʼ tɬʼ cʼ kʼ kʷʼ/ (Hausa) |
10 | |
/pʼ/ | /pʼ pʷʼ t̪ʼ tʼ kʼ/ (Venda) /pʼ tʼ tsʼ kʼ/ (examples?) |
/pʼ tʼ tsʼ kʼ kʷʼ/ (examples?) /pʼ tʼ tsʼ kʼ qʼ/ (Maka) |
/pʼ tʼ tsʼ kʼ kʷʼ qʼ/ (Coast Salish) | /pʼ tsʼ tɬʼ kʼ kʷʼ qχʼ qχʷʼ/ (Lillooet) /pʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ kʼ kʷʼ qʼ qʷʼ/ (Shuswap) |
20 | |
3 | no /pʼ/ | /t̪ʼ tʼ tsʼ kʼ/ (Trumai) |
/tʼ tsʼ tɬʼ kʼ qʼ/ (Haida, Koyukon) /tʼ tsʼ tʃʼ kʼ qʼ/ (K'iche') |
9 | ||
/pʼ/ | /pʼ tʼ tsʼ tʃʼ kʼ/ (Amharic, Shasta, Takelma, Tzeltal (+etc. Mayan)) /pʼ tʼ tsʼ ʈʼ kʼ/ (Valley Yokuts) |
/pʼ t̪ʼ sʼ tʃʼ kʼ kʷʼ/ (Tigrinya) /pʼ tʼ tsʼ tʃʼ kʼ kʷʼ/ (Ossetian) |
/pʼ tʼ tsʼ tʃʼ cʼ kʼ qʼ/ (Chipaya) /pʼ tʼ tsʼ tʃʼ kʼ qʼ ʡʼ/ (Dargwa) |
/pʼ tʼ tsʼ tɬʼ kʼ kʷʼ qʼ qʷʼ/ (Nez Perce, Nuxálk) | 20 | |
4 | no /pʼ/ | /tʼ tsʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ kʼ/ (Navajo + other South Athabaskan) /tʼ (t)θʼ (t)sʼ (t)ɬʼ kʼ/ (Proto-Semitic) |
/tʼ tsʼ sʼ tʃʼ kʼ kʷʼ/ (Mazahua) /tʼ tsʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ kʼ kʷʼ/ (Sekani) |
/tθʼ tsʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ kʼ kʷʼ qʼ/ (Tahltan) |
/tʼ tsʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ kʼ kʷʼ qʼ qʷʼ/ (Tillamook) | 10 |
/pʼ/ | /pʼ t̪ʼ tʼ tsʼ tʃʼ kʼ/ (Southern Pomo, Wappo) /pʼ tʼ tsʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ kʼ/ (Sesotho) |
/pʼ t̪ʼ sʼ tʃʼ ʃʼ kʼ χʼ/ (Lakota) /pʼ tʼ tsʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ kʼ qʼ/ (Hanis, Hunzib, Tsez) |
/pʼ tθʼ tʼ tsʼ tɬʼ kʷʼ qʼ qʷʼ/ (Halkomelem) /pʼ tʼ tːʼ tsʼ tʃʼ kʼ qʼ qːʼ/ (Bats) |
/pʼ tʼ tsʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ kʼ kʷʼ qʼ qʷʼ/ (Quileute, Umatilla) | 17 | |
5 | no /pʼ/ | /tθʼ tʼ tsʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ kʼ/ (Slavey) [θʼ tʼ sʼ ɬʼ ʃʼ kʼ] (Mehri; allophonic) |
/tθʼ tʼ tsʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ kʼ kʷʼ/ (Chipewyan) | /t̪ʼ ts̪ʼ ts̱ˤʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ kʼ kʷʼ qʼ qʷʼ/ (Chilcotin) | 4 | |
/pʼ/ | /pʼ t̪ʼ tʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ cʎ̝̥ʼ kʼ kʷʼ/ (Dahalo) |
/pʼ tθʼ tʼ tsʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ kʷʼ qʼ qʷʼ/ (Saanich) (Lezgian, see below) |
2 | |||
6 | no /pʼ/ | /tθʼ tʼ tsʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ tʼ kʼ/ (Gwich'in) /tθʼ tʼ tsʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ tʂʼ kʼ/ (Hän) |
2 | |||
∑ | 34 | 43 | 12 | 8 |
Systems with stop/fric contrasts
plosive | pʼ | tʼ | tʃʼ | kʼ |
---|---|---|---|---|
fricative | θʼ | sʼ | xʼ |
plosive | pʼ | tʼ | tsʼ | tʃʼ | kʼ | qʼ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
fricative | sʼ | ʃʼ | xʼ |
(3 coronal + 2 dorsal POAs)
plosive | tʼ | tsʼ | tɬʼ | tʃʼ | kʼ | kʷʼ | qʼ | qʷʼ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
fricative | sʼ | ɬʼ | xʼ | xʷʼ | χʼ | χʷʼ |
(4 coronal + 4 dorsal POAs)
North Caucasian 2ndary articulation batfuckery
plain | pʼ | tʼ | tsʼ | tʃʼ | kʼ | qʼ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
labzd | tʃʷʼ | kʷʼ | qʷʼ |
plain | pʼ | tʼ | tsʼ | tʃʼ | kʼ | qʼ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
labzd | tʷʼ | tsʷʼ | kʷʼ | qʷʼ |
- /pʼ fʼ tʼ tsʼ ɬʼ ɕʼ kʼ kʲʼ kʷʼ qʼ qʷʼ/ (Kabardian)
plain | pʼ | tʼ | tsʼ | tɬʼ | tʃʼ | kʼ | qχʼ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
tense | tsːʼ | tɬːʼ | tʃːʼ | kːʼ | qχːʼ |
plain | pʼ | tʼ | tsʼ | tʃʼ | kʼ | kʟ̝̊ʼ | qʼ | qˤʼ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
labzd | tsʷʼ | tʃʷʼ | kʷʼ | kʟ̝̊ʷʼ | qʷʼ | qˤʷʼ | ||
tense | tsːʼ | tʃːʼ | qːʼ | qːˤʼ |
plain | pʼ | tʼ | tsʼ | tɬʼ | tʃʼ | kʼ | qʼ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
labzd | tʷʼ | tsʷʼ | tɬʷʼ | tʃʷʼ | kʷʼ | qʷʼ | |
pharzd | pˤʼ | kˤʼ | qˤʼ | ||||
labpharzd | qʷˤʼ |
plain | pʼ | tʼ | tsʼ | tʃʼ | kʼ | qʼ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
palzd | tʲʼ | tsʲʼ | kʲʼ | |||
labzd | tʷʼ | tsʷʼ | tʃʷʼ | kʷʼ | qʷʼ | |
pharzd | qˤʼ |
plain | pʼ | tʼ | tsʼ | tʃʼ | tʂʼ | kʼ | qʼ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
palzd | tɕʼ | kʲʼ | qʲʼ | ||||
lab(pal)zd | tʷʼ | tɕʷʼ | kʷʼ | qʷʼ |
For Ubyx, add to this a lateral /ɬʼ/ and three pharyngealized consonants /pˤʼ qˤʼ qˤʷʼ/.
Frequency tally
'Common' | 'Occasional' | 'Infrequent' | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sound | /kʼ/ | /tʼ/ | /tʃʼ/ | /tsʼ/ | /pʼ/ | /qʼ/ | /kʷʼ/ | /tɬʼ/ | /qʷʼ/ | /sʼ/ | /t̪ʼ/ | /t̪θʼ/ | /tʲʼ ~ cʼ ~ kʲʼ/ | /tʃʷʼ/ | /tʂʼ/ | /tsʷʼ/ |
This survey | 99 | 91 | 87 | 72 | 70 | 44 | 34 | 34 | 15 * | 10 † | 9 | 9 | 6 | 5 ‡ | 5 | 3 |
UPSID data | 63 | 48 | 44 | 43 | 44 | 26 | 23 | 20 | 11 | 7 | 16 ** | 8 | 12 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
- * Out of 19 languages to have both /qʼ/ and /kʷʼ/.
- † Contrasts with /tsʼ/ in only 3 cases.
- ‡ In only 1 case without also both of /kʷʼ qʷʼ/.
- ** Contains a number of languages counted here as having /tʼ/.
Conlang survey
Conlangs appear rather less disposed towards containing ejective affricates, while /cʼ/ appears to be much more frequent. Attested natlang systems mark'd with "√".
- Affricateless
- Uranian [Wikia]: /pʼ/
- Adpihi: /kʼ/
- Yuvlaish [Wikia]: /pʼ kʼ/
- Kereb "v1" [KQ], Mohaisian [KQ]: /tʼ kʼ/
- Middle Nyángar: /tʼ qʼ/
- √ Brownie, Gyatalin, P'ar [Wikia], Proto-Coast [KQ], Proto-Danubian, Trentish: /pʼ tʼ kʼ/
- Draga: /pʼ tʼ cʼ/
- B'la'ajà [Wikia]: /tʼ sʼ kʼ/
- Yven [KQ]: /pʼ t̪ʼ tʼ kʼ/
- Jamastulu: /pʼ tʼ cʼ kʼ/
- "Pocketful's speedlang" [KQ]: [pʼ tʼ kʼ qʼ] (allophonic)
- Ahtialan [Wikia]: /pʼ ʈʼ cʼ qʼ/
- Nipmel [Wikia]: /pʼ tʼ ʈʼ kʼ qʼ/
- Thalassan: /pʼ tʼ cʼ kʼ qʼ/
- Tlaliolz [Akana]: /tʼ kʼ kʷʼ qʼ qʷʼ/
- "Lethe's Conlang" [KQ]: /pʼ tʼ sʼ cʼ kʼ xʼ/
- Raxúl: /pʼ ɸʼ tʼ sʼ ɕʼ kʼ xʼ/
- Xylphica [Wikkii]: /pʼ ɸʼ fʼ θʼ tʼ sʼ ʈʼ ʂʼ cʼ çʼ kʼ xʼ qʼ χʼ/
- Other
- √ Terpish [KQ]: /tʼ tsʼ kʼ/
- Lengryis [Wikia]: /tʼ tsʼ qʼ/
- √ Battlax#Branch 3: /tʼ tʃʼ kʼ/
- Round Robin Conlang: /tsʼ kʼ qʼ/
- Ritsushiku [Wikia]: /pʼ tʼ tsʼ tʃʼ/
- Antarctican [Wikia]: [pʼ tʼ tsʼ kʼ] (allophonic)
- √ Ezosha [Wikia]: /tʼ tsʼ tʃʼ kʼ/
- ~√ Satnímʔa [Akana], Vardeu [KQ]: /pʼ tʼ tsʼ tɕʼ kʼ/ (allophonic in the former)
- Raxic [Linguifex]: /pʼ tʼ tsʼ tɬʼ kʼ/
- ~√ Ktacwa [Akana]: /t’ ts’ tɕ’ k’ q’/
- Êanglluk: [Wikia]: /tʼ tsʼ kʼ kxʼ qʼ/
- √ Ishtol [KQ]: [pʼ tʼ tsʼ tʃʼ kʼ kʷʼ] (allophonic)
- ~√ Proto-Zachydic [Linguifex]: /pʼ tʼ tsʼ tɬʼ kʼ qʼ/
- √ East Persian': /tʼ tsʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ kʼ qʼ/
- ~√ Proto-Imperial: /tʼ tsʼ tɬʼ tɕʼ kʼ qʼ/
- "UnnamedLang" [Wikia]: /pʼ pfʼ fʼ tʼ tsʼ sʼ tɬʼ ɬʼ cʼ kʼ kxʼ xʼ qʼ/
- Ǩüttǩarrą Roś [Wikia]: /tʼ tsʼ tʃʼ cʼ kʼ qʼ/
- Tech: /pʼ tʼ tsʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ ʈʼ kʼ qʼ/
- Tsa'in: /pʼ tʼ tsʼ sʼ tɬʼ ɬʼ tʃʼ ʃʼ kʼ/
- √ Hkətl’ohnim [Akana]: /p’ t’ ts’ tɬ’ tʃ’ k’ kʷ’ q’ qʷ’/
- Simptliki: /pʼ fʼ tʼ tsʼ sʼ tɬʼ (?) ʃʼ kʼ kʟʼ (?)/
- Dolostone [KQ]: /pʼ fʼ tʼ θʼ tsʼ sʼ tʃʼ ʃʼ kʼ xʼ hʼ/
- Ithkuil: /pʼ t̪ʼ tsʼ tʃʼ tʂʼ cʼ cçʼ cʎ̥˔ʼ kʼ kxʼ qʼ qχʼ/
- Qətlanttaq [KQ]: /p’ t’ tʲ’ tʷ’ ts’ tɬ’ tʃʲ’ tʃʷ’ k’ kʷ’ q’ qʷ’/
- Kannow [KQ]: /pʼ tʼ tʷʼ tsʼ tsʷʼ tɬʼ tʂʼ cʼ kʼ kʷʼ qʼ qʷʼ/