Finnic languages/isoglosses
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After Viitso 2000: Finnic affinity (among other things)
A ~ B marks conditional developments; A, B marks dialectal developments.
Old changes
| South Estonian | Livonian | Gulf Finnic | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| *tk | kk | kk | tk | (Liv. OR) |
| *ðk | kk | tk | tk | SE/Liv. only *pið-ka "long", *iðke- "cry" |
| *čk | tsk | tk | tk | |
| *kc, *pc | ts | *ks, *ps | *ks, *ps | |
| *kt, *pt | tt | *ht / V[+STR]_, *tt / V[-STR]_ | Probably common *ht with SE → *tt, *š → *h only later. | |
| 3PS | -∅ | *-pi | *-pi | |
| *nc | ts | *nc | *ts | Only *onca "forehead" |
| *nt / _i | *nc → ːc | *nc | *nc → *ns | Unless preceded by a coronal obstruent (*tt, *st, *št) |
| *-ks# | -s | -ks | *-s | |
| *š | *h | *h | *h | Postdates *t → *c / _i |
| "forest" | *mëtsa | *mëtsa | *metsä | ← Baltic *medja |
| "wall" | *saina | *saina | *seinä | ← Baltic *saina |
| "hay" | *haina | *haina | *heinä | ← Baltic *šaina |
| "people" | *heimo | *haimo | *heimo | ← Baltic *šaima |
| "thigh" | *raici | - | *reici | ← Baltic *rait |
| "excess" | *liika | *leika | *liika | vs. Baltic #leika? |
| "shoe" | *känkä | *känkä | *kenkä | ← Gmc *skenka |
| "back" | *sälkä | *sälkä | *selkä | origin unknown; Samic #śeelkä → *ćēlkē, Mari *śel(kä) → *šɪĺə |
| "nose" | *nana | *nana | *nenä | origin unknown; Samic *ńana → *ńōnē |
| "viburnum" | *häicek | - | *heisi | |
| "7" | *säiccen | *sä/eiccen | *seiccen | origin unknown; Samic *śäśəm → *ćēćëm |
| "knife" | *väici | *vä/eici | *veici | ← PU *wänśə / *wenśə? |
| "girl" | *näito | *nä/eitsɜt "virgin" | *neito, *neitej (*neitsüt "virgin") |
← PU *näjə; cf. Samic *näj-tə → *nējtë |
Dialectal period
| South Estonian | Livonian | Estonic | North Finnic | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *ns | ːs | ːs | *ːs | *ns | NB *nc counterfeeding in Liv. | |||||
| *e_B | ɤ | *ɤ → ɨ | *ɤ | *e | ||||||
| South Estonian | Livonian | Estonian | Votic | North Finnic | ||||||
| "to rise" | *touse- | *nuuse- | *touse- | *noise- | *nouse- | origin unknown | ||||
| "to sleep" | *nukk- | *tukk- | *tukku- | *nukku- | origin unknown; Samic *nukkə- → *nokkë- | |||||
| "pole" | *saibas | *taibas | *teibäs | *seibäs | ← Baltic *staibas | |||||
| "to remember" | *moista- | *moista- | *moista- | *muista- | ← PU *moja- | |||||
| South Estonian | Livonian | Estonian | Votic | West Finnish | East Finnic | |||||
| Pl. gen. | *-ten | *-ten | *-ten, *-jten | *-jten | *-ten | *-jten | ||||
| "to go" | mine- | mine- | mene- | mene- | *mäne- | PU *menə-; raising in SE regular | ||||
| "crow" | varõs | varīks | vares | vares, varis | *varis | possibly related to *-u- → SF -o-? | ||||
| "hare" | jänes | Sal. jänds | jänes | jänes, jänis | *jänis | |||||
| "home" | *koto | - | *koto | koto | *koti | cf. *kota "hut" | ||||
| "otter" | *sagarva | *sagarva | *sagarmas | *sa(g)ukko | *sagarva | or WF ← *sapa "tail" | ||||
| South Estonian | Livonian | Estonian | Votic | West Finnish | Ingrian | Karelian | East Finnish | Veps | ||
| *ʦː | ts | ts | ʦː | θː, tː | ʧː | *θː → ht | ʦ | |||
| *kj | kj | jg | j | dʲː | ːj | ki, gi | ːj | gj, gdʲ | ||
| *kr | ʔgr | er | gr | wr | kr, gr | kr | gr | |||
| *pr | ʔbr | pr | br | pr, br | pr | br | ||||
| *tr | tr | ʔdr | tr | dr | tr | tr, dr | tr | dr | in loanwords only | |
| *str | *sr → hr | sr, zr | *sr → zr | |||||||
| *st | st | st | st | sː | st | sː | sː | st | st | |
| *rg | r | rg | r | r | r ~ rj | r | r, rr | r | rg | similarly for *lg |
| *-P- | -P- | -B- | -B̥- | -P- | -P- | -P- | -P-, -B- | -P- | -B- | |
| *Iː | Iː | Iː | Iː | Iː | Iː | Iː | Iː | Iː | I, Iː | long close vowels *iː *yː *uː |
| *ɑː | ɑː | ɔː | ɑː, oɑ | ɑː | ɑː | ɑː | oɑ | uɑ | ɑ | |
| *æː | æː | æː | æː, eæ | æː | æː | æː | eæ | iæ | æ | |
| *oː | oː | uˑo ~ oː | oː | oː | uɔ, uɑ | oː ? ← *uo | uo | uo | o | Possibly secondary monofthongization in Estonian, Votic, Ingrian (as *ugo → oː etc.) |
| *øː | øː | iˑe ~ eː | øː | øː | yœ, yæ | øː ? ← *yø | yø | yø | ø | |
| *eː | eː | eː | eː | iɛ, iæ | eː ? ← *ie | ie | ie | e | front environment | |
| ɤː | ɨː | ɤː | ɤː | iɛ, iɑ | back environment | |||||
