Kythish lexicon

This is a list of Kythish words.

Entries are ordered thus: spelling /pronunciation/ part of speech definition — notes & etymology. Where irregular forms are listed, only the relevant inflections are given. Pronunciations are broadly transcribed, with canonical, phonemic values.

n. = noun; v. = verb; a. = adjective or adverb; p. = pronoun (personal, interrogative or demonstrative); c. = conjunction; f. = affix; i. = interjection; pp. = preposition

dial. = dialectal; colloq. = colloquial; irreg. = irregular; obs. = obsolete

a

• a- /æ/ f. Affix form of aa, below. — Mostly used to form adjectives from verbs. Usually unstressed.
• aa /æː/ pp. At. — Old English æt.
• aaś /æːʃ/ n. The letter a. — Old English æsc, ash (see aś). Long vowel is common to all letter names.
• abawƿ /ˈæbæʊw/ n. Apple. — Either Old English æppel or Welsh afal. Influence of both is likely.
• -an /æn/ f. Marks the infinitive of verbs. — Irregular derivation of Old English -an.
• aŋywƿ /ˈæŋəʊw/ n. Angel; saintly person. — Old English ængel, variant of engel, angel.
• asće /ˈæsxə/ n. Ash (dust formed from burning). — Old English æsce, ashes.
• asom /æˈsɔm/ a. Fitting. — Affixation of a- to soman, q.v.
• aś¹ /æʃ/ n. Ash tree; pole or pole-arm. — Old English æsc, ash.
• aś² /æʃ/ p. dial. I. — Metropolitan variant of eś, q.v.
• aþẃrs /æˈθuːrs/ a. Thirsty. — Affixation of a- to þẃrsan, q.v.
• awgoŋ /ˈæʊɡɔŋ/ n. Exit, out-door. — Old English útgang, exit.
• aẃ /æuː/ n. slang Outdoors, countryside. — Middle Hacean auu, from Old English út, out. See ẃ.

á

• áneí /ˈaːnɛi/ a. Any. — Old English ǽnig, ǽneg, any.

b

• baiwƿ /bæɪʊw/ n. colloq. Bug, creepy-crawly. — Old English bétel, beetle; see béle.
• beyśe /ˈbɛəʃə/ n. Female animal; pejoratively, woman. — Old English bicce, bitch.
• béjan /ˈbeːjæn/ v. To bite; to cut off a small piece. — Old English bítan. Base form is bé.
• béje /ˈbeːjə/ n. Bite, chunk. — From the verb.
• béjyne /ˈbeːjənə/ n. Bite (act of biting).
• béle /ˈbeːlə/ n. Beetle. — Old English bítela.
• bjowm /bjɔʊm/ n. Tree. — Old English beám.
• bown /bɔʊn/ n. Bone (as an object). — Old English bán.
• bownas /ˈbɔʊnæs/ n. Bone (as a material). — Merely a compound of bown and -nas.
• bózym /ˈboːzəm/ n. Chest, bosom; torso. — Old English bósm.
• bwŕ /bʊʀ/ n. Fort, castle, palace, large building. — Old English burh, fort.
• bẃ /buː/ n. Settlement; farm dwellings. — Old English and Old Norse by.
• bẃrgan /ˈbuːrɡæn/ v. To entomb. — Back-formation from bẃrǵaws, q.v.
• bẃrǵaws /ˈbuːrɣæʊs/ n. Tomb, mausoleum. — Variant of bẃrǵywƿs, on the notion that it stood for *bẃrg-haws, see bẃrgan and haws.
• bẃrǵywƿs /ˈbuːrɣəʊws/ n. Tomb. — Old English byrgels, tomb. See also bẃrǵaws.
• bẃreíjan /buˈrɛijæn/ v. To bury (an object, not a person). — Old English byrigan.
• byconan /bəˈkɔnæn/ v. To enable, make able. — Causative form of conan, q.v.
• bycwynan /bəˈkʊənæn/ v. colloq. To teach. — Affixation of by-, a causative, to cwynan, q.v. Normal verb of teaching is ceinan.
• bycwynár /bəˈkʊənar/ n. colloq. Teacher.
• bymoŋan /bəˈmɔŋæn/ v. To mix (together). — Causative form of moŋan, q.v.
• byryjan /bəˈrəjæn/ v. To pledge, promise. — Middle Hacean bureian (burejan), from Old English borgian.
• bysćúźan /bəˈsxɑːʒæn/ v. To ruffle (hair). — Affixation of by- to sćúźe, q.v.
• bysturc /bəˈstʌrk/ i. slang Woot! Yes! etc., indicates victory or successful completion of a task. — From the verb, on the notion that one has been 'placed higher' by succeeding.
• bysturcan /bəˈstʌrkæn/ v. To raise up, place higher. — Formed from by- and sturc, q.v.
• bywć /bəʊx/ n. Cow. — Welsh buwch, cow.
• býr /bɜːr/ n. Beer. — Old English beor.
• býrǵan /ˈbɜːrɣæn/ v. To protect, hide away; to keep. — Old English beorgan, to protect.
• býrǵáiþ /ˈbɜːrɣaɪθ/ n. Protection.
• býrǵe /ˈbɜːrɣə/ n. Stash, caché; hideaway. — From the verb.
• býŕ /bɜːʀ/ n. Mound, pile; stash. — Old English beorh, mound or hill. Second sense is due to influence of býrǵe, q.v.

c

• caes /kæɛs/ n. Hate, hatred. — Welsh cas.
• caesan /ˈkæɛsæn/ v. To hate. — Formed from caes.
• caese /ˈkæɛsə/ n. Hatred. — From the verb.
• caesfowƿ /ˈkæɛsfɔʊw/ a. Hateful; evil.
• cawðan /ˈkæʊðæn/ v. To be famous. — Either Old English cúð, known, or Kythish cwynan, q.v. Not found in Middle Hacean.
• cawðáiþ /ˈkæʊðaɪθ/ n. Fame.
• cawðár /ˈkæʊðar/ n. Celebrity.
• cawðswm /ˈkæʊðzʊm/ a. Famous.
• ceinan /ˈkɛɪnæn/ v. To teach. — Old English cennan, to cause to know.
• ceináiþ /ˈkɛɪnaɪθ/ n. Education.
• ceinár /ˈkɛɪnar/ n. Teacher.
• ceine /ˈkɛɪnə/ n. Lesson. — From the verb.
• ceinhaws /ˈkɛɪnhæʊs/ n. School. — Literally "lesson-building", compound of ceine and haws, q.v.
• ceinlýs /ˈkɛɪnlɜs/ a. Uneducated. — Literally "lessonless", from ceine and the suffix -lýs.
• ceinon /ˈkɛɪnɔn/ n. Student.
• cíþrár /ˈkiːθrar/ n. Close or intimate friend. — Possibly connected to cwiþár via an unattested form *cwiþyrár.
• cíþrárnas /kiθˈraːrnæs/ n. Friendship group. — Affixation of -nas to cíþrár, q.v.
• cíþráráiþ /kiθˈraːraɪθ/ n. Close friendship.
• conan /ˈkɔnæn/ v. To be able. — Old English can.
• confowƿ /ˈkɔnfɔʊw/ a. Full of ability; well-suited to a particular task.
• conlýs /ˈkɔnlɜs/ a. Without ability; weak; stupid.
• conlýsáiþ /kɔnˈlɜːsaɪθ/ n. pejor. Weakness. — From the adjective, and influenced by conlýsár.
• conlýsár /kɔnˈlɜːsar/ n. pejor. Weakling. — From the adjective.
• conswm /ˈkɔnsʊm/ a. Able.
• coo /kɔː/ n. Cat. — Old English cat.
• coostopan /ˌkɔːˈstɔpæn/ v. To tip-toe, to creep. — Literally "cat-step"; compound of coo, cat, and stopan, to walk, q.v.
• coostopár /ˌkɔːˈstɔpar/ n. One who creeps, or a creeper (plant).
• coostopyrár /ˌkɔːˈstɔpərar/ n. A spy or cat-burgler. — Frequentative of coostopár.
• cowƿ /kɔʊw/ n. Basket; sack. — Old English caul, basket, from Latin cavellum.
• cuwn /kʌʊn/ a. Chewed, mangled. — Old English coƿen, past participle of ceóƿan, see śjóƿan.
• cwiðan /ˈkʊɪðæn/ v. To reveal. — Old English cýðan, to make known.
• cwiðyne /ˈkʊɪðənə/ n. Revealing, unveiling. — From the continuative of cwiðan.
• cwiþár /ˈkʊɪθar/ n. Fellow countryman. — Derived from cwiþe.
• cwiþe /ˈkʊɪθə/ n. One's homeland; the Kythe. — Old English cýððe, native land, kindred.
• cwnan /ˈkʊnæn/ n. To test; to inquire. — Old English cunnian, to seek to know, to test.
• cwnár /ˈkʊnar/ n. Tester.
• cwne /ˈkʊnə/ n. Test. — From the verb.
• cwnyrár /ˈkʊnərar/ n. Scientist. — Frequentative of cwnár.
• cwnyráráiþ /kʊnəˈraːraɪθ/ n. Science.
• cwynan /ˈkʊənæn/ irreg. v. To know. — Old English cunnan.

  1st person imperfect past: cawð /kæʊð/

  2nd person imperfect past: cawþs /kæʊθs/

  3rd person imperfect past: cawþ /kæʊθ/

  Perfective past: cawðaf /ˈkæʊðæf/

• cwynáiþ /ˈkʊənaɪθ/ n. Knowledge. — From the verb.
• cwyne /ˈkʊənə/ n. Something known; a piece of information. — From the verb.
• cwynyran /ˈkʊənəræn/ v. To be knowledgeable. — Frequentative of cwynan.
• cwynyrár /ˈkʊənərar/ n. A sage.
• cyn- /kən/ f. Can, able to (indicates ability to do something). — From conan, q.v. Usually unstressed.
• cynƿóć /ˈkənwox/ a. Bendy, bendable, malleable. — Literally 'can-bend', see cyn- and ƿóćan. Note unusual stress.

ć

• ćjaap /xjæːp/ n. A lean or worthless sheep, specifically one from a highland area; humorously, a goat. — Originally a dialectal variation of sćjowp, sheep, presumably from around the banoǵacei region.

d

• daí /dæi/ n. Day. — Old English dæg.
• daw /dæʊ/ a. & n. Two. — Welsh dau.
• drwǵðe /ˈdrʊɣðə/ n. Drought. — Old English drugaðe. Related to drwíjan and drẃǵ, q.v.
• drwíjan /ˈdrʊijæn/ v. To (make) dry. — Old English drugian, to dry. Related to drẃǵ and drwǵðe, q.v.
• drẃǵ /druːɣ/ a. Dehydrated, dried. — Old English dryge, dry. Compare with zjowr. Related to drwíjan and drwǵðe, q.v.
• duźe /ˈdʌʒə/ n. Pet dog, or broadly, any pet. — Old English docga, dog.
• duźwc /ˈdʌʒʊk/ n. Small or juvenile pet. — Diminutive of duźe.
• dwnrainyn /dʊnˈræɪnən/ i. colloq. It's raining (down). — From dwn-, down, and rainyn, continuative of rainan, q.v.
• dwyn /dʊən/ a. Dark, murky. — Old English dunn.
• dẃdan /ˈduːdæn/ v. To delay, to deceive. — Probably Old English dydrian, to lead hither and thither.
• dẃdáiþ /ˈduːdaɪθ/ n. Deception.
• dẃdár /ˈduːdar/ n. Delayer, deceiver; one who obstructs.
• dẃdáran /duˈda:ræn/ v. colloq. pejor. To be employed by the government. — From dẃdár, on the notion that to work for the government is to be a delayer, deceiver or both.
• dẃdáráiþ /duˈda:raɪθ/ n. colloq. pejor. Government employment.
• dẃdáre /duˈda:rə/ n. Filibuster (in politics). — From dẃdár, as it is 'something that delays'.
• dẃde /ˈduːdə/ n. Delay. — From the verb.
• dẃdre /ˈduːdrə/ n. Winding path, trail. — Formerly dialectal. Likely from Old English dydrian, and thus related to dẃdan, q.v.
• dẃdyran /ˈduːdəræn/ v. To con. — Frequentative of dẃdan, q.v.
• dẃdyrár /ˈduːdərar/ n. Con artist.
• dẃdyre /ˈduːdərə/ n. Con. — From the verb.
• dẃiráin /duɪˈraɪn/ n. colloq. A downpour. — Nordaþ dyrain, itself a borrowing of Kythish dwnrainyn, q.v. Nordaþ territory is significantly wetter than much of the Kythe, so their rain is a Kythishman's torrent.
• dẃiráinan /duɪˈraɪnæn/ v. colloq. To pour with rain. — From the noun.
• dẃn /duːn/ a. Dusky, dark (of a colour). — Welsh dwn.
• dẃnrywd /ˈduːnrəʊd/ a. & n. Dark red. — Compound of dẃn and rywd, q.v.
• dẃran /ˈduːræn/ v. To ramble, to hike. — Probably derived from either dẃdre or its Old English etymon, dydrian.
• dẃrár /ˈduːrar/ n. Rambler, hiker.
• dẃre /ˈduːrə/ n. Ramble, hike. — From the verb.

ð

• ða /ðæ/ p. Thou. — Old English ðú. A better form is ðaw, q.v.
• ðaa /ðæː/ c. That. — Old English ðæt, neuter singular of ðe or se, the.
• ðaðar /ˈðæðær/ p. That (inanimate object or concept). — Middle Hacean ðaa ðar, that there; see ðaa and ðar. The animate equivalent is sei.
• ðahair /ˈðæhæɪr/ p. This (inanimate object or concept). — Middle Hacean ðaa heer, that here; see ðaa and hair. The animate equivalent is ðeis.
• ðajun /ˈðæjʌn/ p. Yon (inanimate object or concept). — Middle Hacean ðaa giun, that yonder; see ðaa and jun. The animate equivalent is seijun.
• ðar /ðær/ a. There. — Old English ðær.
• ðaw /ðæʊ/ p. dial. Thou. — A large number of rural dialects retain this instead of the standard ða, where the final -w was lost for unknown reasons.
• ðeis /ðɛɪs/ p. This (animate object). — Old English ðes, this. The inanimate equivalent is ðahair.

e

• en /ɛn/ a. In. — Old English in.
• enýrþan /ɛnˈɜːrθæn/ v. To plant. — Compound of en and ýrþ, q.v.
• eŋoŋ /ˈɛŋɔŋ/ n. Entrance, in-door. — Old English ingang, entrance.
• eś /ɛʃ/ p. I. — Old English ic. In metropolitan hácei and þýcod, aś² is also commonly used.

f

• faa /fæː/ n. Fat. — Old English fæt.
• faafowƿ /ˈfæːfɔʊw/ a. Fat, obese. — Literally "full of fat".
• feś /fɛʃ/ n. Fish. — Old English fisc.
• féylan /ˈfeəlæn/ irreg. v. To fell, cause to fall. — Old English fellan.

  1st person imperfect present: féwƿ /feʊw/

  2nd person imperfect present: féwƿs /feʊws/

  3rd person imperfect present: féwƿþ /feʊwθ/

• fjówr /fjoʊr/ a. & n. dial./colloq. Four. — Old English feówer. Though nonstandard, this word is common enough to merit inclusion. The standard word is pydwyr, q.v.
• fjúþ /fjɑːθ/ n. Hate. — Nordaþ fjaþ, hate. Largely replaced native caes, q.v.
• fjúþan /ˈfjɑːθæn/ v. To hate. — As above. Largely replaced native caesan, hooƿan, q.v.
• fjúþár /ˈfjɑːθar/ n. Hater.
• fjúþon /ˈfjɑːθɔn/ n. Subject of hate.
• fjúþyrár /ˈfjɑːθərar/ n. Enemy, esp. political. — Political rhetoric, literally "habitual hater". See also fjýþyrar.
• fjúþyron /ˈfjɑːθərɔn/ n. Victim, as of hate crimes. — Political rhetoric.
• fjúþyronan /fjɑˈθərɔnæn/ v. To victimise. — Not commonly used outside of political correctness camps, where it originates.
• fjýþyrar /ˈfjɜːθərar/ n. Humorously, any leftist. — Representation of the pronunciation of fjúþyrár by teofan schjómocar (who spoke with a caźowm accent, a southern dialect), a right-wing politician famed for accusing anyone he disliked of being an 'enemy of the Kythe'.
• fúlan /ˈfɑːlæn/ irreg. v. To fall. — Old English feallan.

  1st person imperfect present: fúwƿ /fɑʊw/

  2nd person imperfect present: fúwƿs /fɑʊws/

  3rd person imperfect present: fúwƿþ /fɑʊwθ/

• fwǵ /fʊɣ/ n. Bird. — Old English fugol. The original -ywƿ ending was confused with the diminutive in -wƿ and lost.
• fwǵwƿ /ˈfʊɣʊw/ n. Small or domesticated bird; occasionally, wing. — Diminutive of fwǵ, q.v.
• fwir /fʊɪr/ n. Fire. — Old English fýr.
• fwiran /ˈfʊɪræn/ v. To set on fire; to start a fire. — From the noun.
• fwirár /ˈfʊɪrar/ n. Firestarter, arsonist.
• fwidyrár /ˈfʊɪdərar/ n. Pyromaniac. — Formed by dissimilation from *fwiryrár (not attested), frequentative of fwirár.
• fwŕ /fʊʀ/ n. Fir, any conifer. — Old English furh.

g

• geiŋe /ˈɡɛɪŋə/ n. Traveller; regular (as of a bar). — Old English genga, goer.
• goŋ /ɡɔŋ/ n. Journey, adventure. — Old English gang, journey.
• goŋan /ˈɡɔŋæn/ v. To go; to move. — Old English gangan, to go. Doublet of gown, q.v.
• goŋáiþ /ˈɡɔŋaɪθ/ n. Movement. — From goŋan.
• goŋár¹ /ˈɡɔŋar/ n. One who goes; go-getter. — From goŋan.
• goŋár² /ˈɡɔŋar/ n. Adventurer. — From goŋ.
• goŋswm /ˈɡɔŋsʊm/ a. Adventurous. — From goŋ.
• goŋyran /ˈɡɔŋəræn/ v. To travel (continuously). — Frequentative of goŋan, q.v.
• goŋyrár /ˈɡɔŋərar/ n. Nomad.
• gown /ɡɔʊn/ p. Indicates future tense of verb it appears before. — Old English gán, to go. Doublet of goŋan, q.v.
• gowr /ɡɔʊr/ n. Barb, sharp point. — Old English gár, spear.
• gowrstaf /ˈɡɔʊrstæf/ n. Spear, pike. — Compound of gowr and staf, q.v.
• gud /ɡʌd/ n. God. — Old English god.
• gudazolyr /ˌɡʌdæˈzɔlər/ n. Place of death; old battlefield. — Literally "god's altar", compound of gudas, genitive of gud, and olyr, an archaic form of owƿr, q.v. The exact connection between the literal meaning and the modern sense is obscure.

ǵ

• ǵrám /ɣraːm/ a. Hostile, actively dangerous. — Related to ǵrem and ǵrom, but origin uncertain; possibly from the same root as ǵrom via dialectal usage.
• ǵrem /ɣrɛm/ a. Fierce, aggressive. — Old English grim. Related to ǵrom and ǵrám, q.v.
• ǵrom /ɣrɔm/ a. Furious. — Old English gram, angry. Related to ǵrem and ǵrom, q.v.
• ǵromáiþ /ˈɣrɔmaɪθ/ n. Fury. — From the adjective.

h

• haa /hæː/ n. Top, pinnacle. — Old English hæt, hat.
• hai /hæɪ/ p. He; she. — Old English hé, he. Kythish has lost the distinction between masculine and feminine that English has, and gained a much more pronounced distinction between animate and inanimate, see hee. Though largely obsolete, one may also find hjó in highly 'backward' dialects.
• hair /hæɪr/ a. Here. — Old English hér.
• haws /hæʊs/ n. Small building, shed; (in compounds) any building. — Old English hús, house.
• hee /hɛː/ p. It. — Old English hit, neuter of hé, see hai.
• hjó /hjoː/ p. obs./dial. She. — Old English heó, feminine of hé, see hai.
• howm /hɔʊm/ n. House, abode. — Old English hám.
• hód /hoːd/ n. Hood, hat. — Old English hód, hood.
• hwnd /hʊnd/ n. Hound, dog. — Old English hund, hound.
• hwndan /ˈhʊndæn/ v. To track or chase. — From hwnd, above.
• hwndár /ˈhʊndar/ n. Tracker.
• hẃd /huːd/ n. Guard dog. — Middle Hacean huud, dialectal form of huund, hund (= hwnd, q.v.).
• hẃdan /ˈhuːdæn/ v. To guard (as a dog). — From hẃd, above.
• hẃdár /ˈhuːdar/ n. colloq. Bouncer (of a night club). — On the notion that they guard like dogs.
• hẃĺ /huːɬ/ a. Ugly, disfigured. — Welsh hyll, ugly.
• hẃĺan /ˈhuːɬæn/ v. To disfigure. — From the adjective, but confer with Welsh hyllu, to mar, disfigure.

i

• irce /ˈɪrkə/ n. Space between spread legs. — Middle Hacean irca, further etymology unknown.

j

• jiþućt /jɪˈθʌxt/ n. Thought, idea. — Old English geþoht. Related to þeiŋcan, q.v.
• jiþućtáiþ /jɪˈθʌxtaɪθ/ n. Thought (uncountable).
• jowpan /ˈjɔʊpæn/ v. To gape, yawn. — Old English geápan, to gape.
• jowpynmawþ /ˈjɔʊpənˌmæʊθ/ n. Simpleton, idiot. — Literally "gaping-mouth", from mawþ and the continuative of jowpan, q.v.
• jun /jʌn/ a. Yonder. — Old English geon, yon.
• júrd /jɑːrd/ n. Garden. — Old English geard.
• júre /ˈjɑːrə/ a. Prompt, ready. — Old English gearu, gearo, quick, ready.
• jẃrd /juːrd/ n. Pole, post. — Old English gyrd, rod.

l

• ládan /laːd/ v. To lead, conduct. — Old English lǽdan.
• ládár /ˈlaːdar/ n. Leader, conductor.
• ládáre /laˈdaːrə/ n. Lead, leash.
• léðan /ˈleːðæn/ v. To travel, move from one place to another. — Old English líðan.
• léðyran /ˈleːðəræn/ v. To go abroad, on holiday. — Frequentative of léðan, q.v.
• léðyrdaínas /ˌleðərˈdæinæs/ n. Vacation. — Literally abroad-days, from léðyran, daí and -nas.
• ljowd /ljɔʊd/ n. Lead (the metal). — Old English leád.
• loc /lɔk/ n. Mountain lake, tarn. — Old English lac, from Latin lacus.
• loǵe /ˈlɔɣə/ n. Lake. — Old English lagu, lake.
• lond /lɔnd/ n. Land, ground. — Old English land.
• lups /lʌps/ n. Lobster. — Contraction of Old English lopust, corruption of Latin locust.
• lwst /lʊst/ n. Pleasure; joy. — Old English lust.
• lwstan /ˈlʊstæn/ v. To enjoy. — From the noun. Doublet of lẃstan.
• lẃ /luː/ a. Few, not many; little, small. — Old English lyt, few, little. Second sense is from confusion with lẃƿ, q.v.
• lẃst /luːst/ n. Desire. — Formed on analogy with lwst, q.v.
• lẃstan /ˈluːstæn/ v. To desire, want. — Old English lystan. Doublet of lwstan.
• lẃƿ /luːw/ a. Little, small. — Old English lytel, little. Closely related to lẃ and lẃƿe, q.v.
• lẃƿe /ˈluːwə/ n. Trivial thing; in the plural, small fry. — Almost certainly directly from lẃƿ.

ĺ

• ĺáiþ /ɬaɪθ/ n. Milk. — Welsh llaeth, milk.
• ĺowf /ɬɔʊf/ irreg. n. Loaf. — Old English hláf.

  Dual: ĺowvaz /ˈɬɔʊvæz/

  Plural: ĺowvaen /ˈɬɔʊvæɛn/

m

• mawþ /mæʊθ/ irreg. n. Mouth. — Old English múð.

  Dual: mawðaz /ˈmæʊðæz/

  Plural: mawðaen /ˈmæʊðæɛn/

• maś /mæʃ/ n. colloq. Mixed mass; mashed vegetables; animal feed. — Origin obscure, but related to meśan.
• maysan /ˈmæəsæn/ v. To worship. — From the noun.
• mayse /ˈmæəsə/ n. Religious devotion; worship. — Old English mæsse, from Latin missa, mass.
• maysyre /ˈmæəsərə/ n. Religious fervour, fanaticism. — Frequentative of mayse, q.v.
• meiŋan /ˈmɛɪŋæn/ v. To mess up; to vandalise. — Old English mengan, to mix.
• meśan /ˈmɛʃæn/ v. To mash, to paste, to pulp. — Old English miscan, to mix.
• mueć /mʌɛx/ n. Pig. — Welsh moch, pigs (the singular being mochyn).
• moǵan /ˈmɔɣæn/ v. To digest. — From the noun.
• moǵe /ˈmɔɣə/ n. Stomach, belly. — Old English maga.
• mon /mɔn/ irreg. n. Man. — Old English man. Common in compounds, but less used than ƿeir when referring to a male adult.

  Dual: meinaz /ˈmɛɪnæz/ or monaz /ˈmɔnæz/

  Plural: mein /mɛɪn/

• moŋ /mɔŋ/ n. Mixture; crowd. — Old English mang.
• moŋan /ˈmɔŋæn/ v. To mix with, mingle. — From the noun.
• moŋáiþ /ˈmɔŋaɪθ/ n. Chaos. — From moŋ, q.v.
• mó /moː/ n. Meeting; council. — Old English mót, meeting. Related to ƿiinjó, q.v.
• mór /moːr/ n. Peat, mud. — Old English mór, moor.
• mórlond /ˈmoːrlɔnd/ n. Moor, bog, moorland. — Compound of mór and lond, q.v.
• mwmbýŕ /ˈmʊmbɜʀ/ n. Boundary wall, dyke; rampart. — Middle Hacean mwndbeurr, mwmbeurgh, from Old English mund-beorg, protective mound.
• mwnd /mʊnd/ n. Protection, defence. — Chiefly legal usage. Old English mund, protection. Related to mwmbýŕ, q.v.
• mwndan /ˈmʊndæn/ v. To defend. — From the noun.
• mwwn /mʊːn/ n. Steep hill. — Old English munt, from Latin mont-, stem of mons, hill.
• mýwƿc /mɜʊwk/ n. The milky substance found in the stems of some plants; also, coconut milk. — Old English meolc, milk.

n

• nú /nɑː/ n. Livestock animal. — Old English neata, cattle.
• núnas /ˈnɑːnæs/ n. Livestock.

ŋ

• ŋećt /ŋɛxt/ n. Servant, assistant. — Old English cniht, servant, youth.
• ŋjoẃƿan /ˈŋjɔuwæn/ v. To argue, to contend. — Old English cneátian, to argue. Base form is ŋjoẃ.
• ŋowƿan /ˈŋɔʊwæn/ v. slang To have a gut feeling for, to strongly feel. — Old English cnáwan, to know.
• ŋúr /ŋɑːr/ n. Small ship (e.g. a yacht). — Old English cnear, cnearr, from a Norse source, akin to Icelandic knörr.
• ŋúran /ˈŋɑːræn/ v. To pilot a small ship; to sail leisurely. — From the noun.
• ŋúrmon /ˈŋɑːrmɔn/ n. A yachter. — Literally "yacht-man"; compound of ŋúr and mon, q.v.
• ŋwcan /ˈŋʊkæn/ v. To knock something (over), make a noise by knocking. — Old English cnucian.
• ŋwcymvwǵ /ˈŋʊkəmvʊɣ/ n. dial. Woodpecker. — Middle Hacean gnuucenfugh. Literally "knocking-bird"; compound of ŋwcyn, continuative of ŋwcan, and fwǵ, q.v.

o

• ocan /ˈɔkæn/ irreg. v. To ache. — Old English acan.

  Imperfect past: óc /oːk/

  Perfect: ac /æk/

  Perfect past: aćt /æxt/

• oce /ˈɔkə/ n. Ache. — From the verb.
• on- /ɔn/ f. Indicates reversal of the action denoted by a verb beginning with a consonant. — Old English and-. Before a vowel, ond- is used.
• onbyconan /ɔnˈbəkɔnæn/ v. To disable. — Affixation of on- to byconan, q.v.
• ond- /ɔnd/ f. Indicates reversal of the action denoted by a verb beginning with a vowel. — Old English and-. Before a consonant, on- is used.
• ondocan /ɔndˈɔkæn/ v. To ease pain. — Affixation of ond- to ocan, q.v.
• oor /ɔːr/ n. Otter. — Old English otor, otter.
• owc /ɔʊk/ n. Oak. — Old English ác.
• owƿr /ɔʊwr/ n. Altar; occasional table. — Old English alter, from Latin altar.

p

• peiź /pɛɪʒ/ n. Piglet; small, fat child. — Old English pecg, pig.
• ploon /plɔːn/ n. Plant. — Old English plant, from Latin planta.
• ploonas /ˈplɔːnæs/ n. Vegetation. — Merely ploon + -nas.
• pẃmf /puːmf/ a. & n. Five. — Welsh pump, probably with influence of Old English fíf.
• pẃ /puː/ n. Hole, shaft. — Old English pyt, from Latin puteus.
• pydwyr /ˈpədʊər/ a. & n. Four. — Welsh pedwar. See also fjówr.
• pysc /pəsk/ irreg. n. Seasnake. — Welsh pysg, fish.

  Dual: pyzǵaz /ˈpəzɣæz/

  Plural: pyzǵaen /ˈpəzɣæɛn/

r

• raa /ræː/ n. Rat, rodent; petty thief. — Old Engish ræt.
• raajan /ˈræːjæn/ v. To take away something another needs. — From the noun, raa.
• rain /ræɪn/ n. Rain. — Old English rén, rain.
• rainan /ˈræɪnæn/ v. To rain. — From the noun.
• ród /roːd/ n. Pole, girder. — Old English ród.
• rywd /rəʊd/ a. & n. Red. — Middle Hacean riood, from Old English reád.
• rywdẃn /ˈrəʊdun/ n. colloq. Innards, internal body matter. — Literally, "dark red" or "red dark". Compound of rywd and dẃn, q.v.

ŕ

• ŕaybe /ˈʀæəbə/ n. Crab, crayfish.
• ŕowƿan /ˈʀɔʊwæn/ v. To crow; to croak. — Old English cráƿan, to crow. Base form is ŕowƿ.
• ŕowƿár /ˈʀɔʊwar/ n. Crow. — Formed from the verb, but less common than ŕowƿe, below.
• ŕowƿe /ˈʀɔʊwə/ n. Crow. — Old English cráƿe, a crow (literally 'crower').
• ŕueg /ˈʀʌɛɡ/ n. Intersection, cross; gibbet. — Welsh crog, cross.
• ŕwc /ʀʊk/ n. Cross. — Old English cruc, from Latin crucem.

s

• saiman /ˈsæɪmæn/ v. To satisfy; to honour; to compromise (only when subject is plural). — Old English sémen. Related to some, q.v.
• saimáiþ /ˈsæɪmaɪθ/ n. Satisfaction.
• sá /saː/ n. Sea. — Old English sǽ.
• ságeiŋe /saˈɡɛɪŋə/ n. colloq. Passenger. — Old English sǽgenga, seagoer. Originally applied only to passengers on ships, but now more generally.
• sámon /ˈsaːmɔn/ n. Sailor, seaman. — Compound of sá and mon, q.v.
• sćaí /sxæi/ n. Sheet. — Old English scéte.
• sćembown /ˈsxɛmbɔʊn/ n. Shinbone. — Old English scinbán, with assimilation of the n to an m. See sćene and bown.
• sćene /ˈsxɛnə/ n. Shin; splint. — Old English scina.
• sćjowp /sxjɔʊp/ n. Sheep. — Old English sceáp, sheep. See also ćjaap.
• sćjoẃ /sxjɔu/ n. Fold; tuft of wool. — Old English sceát, corner of a sail, fold of a garment. Second sense is influenced by popular etymology connecting it to sćjowp, q.v.
• sćjóƿan /ˈsxjoːwæn/ v. To shoot. — Old English sceótan. Base form is sćjó.
• sćóijan /ˈsxoɪjæn/ v. To dart, to sprint. — Old English scótian, secondary verb formed from sceótan, see sćjóƿan.
• sćóifowƿ /ˈsxoɪfɔʊw/ a. Very swift. — From sćóijan.
• sćúźe /ˈsxɑːʒə/ n. Messy hair. — Old English sceacga, rough hair.
• sćúźeg /ˈsxɑːʒɛg/ a. Unkempt. — From sćúźe.
• sćúźwƿ /ˈsxɑːʒʊw/ n. Stubble. — Diminutive of sćúźe.
• sćẃƿ /sxuːw/ n. Dish, plate. — Old English scutel, from Latin scutella, small tray.
• sei /sɛɪ/ p. That (animate object). — Old English se, the. The inanimate equivalent is ðaðar.
• seijun /ˈsɛɪjʌn/ p. Yon (animate object). — Appears to be an artificial compound of sei and jun, on analogy to the inanimate equivalent, ðajun, q.v.
• seiźan /ˈsɛɪʒæn/ v. To say, to utter. — Old English secgan, to say. Not the basic verb of speech, which is sfreican, q.v.
• sfreican /ˈsfrɛɪcæn/ irreg. v. To speak, to say. — Old English sprecan, to speak.

  Imperfect past: 'sfrac /sfræk/

• sja /sjæ/ n. Romantic love. — Middle Hacean sia, further etymology unknown.
• sjowp /sjɔʊp/ a. Steep. — Middle Hacean stioap, from Old English steáp. See also śóp.
• sjoran /ˈsjɔræn/ v. To become dry, dry up, dry out. — Old English seáran. Related to zjowr, q.v.
• sjór /sjoːr/ n. Bull, male bovine. — Old English steór, steer, bull.
• some /ˈsɔmə/ a. Same; same as, just like. — Old English sama. Related to saiman, q.v.
• soman /ˈsɔmæn/ v. To suit, befit. — Presumably from the noun.
• sonþe /ˈsɔnθə/ n. One's superior; as a form of address, sir or madam. — Origin unknown.
• spur /spʌr/ n. Track, footpath. — Old English spor, a foot-track. Related to spwre and spẃran, q.v.
• spurn /spʌrn/ a. Disliked, outcast. — Middle Hacean spurnn, from Old English spornen, past participle of speornan, see spýrnan.
• spurnan /ˈspʌrnæn/ v. To cast out; to reject. — From the adjective.
• spwran /ˈspʊræn/ v. To spur on, goad. — From the noun.
• spwre /ˈspʊrə/ n. Spur, goad. — Old English spura, spora, related to Old English spor and speornan; see spur and spýrnan.
• spẃdyran /ˈspuːdəræn/ v. To investigate. — Middle Hacean spuyreran, spuureran, frequentative of spuuran, see spẃran. Doublet of spẃyran, q.v.
• spẃdyráiþ /ˈspuːdəraɪθ/ n. (Process of) Investigation.
• spẃdyryne /spuˈdərənə/ n. Investigation, case. — Formed from the continuative of spẃdyran.
• spẃran /ˈspuːræn/ v. To ask, interrogate. — Old English spyrian, to ask, track down, related to Old English spor, see spur. See also spẃdyran and spẃyr.
• spẃyr /spuər/ n. Quibble, query. — Originally dialectal. Middle Hacean spuyryr, from spuyreran, see spẃdyran.
• spẃyran /ˈspuəræn/ v. To quibble, disagree, raise a point. — From the noun. Doublet of spẃdyran, q.v.
• spẃyrnan /ˈspuərnæn/ v. colloq. To bitch, whine. — Jocular formation, based on slurred, young metropolitan pronunciation of spẃyryryne, alluding to the opinion that all teenage discussions are merely bitching sessions.
• spẃyryran /ˈspuərəræn/ v. To discuss (a point). — Modern derivative of spẃyran, and thus a double frequentative (or rather, modernly, a double augmentative.)
• spẃyryryne /spuəˈrərənə/ n. Discussion, argument.
• spýrnan /ˈspɜːrnæn/ irreg. v. To kick away, push with the foot. — Old English speornan, to kick against, related to Old English spura, spora, see spwre.

  Imperfect past: spúrn /spɑːrn/

• srac /sræk/ a. Violent. — Old English stræc, variant of stearc, strong.
• srá /sraː/ n. Street, road. — Old English strǽt.
• srond /srɔnd/ n. Edge, margin; poetically, shoreline. — Old English strand, shore.
• sroŋ /srɔŋ/ a. Strict, stern. — Old English strang, strong.
• srywm /srəʊm/ n. Stream; trail (as left by a snail, for example). — Old English streám.
• srywman /ˈsrəʊmæn/ v. To trickle. — From the noun.
• srup /srʌp/ n. Strap, bracelet, strip of fabric. — Old English stropp, from Latin struppus, strap.
• staf /stæf/ irreg. n. Staff, stick; polearm. — Old English stæf.

  Dual: stavaz /ˈstævæz/

  Plural: stavaen /ˈstævæɛn/

• staþ /stæθ/ n. Bank (of a river). — Old English stæð, bank, shore.
• stape /ˈstæpə/ n. A footstep, a pace. — Old English stæpe, a step. Doublet of stope.
• stavne /ˈstævnə/ n. Trunk of a tree, stem of a plant. — Old English stæfna, stæfn. Related to staf and steim, q.v.
• steim /stɛɪm/ n. Prow of a vessel. — Old English stemn, stem or prow of a vessel, related to Old English stæfn, stæfna; see stavne.
• stopan /ˈstɔpæn/ v. To walk. — Old English stapan, to go or advance.
• stope /ˈstɔpə/ n. A style of walk. — From the verb. Doublet of stape.
• stopyne /ˈstɔpənə/ n. A walk, a trek. — Formed from the continuative of the verb.
• stól /stoːl/ n. Seat, chair. — Old English stól.
• sturc /stʌrk/ n. Stork. — Old English storc.
• stúrc /stɑːrk/ a. Strong. — Old English stearc.
• stwipe /ˈstʊɪpə/ n. Tower, turret. — Probably simplified form of a derivative of Old English stýpel, steeple, but none are found in Middle Hacean.
• stwydan /ˈstʊədæn/ v. To look after, to provide for. — Old English studdian, to take care of, from Latin studere.
• stwydynhaws /ˈstʊədənˌhæʊs/ n. Hostel. — Literally 'providing-house', see stwydan and haws.
• stýre /ˈstɜːrə/ n. Star. — Old English steorra.
• sƿeivnan /ˈswɛɪvnæn/ irreg. v. To dream. — From sƿeivyn, q.v.

  1st person imperfect present: sƿeivyn /ˈswɛɪvən/

  2nd person imperfect present: sƿeivyns /ˈswɛɪvəns/

  3rd person imperfect present: sƿeivynþ /ˈswɛɪvənθ/

• sƿeivyn /ˈswɛɪvən/ n. Dream. — Old English swefn.

ś

• śaize /ˈʃæɪzə/ n. Cheese. — Old English cése.
• śen /ʃɛn/ n. Chin. — Old English cin.
• śjóƿan /ˈʃjoːwæn/ v. To chew, ruminate. — Old English ceóƿan. Base form is śjóƿ.
• śóp /ʃoːp/ a. dial. High; upright. — Middle Hacean tsioop, metathesis of stioap, see sjowp.
• śẃste /ˈʃuːstə/ n. Box, (treasure) chest; chest cavity. — Old English cyste.

t

• traf /træf/ irreg. n. Village, hamlet. — Welsh tref, hamlet.

  Dual: travaz /ˈtrævæz/

  Plural: travaen /ˈtrævæɛn/

• treí /trɛi/ a. & n. Three. — Welsh tri.
• tryw /trəʊ/ n. Timber, dead wood. — Old English treó, timber.

þ

• þeiŋcan /ˈθɛɪŋkæn/ irreg. v. To think. — Old English þencan. Related to þeiśan, þẃŋcan, þoŋc, þuŋc and jiþućt, q.v.

  Imperfect past: þućty /ˈθʌxtə/

• þeiśan /ˈθɛɪʃæn/ v. To feel (an emotion). — Old English þencean, variant of þencan; see þeiŋcan.
• þeiśáiþ /ˈθɛɪʃaɪθ/ n. Emotion (uncountable).
• þeiśe /ˈθɛɪʃə/ n. Feeling, emotion (countable). — From the verb.
• þeiśfowƿ /ˈθɛɪʃfɔʊw/ a. Emotional.
• þneic /θnɛɪk/ n. Neck. — Old English hnecca.
• þnẃ /θnuː/ n. Nut. — Old English hnutu.
• þoŋc /θɔŋk/ n. Goodwill, thanks. — Old English þanc. Related to þuŋc, q.v.
• þoŋcan /ˈθɔŋkæn/ v. To thank. — From the noun.
• þuŋc /θʌŋk/ n. Favour. — Old English þonc, variant of þanc; see þoŋc.
• þuŋcan /ˈθʌŋkæn/ v. To favour, treat well. — From the noun.
• þurp /θʌrp/ n. Village, small town. — Old English þorp.
• þwŕ /θʊʀ/ a. Through. — Old English þurh.
• þẃŋcan /ˈθuːŋkæn/ v. To seem. — Old English þyncan. Related to þeiŋcan, q.v.
• þẃrs /θuːrs/ n. Thirst. — Old English þyrst.
• þẃrsan /ˈθuːrsæn/ v. To thirst, be thirsty. — Old English þyrstan.

u

• un /ʌn/ p. On. — Old English on.
• unfúlan /ʌnˈfɑːlæn/ irreg. v. To attack. — Literally 'to fall on', compound of un and fúlan, q.v.

  1st person imperfect present: unfúwƿ /ʌnˈfɑʊw/

  2nd person imperfect present: unfúwƿs /ʌnˈfɑʊws/

  3rd person imperfect present: unfúwƿþ /ʌnˈfɑʊwθ/

• uŋoŋan /ʌˈŋɔŋæn/ v. To approach. — Middle Hacean ungongan, modelled on Old English ongán, to approach.
• urǵywƿ /ˈʌrɣəʊw/ n. Organ (musical instrument). — Old English orgel, from Latin organum. See also yrǵone.

w

• wn- /ʊn/ f. Indicates negativity. — Old English un-. See also on-/ond-.
• wnconan /ʊnˈkɔnæn/ v. To be unable. — Affixation of wn- to conan, q.v.
• wnconswm /ʊnˈkɔnsʊm/ a. Not able; disabled (of a creature born so). — Affixation of wn- to conswm, q.v. See also onbyconswm.
• wncwiþár /ʊnˈkʊɪθar/ n. Foreigner. — Affixation of wn- to cwiþár, q.v.
• wnsƿeivyn /ʊnˈswɛɪvən/ n. Nightmare. — Affixation of wn- and sƿeivyn, q.v.

ẃ

• ẃ /uː/ a. Out. — Monophthongisation of Middle Hacean auu, from Old English út. Related to aẃ.
• ẃm /uːm/ a. Around. — Old English ymb.
• ẃn /uːn/ a. & n. One. — Welsh un.

ƿ

• ƿaar /wæːr/ n. Water. — Old English ƿæter, water.
• ƿaaran /ˈwæːræn/ v. To water. — From the noun.
• ƿaarcowƿ /ˈwæːrkɔʊw/ n. Canvas bottle for carrying water. — Literally water-bag, see ƿaar and cowƿ.
• ƿá /waː/ a. Wet. — Old English ƿǽt, wet.
• ƿájan /ˈwaːjæn/ v. colloq. To wet. — Formed from the noun in lieu of ƿán, q.v.
• ƿán /waːn/ irreg. v. To wet. — Old English ƿǽtan, to wet. Only the infinitive is irregular, all other forms inflect from a root of ƿá. See also ƿájan.
• ƿeir /wɛɪr/ n. Man, male. — Old English ƿer.
• ƿiinjó /ˈwɪːnjo/ n. Government; parliament. — Contraction of Middle English ƿiin iemo, ƿiiniemo (also ƿeen iemo, a more regular derivation), from Old English witena gemót, meeting of wise men, parliament; see mó.
• ƿóć /woːx/ a. Bent. — Old English ƿóh.
• ƿóćan /ˈwoːxæn/ v. To bend. — From ƿóć.
• ƿóće /ˈwoːxə/ n. Bend, curve. — From the verb.
• ƿóí /woi/ a. Favourably inclined. — Middle Hacean ƿooi, related to ƿooian, see ƿóíjan.
• ƿóíd /woid/ n. colloq. One's lover or significant other. — Probably from the past tense of ƿóíjan, (i.e. 'one's wooed') more specifically Middle Hacean ƿooian, but not attested.
• ƿóíjan /ˈwoijæn/ v. To woo; to persuade. — Old English ƿógian, to woo, bend towards oneself.
• ƿẃn /wuːn/ n. The letter ƿ, wynn. — Old English wynn, see ƿẃyn.
• ƿẃyn /wuən/ n. Joy, happiness. — Old English wynn. See also ƿẃn.
• ƿẃynfowƿ /ˈwuənfɔʊw/ a. Joyful, happy.
• ƿẃynlýs /ˈwuənlɜs/ a. Joyless, listless; boring.
• ƿywf /wəʊf/ n. Wolf. — Weakening of Middle Hacean ƿuƿf, ƿuuƿf, from Old English ƿulf. Related to ƿywƿan, q.v.
• ƿywƿan /ˈwəʊwæn/ v. To gnaw; to nibble at the edge of something. — Middle Hacean ƿuƿfan, to rend or maim, from ƿuƿf; see ƿywf. Base form is ƿywƿ.

y

• ypestywƿ /əˈpɛstəʊw/ n. Letter (of correspondance). — Old English epistol, from Latin epistula.
• ypestywƿan /əpɛsˈtəʊwæn/ v. To correspond; to send a letter. — From the noun.
• ypestywƿáiþ /əpɛsˈtəʊwaɪθ/ n. Correspondance.
• yrǵonan /ərˈɣɔnæn/ v. colloq. To play a musical instrument. — From yrǵone.
• yrǵonár /ərˈɣɔnar/ n. colloq. Musician.
• yrǵone /ərˈɣɔnə/ n. colloq. Musical instrument. — Weakening of Middle Hacean aurgone, from Old English organe, organ, applied vaguely to musical instruments. See also urǵywƿ.
• yrǵonyne /ərˈɣɔnənə/ n. colloq. Music. — Formed from the continuative of the verb.

ý

• ýrþ /ɜːrθ/ n. Earth, ground. — Old English eorþ.

z

• zjowr /zjɔʊr/ a. Dry. — Old English seár, dry. Compare with drẃǵ. Related to sjoran, q.v.