Proto-Uralic/U
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F. *u, S. & Mo. *o, Ma. *ʊC / *u, P. *ɨ, H. o/uu, Kh. *oo / _C, *o / _CC
| Lexeme | Finnic | Samic | Mordv. | Mari | Permic | Hung. | Mansi | Khanty | Samoy. | Comments | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FSM *u_a, Ms. *o/a, Smy. *ə | ||||||||||||
| "to plait" | *puno- | *ponē- | pona- | *pʊnə- | *pɨn- | fon- | *pon- | *poon- | *pən- | |||
| "facing down" | *kumo/a- | *komō- | koma- | *kʊmə- | *kɨm- | hom- | *kom- | *koom- | *kəmə- | |||
| "egg" | *muna | *monē | *mona | *mʊnə | - | moń | *man | style="color:green" *mooɳ | *mənå | |||
| "to squeeze" | *puserta- | *počē- | - | *pʊnćə- | *pɨdźɨrt- | fačar- | *pos- | *poosər- | - | |||
| "to melt, molten" | *sula(-) | - | *sola(-) | *šʊle- | *sɨl(-) | ol(vad) | *talaa- | *ɬoɬaa- | - | |||
| "to extinguish" | *kus-tu- (…?) | *kopsē- | - | - | *kusɨ- | - | - | *kopəɬ- | *kəptå- | |||
| "feather" | *sulka | *tolkē | *tolga | - | *tɨlɨ | toll | *towəl | *tokəɬ | *tuə | Cf. #tuxlə | ||
| "crook'd" | *kura, *kurja | - | - | - | *kɨr- | - | - | *kor | *kərå | -rj- fits Kh. better | ||
| "to blink" | - | - | *końa-/ə- | *kʊmə- | *kuń- | huń- | *koń- | *koń- | *kəń- | F. küünü- cf. *küńe- "tear". No clear cluster? | ||
| "land" | *muta | *moðē | moda | - | - | - | - | - | *məjå | |||
| "to become happy" | *muja- (…?) "to smile" |
*mojē- | - | - | - | - | - | - | *məjə- | |||
| "stream" | *voo | *uvē ~ *ɤvē | - | - | - | - | *ow- | E. *ooɣ-, W. aw |
- | |||
| "to hang" | - | *ko/ɤcō- | - | *kečə- | *kɨš- | - | *kaš- | *kooč- | - | |||
| "mud" | *kura | - | - | - | - | - | *kor- | *koor | - | |||
| "ice crust" | - | *čoðē | - | - | - | - | *šaĺ | *sooj | - | |||
| "cloud(y)" | Fi. kumuri | - | kovol | - | - | homaaĺ | *kom- | - | - | |||
| "back" | *muka- | - | - | - | - | *məjå- | Check AASmy | |||||
| "to tell" | *jutte- | - | jofta- | - | - | *jaats- "to play" |
- | - | *jəptə- | |||
| "cloudberry" | *muura- | - | - | *mor-aak | *moor-ək | *mərå-ŋkå | Check AASmy | |||||
| "to hit" | *puto- | *poðō- | - | puðə- | U. pɨĺ- ~ K. peĺ | *poĺ- | - | *pəjä- | Smy *-ä after *ðʲ | |||
| "block of wood" | *luta | *lotē | - | - | - | - | - | - | *jəčə | *-t- or *-č-? | ||
| "10" | - | *lokē | - | *lu | *lɨd | olvaš- | *low | *loŋət- ? | - | Mari CV → long. Cf. *lukə- "to read". P. "number" ← *lukanta, cf. Ms *lowənt- "to count"; H. metathesis?! | ||
| "wide" | - | *komtē | - | *kʊmda | - | - | - | *komət | - | |||
| "narrowing" | - | *čorō | - | - | *śuur | sor- | *sarɯɯ | *sart | - | |||
| "male" | *uros | *orēs | - | - | - | uur | - | - | - | |||
| "to push" | *surva/u- | - | - | *šʊre- | - | suur- | - | - | - | |||
| "net" | - | - | - | - | K. tɨl | - | *toləɣ | W. *toxəɬ | - | *tulka or *tula-ka? | ||
| "hill" | *kumpa/u | *kompō | komba | - | *gɨb | - | - | - | - | ← Gmc *xumpaz. Distinct from EU *kompa "wave". P. "bog" may also not belong | ||
| "outside" | *ulko- | *olkō- | - | - | K. ɨlɤ- | - | - | - | - | |||
| "lazy" | *tuhma | *tosmē | - | - | K. dɨš | - | - | - | - | ← Gmc *dusma "stupid"? | ||
| "hair, bundle" | *tukka/u | - | - | #čuka | *čɨk- | - | - | - | - | also cf. H. čuk- "to clog" | ||
| "to rummage" | *purka- | *porkē- | Er. purga- | *pʊrɣə- | - | - | - | - | - | F. "dismantle" | ||
| "to strangle" | Es. poo- | *pūvē- | *pova- | - | *pɤd(ɨ)- | fuul- | - | - | - | check other SF? Kh. *pɯɯk- "to go sour" may not belong | ||
| "to fish w/net" | - | *koltē- | - | - | - | - | *kult- | *kåålt- | Sk. qoldɛi- | *kulk(ə)-ta-, hence Ms *u? | ||
| "stern" | *tuhto | *totkō | - | Hi. tɤktɤ | K. tɨk | tat | *tokət | *tokət | *tətə | F&S possibly ← Gmc *θuftōn | ||
| "to cross water" | - | *mokcē- | - | - | - | - | - | - | *məčå- | |||
| "dew" | *lɤpsē | ĺe/akš | *lʊpš | K. lɨs | *jəptå- | S. *o → ɤ / _p | ||||||
| "(to) crumble" | *mure/u- | *morē, *moarrɤ- | - | - | - | mar | *mur- | *moor- | *mərə | |||
| "major river" | *juka | *jokɤ | - | - | - | - | - | - | *jəkå | + Russ. substratal *juka. F. "waterfall", Mo. jov ← *jôki? | ||
| "finger" | - | *sūvðē | - | - | - | ujj | *tuĺaa' | *ɬååj | *təjå | |||
| "(to) bore" | *pura | *porē | - | - | *pɨr | fuur | #pOr | *por | *pər- | Cf. IE | ||
| "bubble" | *kupla | *koplē | - | *kʊwəl | - | hoĺag | *kɯwl | *komḷəŋ | - | *-ml-? | ||
| "lip" | *turpa "muzzle" |
- | *tərva | *tʏrwə | *tɨrpɨ | - | - | N. *torəp | - | or Kh ← K. | ||
| "destruction; fight" | Fi. tuho | - | - | - | *tɨšk | - | - | - | - | |||
| "to bewitch" | *lumot- | *lomō- | - | *lʊmə- | - | - | - | - | - | |||
| "bowl" | *kuppV | *skoppē | kopo | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||
| "to yelp, sob" | - | *noskē- | Er. noska- | - | - | - | - | - | - | F *nuuska- ← Sw., *nuuhka ← onom. | ||
| "axe; knife" | - | *čorkkō | - | - | - | - | N. śoxri | *ćo(o)kər | - | OU → K ćukri, U ćukɨr? | ||
| "" | ||||||||||||
| FSM *u_i, Ms. *u, Kh. *o, Smy. *u / _CC | ||||||||||||
| "pole" | - | *olkɤ | Mk. olga | - | K. ɨl | - | N. aawlaa | N. *oxəɬ | *uj | F. ulku ← S. | ||
| "to go" | *kulke- | *kolkɤ- | koĺge- | - | K. kɨlal- | halad- | - | *kååkəɬ- | *kəj- | Cf. PIE *kʷelH- | ||
| "(to) pee" | *kuse- | *końčɤ- | - | *kʊža- | *kudź- | huuɟ- | *kunć- | *kos- | *kunsə- | |||
| "marten" | Es. nugis | - | - | *n/ńiź | ńust | *ńoks | *ńokəs | TN noxo | Ms. points to *-a | |||
| "flurry" | *purku | *porkɤ | Er. porga- ~ Mk. purga- |
Me. purɣə- | K. pɨra | forr | *porkɯɯj | *porkaaj | *purət- | or Mo. ← *purki-. ObU -k- ?! U. pur "glo", H. "boil" may not belong | ||
| "to swim" | *ui- | *vōjɤ- | *ujə- | *iä- | *uuj- | uus- | *uj- | *ooj/ć- | *u- | S. *ujə → *ōjɤ? Cf. "tip". Ditto Mo.? | ||
| "skis" | *suksi | - | *soks | - | - | - | *towt | *ɬok | *tutə | |||
| "to kno" | *tunte- | *tomtɤ- | - | - | *tod- | tud- | - | - | *cumcə- | maybe *čumtə- w/ č/t assimilations? | ||
| "20" | - | - | komś | - | *kɨź | huus | *kus | *koos | - | *ms → *ws → *s in Ug.? | ||
| "grass" | *nurmi | *ńormɤ | - | - | - | - | *ńuurəm | *ńåårəm | - | |||
| "tube" | *pucki | *pockɤ | *počkə | *pʊč | *pučk | - | - | - | *pučə | P. "inside" | ||
| "ant" | *kutki | *kotkɤ | Er. kotkodav | *kʊtkə | *koot | - | - | - | TN xudumka | |||
| "crane" | *kurki | *kōrkɤ | *kargə | - | - | - | - | - | *kəro | |||
| "" | ||||||||||||
| FSM *u_i, Ms. *u, Kh. *o, Smy. *oC (std. PU *o_i or *u_i?) | ||||||||||||
| "turn, to get lost" | - | *jorɤ- | - | - | U. jɨromɨ- K. jɨr "depth" |
†jorgo- "pity" | *jorəɣl- | *jorəɣɬ-, *jooɣər- | jü/urə- | *ju → *jü in PSmy/PSk? Also cf. Smy jorä "deep", S. *jormē "depth, whirlpool". H. jaar- "go" may not belong | ||
| "to spawn" | *kute- | *koðɤ- | - | - | K. kuĺmɨ- | *kuĺəm | *kååj- | - | ||||
| "to wear" | *kulu- | *kolɤ- | - | - | K. gɨlal- | - | *kol- | *kolaa- | - | |||
| "cleft" | *kuru/i- | - | - | *kʊrək | K. kɨr | hor- | - | *koor | - | S. *kūrɤ ← F. K. guran "hole" may not belong | ||
| "(to) coff" | - | *kosɤ(-) | *koz(ə-) | - | *kɨz(ɨ)- | - | - | *kooɬ(-) | *kot(-) | |||
| "sno" | *lumi | *lomɤ | *loŋ | *lʊm | *lɨmɨ | lom | - | - | *jom- | |||
| "bone" | *luu | - | *lovaža | *lu | *lɨ | - | *luw | *loɣ | *lɤ | Mari CV → long | ||
| "to pass by" | - | *molɤ- | *moĺə- | - | - | muul- | Tv mal- ~ CMs *mul- |
- | - | |||
| "to bite" | *pure- | *porɤ- | *poŕə- | *pʊra- | *puur(ɨ)- | - | *pur- | *por- | *por- | |||
| "to blo" | *puhu- | *posō- | - | - | K. puškɨ- | fuu- | *put- | *poɬaa- | Sk. puttu? | |||
| "side" | - | - | - | - | K vɨj | - | *wujəl | - | - | Tv wɤjəl | ||
| "hut" | - | - | - | - | U. tɨlɨs | - | *tul | - | - | Ms. "tent pole". F. *talas/-oi ← Baltic *tala- | ||
| "summer" | *suvi | *sɤŋɤ- | - | - | - | - | *tuj | *ɬoŋ | *təŋ | |||
| "to come" | *tule- | *tolɤ- | - | *tola- | - | talaal- | - | - | *toj- | |||
| "fire" | *tuli | *tolɤ | *tol | *tʊl | *tɨl | - | - | - | *tuj | |||
| "to learn" | - | - | *tona- | *tʊne- | *tuun-- | *tanul- | - | - | *təntå- | *-a or *-ə? | ||
| "morning" | - | - | - | - | - | hol- | *kol | *kol- | SSm *kər | |||
| "new" | *uuci | *oðɤ | *od | *u | *vɨĺ | uuj | - | - | - | Mari CV → long. F. length from *wu-? | ||
| "" | ||||||||||||
| "moon" | *kuu | - | *koŋ | - | - | hoov | - | *kow | *kïj | LuS kuojijti- ← *kaja- | ||
| "mouth" | *suu | *čovɤ, *čontɤk | - | šu | - | saaj | *suup, *saw? | *sooɣaa | *so | |||
| *u_i, FP only | ||||||||||||
| "to cram" | *cuŋke- | *coŋkɤ- | *toŋgə- | *čʏŋɣər | K. čɨgəm | - | - | - | - | FS ← Gmc *θwinga-? H. dug "to squeeze" (& Ms *tokr-?) ← Trk *dïg "id." | ||
| "to press" | - | *norɤ- | - | - | *nɨr- | - | - | - | - | |||
| "to read" | *luke- | *lokɤ- | Er. lovo- ~ Mk. luvə- |
*lʊða- | - | - | - | - | - | Cf. *luka "10"; IE *leǵ- | ||
| "to sharpen" | - | *čokɤ- | śuvo- | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||
| "sleep" | *uni | - | on | - | - | - | - | - | - | ← IE? | ||
| "to depart" | *urke- | - | orgo- | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||
| "to enquire" | *utele- | *ocɤ- | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||
| Long (?) | ||||||||||||
| "to hear" | *kuule- | *kūlɤ- | kuĺe- | *kola- | *kɨl- | hall- | *kaal- | *kåål- | - | Cf. Smy *kåw "ear" | ||
| "wind" | *tuuli | - | - | Me. tul | *tɤl | - | - | - | - | or something like *ow? | ||
| "to ro" | *sowta- | *sūkɤ- | - | *šua- | K. sɨn- | - | *tow- | *ɬoɣəl-, VVj ɬaaɣəŋt- |
*tu- | *suxi-, F. dissimil. deriv. (S. *suvtē- ← F.) | ||
| "sheep" | *uuhi ~ *utti | - | uča | *ʊžɣa | *ɨž | - | *aaš | *aač | - | ← IE *aǵ-, ObU independantly (~ F. *voohi)? | ||
| Ms. *aa ~ Kh. *uu | ||||||||||||
| "6" | *kuuci | *kūtɤ | koto | *kut | *kwat | hat | *kaat | *kuut | - | |||
| "to call" | *kuccu- | *koččō- | - | - | - | - | - | *kuuť- | - | |||
| "herd of reindeer" | - | *čorɤk | - | - | - | - | *šaar- | *suur | - | |||
| "eyebrows; temple" | *kulma | - | - | - | - | - | - | *kuuĺəm | - | S. *kūlmē ← F. Note *ĺ?! | ||
| "birch" | - | - | - | - | *kɨdź | - | *koš- | *kuuńć | - | If not *a or something. F. *kaski may be ← IE *h₁es- | ||
| "" | ||||||||||||
| "" | ||||||||||||
| F u ~ M u (probably adstratal) | ||||||||||||
| "stem" | *runko | *roŋkē | Er. rungo ~ Mk ronga |
- | - | - | - | - | - | ← Gmc *skrunkaz | ||
| "bump" | *muhka | *mokšē | Er. muška | - | - | - | - | - | - | ~ Ru. myška "mousie"? | ||
| "wood" | *huhta | - | *šuftə | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||
| "broken" | *luhVj | - | *luža- | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||
| "lichen" | *luppV | *lɤppō | - | nupəń | ||||||||
| To sort | ||||||||||||
| "sack" | - | *pūðā | - | - | - | - | - | - | *påtə | |||
| "top" | F. sukka | *čokkɤ | - | - | *ćuuk | - | *ćak- | *ćäk | *sok | |||
| "body" | - | *korōntē | - | - | - | - | *kur- | *kor | #kər | Check Smy. | ||
| "tin, lead" | - | - | - | *wulnə | - | oon | *olən | *oolnə | ||||
| "curve" | *mutka | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | *måcə | |||
| "frost" | *kuura | *korā | - | - | *gɤɤr | har | - | - | - | |||
| "pole" | - | *sosō | *šočko | - | *džadž | - | - | - | Sk. čoočə | |||
| "him/her" | *hän | *son | son | - | U. so ~ K. sɨ | öö | *täw | *ɬöɣ | - | *u ~ *ü | ||
| "prod" | *tutka- | *tūðkē | Er. totka (!!) | - | U. tuĺɨm | tööɟ | *täĺək | *töj | - | *u ~ *ü | ||
| "(to) shit" | *paska | *pɤškɤ | *pəśkiźe- | *pʊškəða- | - | foš | *poć | *poť | - | S. *o→ ɤ / p_ | ||
| "clump" | *puŋka | *pūŋkē | pokoĺ | - | U. pog ~ K. bugɨĺ | - | *paak | #pooŋkəḷ | - | H. bog (and P?) "knot" ← Trc *bog "bundle" | ||
| "reindeer knee" | - | *pūnčēs | - | - | U. pɨdźɤs ~ K. pidźɤs | - | - | - | *punsV | K. M > F /_Ć ? | ||
| "narrow, top" | *suppa | *čūppɤ, NS čoppe | - | - | *śoop-, K. ćup | sup-, čuup | - | - | -
[ F. suippu from × huippu |
|||
| "(to) dry" | *kujva(-) | Lu. kuife | - | - | - | - | - | *kojəm- | - | |||
| "thin" | *hupa | Er. čova ~ Mk. šuva(ńä) | - | - | - | šovaań | - | - | - | *č- | ||
| "to speak" | *jutte- | - | jovta- | - | - | jaat- | - | - | - | |||
| "to feel" | *muja-, *muista-, Li. moistə- | - | muje- | *mooa- | *mååď- | - | mu(u)t- | *muuj- | - | Rather *o | ||
| "door" | *uksi | *ūksɤ | - | - | *ɤs | - | - | - | - | Or B. *ōksa → F. → S. | ||
| "groove, path" | *ura | - | ur- | - | - | - | *uuraj | #wuuri | - | Cf. F. *uurta- "to groove" | ||
| "udder" | *utar | - | odar | *wadar | - | - | - | - | - | ← IE, zero grade vs. full grade | ||
| "ash; lye" | - | *kūnɤ | - | *kon | K. kun | - | - | - | - | ← IE | ||
| "to lose; to spoil; to hide" | *hukkat- | - | - | *čɨk- | - | čuk- | - | - | #təkå- | Or F. ← Gmc *sukka | ||
| "pole" | - | L. sosso | *čočkə | - | *džadž | - | - | - | Sk. čoočə | |||
| "collar" | - | - | - | - | - | - | *rɤɤkʷ | *rook | - | Rather *o? Ne. *ruku ← Kh. | ||
| "to chew, gnaw" | - | - | - | - | - | raag- | "L. rågn-" | - | *luŋkəj- | |||
| "lily, onion" | - | - | - | - | - | - | T taŋkəl | VV *ɬooɣəɭ | #tokul | *l-ɭ → ɭ-ɭ in Vakh? | ||
| "to divide" | - | - | - | - | *šɨr- | irt-, †ort- | - | *ɬort- | *tarV- | |||
| "tip, sharp thing" | *hui | *sōjɤ | - | - | *šɨ ~ *ši | - | - | - | - | S. *ujə → *ōjɤ ? Cf. "to swim" | ||
| "to wash" | *huhto- | - | *kšta- | - | - | - | - | - | - | Probably adstratal, *šukšta- | ||
| "mortar" | *huhmar ~ Ka huumar | - | *šovar | *šuar | - | - | - | - | - | |||
| "gruel" | F huttu | |||||||||||
| "lip; mouth" | *huuli | ? | - | - | - | - | - | *ɬuuɬ | - | What does does S. *sūlɤ "approximate" have to do with this? | ||
| "down; beard" | F untuva | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | #muntV- | Bad. Slk *untə | ||
| "be forgotten" | *unV-hta- | - | - | - | *vun(et)- | - | - | - | - | F better from "sleep" | ||
| "up" | - | - | - | - | - | - | *num | *nuum, *nååmən | #num, Sk *nom | |||
| "up" | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | *nuuk | #ńAŋtV | Cf. prev. | ||
| "to scrape" | F nuhja-, nuoha-, Es nuha- | - | - | *nuže- | - | - | - | *noɬ- | *nət- | |||
| "moss" | - | - | - | - | K ńɨč(k) | - | - | - | *ńåTA- | |||
| "to flay" | - | - | - | - | U ńi/ɨj- | ńuuz- | Tv nooj-, *ńuj- | - | - | "see *ńowə-" | ||
| "fir" | - | - | - | *nʊlɣə | *ńɨl | *ńulV | *ńalkə | #ńulkV | ||||
| "steep" | - | - | - | - | *ńɨl- | - | *ńul-təŋ | - | - | |||
| "to rest" | - | - | Er. nuvśe-, Mo. nuva- |
- | - | ńug(os)- | *ńuunt- | *ńooɣəɬ- | *ńuŋ(əś)- | |||
| "midge" | - | - | - | *lʊməj | U nɨmɨ ~ K nom | - | - | - | - | |||
| "midge" | - | - | - | (*lʊmə) | U ĺum | - | *ĺVməj | - | - | |||
| "club" | *nuhja ~ *nujja | - | - | nöšle- | U nušɨ ~ K nɤs(k) | - | - | - | - | |||
| "marten" | - | - | - | *lʊj | - | - | "loisa" | - | Sk lokka, Ma lui | |||
| "downstream" | - | *lū- | - | - | - | - | *luuj- | *laŋa | ||||
| "wet" | Es lopp(a) | - | *lop(a)- | *lʊp- | K lap- | - | - | - | - | |||
| "weak" | - | - | - | *lʊš(kə)- | K. lɨškɨd | - | - | - | - | |||
| "horse" | - | - | - | - | - | √lov- | *luw | *laaw-, V looɣ- | - | also F. lupo "stallion"? | ||
| "path" | F. juntu | - | - | - | - | - | *još | *jooč | - | |||
| "middle" | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | *jäčə | *jončV | |||
| "to bind" | - | - | - | - | *jɨt- | - | - | - | FN jūťe- | |||
| "pine" | - | - | - | - | - | - | *ji(i)w | *juuɣ | *jɤ | best *jëxə? | ||
| "fierce; strong" | F julma | - | - | - | *joonm- | - | - | - | - | |||
| "god" | *jumala | - | ? | *jʊmə | - | - | - | - | - | + Mo. ill-attested jumi. ← II dyumān- ? | ||
| "inside" | - | - | - | - | - | joh, juh | *juw, *jun | *jo(o)ɣ | - | |||
| "to come" | - | - | - | - | - | jut- | *jokt- | *joɣət- | - | Cf. *ju/ota-? | ||
| "hump" | *mukula | - | - | *mʊɣəĺ | *mɨĺ(i) | - | - | - | - | -ĺ-?? | ||
| "trough, scoop" | F kuiri/u | - | - | - | *gɨr | - | *kʷaaro | *kuurə | #kuj | |||
| "back" | - | - | - | *tup | U. tɨbɨr | top | - | - | - | |||
| "neck" | *turja "nape" |
- | - | - | - | - | - | torok | *tur | *tuu₁r | - | *turə-ja? + H. tarja "crest etc." |
| "to break" | - | - | - | *tuɣe- | U. tijal- | - | - | - | - | |||
| "kernel" | *tuuma, F tuma | - | *toŋ | Hi. toŋ ~ Me. tomə | - | - | - | - | - | #towŋɜ?? | ||
| "to fill" | F. tuppat- | - | *topaftə-, *topəďə- |
- | - | - | - | - | - | |||
| "stiff" | *turta | - | - | *turta- | K. tural- | - | - | - | - | |||
| "to observe" | - | - | - | *tʊšle- | U. dɨšɨ- | - | - | - | - | medial?? | ||
| "sorcery" | - | - | - | - | - | taaltoš | *tooɬt | - | Maybe *o. NMs tuultən "light, easy" semantically bad | |||
| "to kill; death" | *sure- *surmA |
- | - | - | - | - | N. sorəm | *suur- *surəm |
- | Ms. ← Kh? | ||
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