Mansi
Proto-Mansi
Vowels: nominally *i *u *ä *a ±length, also *ëë *o *ü (-- is there really any short *ë?), so coverable as a cubic system distinguishing only [±close], [±front], [±labial] (with *ë treated as [+close]). In practice the inventory would've not been quite that neat as short *ä *ü *u may've been [e ø o], long *i *u [eː oː].
(Transcription notes: now *ee rather than *ii.)
Consonants: *m *n *ń *-ŋ-, *p *t *ć *k, *s *š *-ɣ-, *w *l *ĺ *j, *r
- Not sure if labiovelars existed at this stage
- *š represent both PU *č, and under certain conditions PU *ś.
- *ś → *š seems to be regular before PU *i *e: *śilmä #śEnə *śečä (or *čečä?) *śepä *śe/êkä *śêðäm #śêrV, EU *śêlə
- not in *śe(x)rV → *sir
- also cases of irregular *ä → *i: *śälä- → *šil- (but: *śäkśə → *siɣs; assimilation?)
- II loans: #śasra → #šaatər, *śëta → *šɤɤt, *śorBa → *šaarp (but *śëlka → *sɤɤl)
- not normally before *ë *ä *ü: *śëmə *śo/ëðka *śëla- *śäŋkə *śäxə *śüðʲə *śülkə-. NB late /ü/ in *šiɣ → Tavda /süw/ !?
- also *śuðʲa → *šaĺ, *śa/ora → *šuur-, *śopa → #šop, #śona → #šon, Ug. *soŋkə → *šuum; F. sampi ~ *šupəɣ, H. záp, szőr ~ *#šaapəl, *šäär
- related? *sejə → *säj (but *sewə- → *tii-)
- There seems to be a soundlaw *p → ∅ before coronals
- *aptə- *ëptə #Säptə *ipsə *küpsV → *uut- *ëët *säät *ät *küt (but "N" äp?)
- *sopśə → *taas
- *čuPčV → *šošəɣ (vs. Khanty #čaapčə(k))
Dialectal developments
(cf. Honti, Kálmán, Sammallahti '88; Zhivlov '06)
- Tavda (Tavdin, South Mansi)
- *ëë → ʌː
- → eː / _[+palatal]
- *üü, *ü → [y] (short!)
- *oo → [uo] (perhaps in part a retention from POU)
- *ee → ii, except / _r,
- *ë *u *ä → [ʌ o ɛ]
- *k → ∅ / ŋ_#
- Short front vowel redistribution
- Preliminary cheshirization: *l *n *t → ĺ ń ť / *i_
- *i → ü / _w_
- *ä → ü / _w ?
- *i → ä EXCEPT / _{ć ĺ ť}, ? _š
- *ä → i / _j_ (including former *ij)
- *ow → oː / _C (but not *uw!)
- *ɣ → j / i_ ë_, → k / C_, → w elsewhere (later than *äj → ij, earlier than *i → *ä: *riɣ- → räj-, but *käj- → kij-)
- vowel harmony, "thematic verbs"
- *ëë → ʌː
- Core Mansi
- *ü → (ʷ)ä (velars labialized)
- *ln → nl in "hemp" (but not "tin"?)
- *aa → *oo
- *ć → ś
- lack of vowel harmony
- Central Mansi
- *ee → [ie]
- *ää → *öä
- *ä → *ää
- *ü *üü *ii introduced from somewhere (??)
- Konda (aka East Mansi; Upper, Mid, Lo subdialects)
- *ɔ *a → ŏă (merged and difthongized)
- *i *ï *u → [ɪ ə ʊ] (written as ‹e a o›!)
- *-əɣ → -iː
- Lower Konda: *ë *ëë → [ɑ ɑː] (elsewhere [ɤ ɤː], cf. North), *ə → [ɒ]
- Upper + Mid: ∅ → w / #_ʊ, *öä → [oɒ] / _ɣ
- Upper Konda: *üü → [yö]
- *k → x / _B (some dial.)
- *š → s (some dial.)
- West Mansi (Pelymka, Mid/Lo Lozva, N/S Vagilsk)
- *a *o → aa oo (cf. *ä → *ää)
- *oo → [ɵː] (from both PMs *aa, *a)
- *öä → oa → P/ML [ɔɒ], LL [oɔ], SV [oɑ]; except NV → [yœ]
- *ï *ëë remain [ɨ ɤː]
- *Sɣ → Sː
- Pelymka
- a → ä / _ɣ , → o / p_
- ë → a (short only!)
- oaj aaj → aj
- ŋ → ŋk / _ś, _l (elsewhere?)
- i → ɨ / š_
- North Mansi (Upper Lozva, Sosva, Sygva)
- *k → x / _B (before vowel backing/fronting)
- *ï → i
- *a *o → [ɵ] ‹o›
- *ëë → [ɑː]
- *ää *ä → *aa *a [ɑː ɑ]
- *kʷa- → ko- (= PMs *kü-)
- *Sɣ → Sː / _V#
- Sosva: *š → s
- Sosva: *oo → [uo]
- Sosva: *kʷoo- → kuu-
In South + West + East: *VV → *V / _CC. Must be an areal development between the three, given vowel quality adjustments fed in per individual 'lects. Subdialectal developments of *ë can well be later though.
- *ä → Central *ää → ä
- *a → West *aa → a
- *o → West *oo → o
- *ää → South ä, East *öä → ö, West *oa → a
- *aa → South a, Central *oo → o
- *ee → South ii → i, Central e
- *ëë → South ë~e, Central ë~a
- *oo → South o, Central uu → u
Some CVC roots also undergo shortening. Could be via simplified CVCC forms or at regular CVC roots actually being CVCə, or something else entirely. Seems to be mostly a Western phenomenon.
- *poot "pot" → Pel. put (but: plural *poot-ət → puut-ət)
- *aaš "sheep", *taas "net needle", *kool "fish" → Pel. oš, tos, kul (but Konda ooš, toos, xuul!)
- *jeew (?) "tree" → Centr. jiw (NB Khanty *juuk, Smy *jë)
