Proto-Uralic/A
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The many and varied cognates of Finno-Mordvinic *a.
Bold marks apparent vocalic irregularities (note tho that rules for Permic are partly unclear), red consonantal. Italic cases are unclear.
Standard PU *a_a
By default: F&Mo *a, S. *ō, P. *uu, Ms *uu, Smy *å
| Lexeme | Finnic | Samic | Mordv. | Mari | Permic | Hung. | Mansi | Khanty | Samoyedic | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *a_ə (forking; formerly under *oo, *o_a) | ||||||||||
| "thru" | F. pahki | - | Mk. pačk | - | K. pɨšji | - | *puuš | - | Se. pooč | check Se. |
| "twig" | - | *tōrkɤ | - | Me. tor | - | - | - | *tuu₁ɣər | - | |
| "wolf" | - | - | *šʊrmə | *śör | - | - | *ćuu₁rəm | *sårmå | Ma. "lynx", P. "marten" may not belong | |
| "ground" | F. tanner | *tōntɤr | - | - | - | - | - | - | *tåntə- | |
| "birch bark" | - | - | - | - | *tooj | - | - | - | #taj | P, Smy. palzn; due to nominality? |
| "to bild" | F. rakenta- | - | - | - | - | rak- | - | - | - | Or F. rather ← Gmc *rakjan |
| *a₁_a: Ma. *a, H. a, Ms. & Kh. *uu | ||||||||||
| "bit" | F. pala | *pōlē | pal | *pultəš | - | fal | *puul | *puu₁ɭ | *pålä | Smy. *-å → *-ä after *l |
| "pot" | F. pata | - | - | *pat | - | fazeek | *puut | *puu₁t | *patə- | Smy *a → *a between stops? |
| "to open" | - | *pōncō "naked" |
*panžə- | *pača- | K. pudž- | - | *puunš- | *puu₁ɳč- | - | |
| "young deer" | - | - | Mk. śarda | *šarðə | - | - | *surtə | *suu₁rtə | Ne. siraj ? | |
| "to scoop" | *ammɜ-- | - | *amuĺa- | - | - | - | *uum- | *uu₁m- | - | |
| "marsh" | F. aro | - | - | - | - | - | *uuraj | *uu₂rə | - | |
| "mountain" | - | *vārē | - | - | - | - | *wur | *wuur | *wårå | Ms. *wuu → *(w)u. Cf. *warə. |
| "berry" | - | - | - | - | *oozɨ | - | - | *uu₂ɬ | *ota | |
| "to step" | - | - | Mk. šašto- | - | - | - | *šuuš- | *čooč- | *čåčä- | Kh. *oo after *č? |
| "to hit" | - | *cāŋmē- | *čavə- | *čaŋe- | - | - | *šɤɤŋkʷ- | *čooŋk- | *čåŋå- | Ms. cheshirization? Kh. *oo after *č? |
| "village" | F. palva- | - | - | - | - | falu | *pɤɤwəl | *puu₁kəɬ | - | Ms. cheshirization? |
| "wet sno" | - | *vōnčē | - | - | - | - | - | *uu(n)ť-kəɬ | - | *anśa |
| "sun" | F. kaja- | NS guoje | Er. kaje- | *kaja- | - | haj(-) | *kuuj ? | - | *kåjå | H/Ms. "dawn", fits better here than with F. koi |
| "in heat" | F. suota | *čōðē- | - | - | K. ćulal- | salad- | - | - | *såjä | F. ← S? Smy palatal assimilation? *-å → *-ä after *l/*ðʲ |
| "fork" | - | - | *užə | *waž | K. vož | - | - | - | *wåtå | Or *woša with Ma. irregular |
| "to peel" | - | *vōtkē- | *vatka- | *watka- | - | - | - | - | Ne. waataa- | |
| "to present" | - | - | Mk. kaźe- | *kužək | *koodźim | hason | - | - | *kåsɯ ? | P. palzn. |
| "to dig" | F. kaiva- | *koajvō- | *kaja- | *koe- | *kooj- | hajiit- | - | - | *kajwå- | P, Smy. palzn. Hi. /u/ per hiatus. |
| "to thro" | - | - | kaja- | - | *kooj- | hajiit- | - | - | - | Homophonic with the prev. |
| "foot" | F. jalka | *jōlkē | jalgo | *jal | - | ɟalog | - | - | - | |
| "to grasp" | F. tarttu- | - | - | - | - | tart- | - | - | - | |
| "roof" | F. lakka | - | - | - | - | lak- | - | - | - | H. "to dwell" |
| "brain" | F. aivo | *vōjŋē | - | - | - | aɟ | - | - | - | Mk. uj rather ← *ojwa? |
| "hard" | - | *čārēs | - | - | *ćoorɨd | - | - | - | *sårə | |
| "to shoot" | F. ampa- | - | - | - | U. ɨb- | - | - | - | - | S. *ámpó- ← F? |
| "to roast" | F. paahta- | - | - | - | *pɤɤž- | - | - | - | - | F. 2ndary length? |
| "smell" | Võ. katsk | - | kačam(o) | - | K. kočɨs | - | - | - | - | Cf. "bitter" |
| "hole" | - | - | - | *raž | K. roź | rees | - | - | - | P. palzn. |
| "currant" | - | - | - | *šaptər | U. suter ~ K. setɤr |
- | - | - | - | Cf. Gmc *sap ?? |
| "rotten" | - | - | - | *kaškə, *kaška- |
*kuuź | - | - | - | - | |
| "to gro" | - | - | - | *paše- | *puušjɨ- | - | - | - | - | |
| "to ask" | - | - | - | *jaða- | *juual- | - | - | - | - | P. ← *-uuða- ? |
| "groove" | NF *latu | - | - | *laðo | K. lu | - | - | - | - | ← Baltic? |
| "rake" | *hara, *harkki |
*sōrē | *čar-kəďə- | *šar | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "opposite" | *vasta | *vōstē | Mk. vasta | *waštareš | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "wet" | F. nahka "leather" | *ńōskē | Mk. načka | *načkə | - | - | - | (*ńašak) | - | Khanty "raw" may not belong |
| "to grind" | F. jauha- | - | jaža- | *jaŋəže- | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "fishing net" | F. vata | - | - | *wat | - | - | - | - | - | ← Gmc? |
| "harrow" | *hara | - | - | *šar(əm) | - | - | - | - | - | not loan; Gmc ← F |
| *a₂_a: Ma. *o, H. aa, Kh. *aa | ||||||||||
| "to steal, thief" | F. sala- | *sōl-ɤk | sala- | *šolə | - | - | *tuulmant- *tuulmak |
*ɬaaɬəm- *ɬaaɬmaak |
*tålä- | + EKh *ɬɯɯləɣ "stolen". Smy. *-å → *-ä after *l |
| "crust" | *kamara | - | - | *kom | *koomVĺ | haaml- | *käämtol | - | Ne. såw | U. also kɤm |
| "net" | F. kalin | - | - | - | K. kulɤm | haalo | *kuuləp | *kaaləp | - | Cf. "fish" |
| "flood, lake" | F. sarajas | - | - | *šoor | aar | *tuur | *ɬaar | - | ← II *sáras; separately in P.? | |
| "to spend a night" | - | - | - | - | U. kɤl ~ K. kol | haal- | *kuul- | *kaal- | - | |
| "to bark" | - | - | - | *opte- | *uut- | - | *uut- | *aapət- | - | |
| "low ground" | - | - | - | - | U. śum | - | *suujəm | *saajəm | - | |
| "wild; animal" | - | - | - | - | K. vɤj | - | *wuj | *waajəɣ | - | P. *waR → *vɤɤR- ? Ms *wuu → *wu |
| "to conjure" | - | - | Er. al(s)ta- | *ulte- | - | aald- | - | *aaləɬ- | - | |
| "white" | *hahka | - | Mk. akša | *oš | - | - | - | *aaš | - | |
| "rodent" | - | - | Mk. maksa- | - | - | - | - | *maaɣ | - | Weak. Mo. "mole", Kh. "beaver" |
| "to beat soft" | *vanu- | - | - | - | - | vaańol- | - | - | - | |
| "to sit" | - | - | - | - | - | - | *uunl/t- | *aaməs/t- | *åmtə- | |
| "to stand" | Liv. saiso- | *čōnčō- | - | *šɪnće- | K. sidź- | - | *tuunć- | W *ɬaanć-, E *ɬɯɯnć- |
*tänsə- | CF seiso-. Ma. & Smy. point to original *ä. (Mo. *śta- ← IE?) |
| Mari, Hungarian and Khanty disagree | ||||||||||
| "to carry" | *kanta- | *kōntē- | *kandə- | *kande- | - | - | *kuunt | *kaant | *kån- | |
| "to leave" | *katoda- | *kōðē- | *kadə- | *koðe- | *kooĺ- | haɟ- | *kuuĺ- | *kaaj- | *kåjä- | +Ma *koða- "stay". P. palzn. Smy. *-å → *-ä after *ðʲ |
| "fish" | *kala | *kōlē | *kal | *kol | - | hal | *kuul | *kuu₁ɬ | *kålä | Smy. *-å → *-ä after *l |
| "to thro" | *vatkada- | - | *vačka- | vačka- ? | - | - | - | *waaškalt- | ||
| "to burst" | *pakkahta- | - | - | - | - | fakad- | - | *paaɣ- | - | |
| "to stand" | - | - | - | *šalɣ- | *sul- | aall- | - | - | - | |
| Indistinct *a_a | ||||||||||
| "to drive" | F. aja- | vōjē- | aj- | - | *ooj- | - | *wujt- | - | - | ← IE *aɟe- ? P. palzn, Ms. *wuu → *(w)u |
| "to sink" | *vaja- | *vōjō- | vaja- | - | *vɤɤj(ɨ)- | vaaj-, vejse- |
*(w)uj- | - | - | P. *waR → *wɤɤR?, Ms. *wuu → *(w)u |
| "death" | *kalma | *kōlmē | kalma- "to bury" |
- | - | - | - | *kålm- | *kaxl-ma? Cf. "to die" | |
| "word" | F. vala | *vōlē | val | - | - | - | - | - | *wålä | Smy. *-å → *-ä after *l |
| "to stick; fork" | Võ. tsank | *čōŋkō- | *śaŋgə | - | - | - | - | - | *såŋkə- | |
| "in-law" | F. nato | *nōtō | - | *nuðə | - | - | - | - | *nåto | |
| "knot" | F. pahka | - | Mk. pakškä | - | - | - | - | - | *påktV | |
| "branch" | NF *sarka | *sōrkē | - | - | - | - | - | - | *tårkå | |
| "skin" | F. talja | *tōljē | - | - | - | - | - | - | *tåjå | if not F & S. ← B. |
| "to rain" | *sata- | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | *sårå- | |
| "left" | *vasen | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | *wåtä ? | |
| "behind" | *taka- | *tuokē- | - | - | - | - | - | - | *takə | Smy *a → *a between stops? |
| "to want" | - | - | *karma- | - | - | - | - | - | *kərmå- ? | |
| "to rain" | F. sata- | *čāðē- | - | - | - | - | - | - | *sårå- | S. also *čōcē- "to hit" (won't go with Smy.) |
| "gruel" | - | - | Mk. jam | - | - | - | - | - | *jamä | Smy. palzn after *j? Distribution bad |
| "thru" | - | - | Mk. šačk | - | - | - | - | - | Se. sačk | Only Mo. and Se, sibilant assimilation? |
| "aunt, older sister" | - | - | - | - | K. ob | - | *uup | *opə | *åpå | |
| "rotten" | - | *cōmcē | - | Me. šać | *žoodź | - | - | - | - | P. palzn. |
| "series" | F. sarja | - | - | - | *śoor | - | - | - | - | P. palzn. (*-rj-) |
| "with" | F. kanssa | - | - | - | *gooz | - | - | - | - | ← Gmc *xansa? P. palzn. also before plain sibilants? |
| "rump" | - | - | Er. kaśke ~ Mk. kaska |
- | *koos | - | - | - | - | P. palzn. also before plain sibilants? |
| "" | ||||||||||
Standard PU *ë
→ F. *a, S. *ō, Mo. *a as well
| Lexeme | Finnic | Samic | Mordv. | Mari | Permic | Hung. | Mansi | Khanty | Samoyedic | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ma. ö/ü, P. *uu, Ms. *ɤɤ, Kh. *aa, Smy. *ɤ (std. PU *ëCC, *ëCi) | ||||||||||
| "tree stump" | *kanto | - | *kandə | - | (K. gɨd) | - | *kɤɤnt | *kaant | - | S. *kōntōj, *kāntē ← F. K. "bend, bottom", may not belong. |
| "land" | *maa | - | - | *mü, *mu | *muu | - | *mɤɤ(ɣ-) | *meɣ | - | *mëxə |
| "hair" | F. hapsi | *vōptɤ | - | *üp | - | - | *ɤɤt | *aapət | *ɤptə | |
| "sore; groin" | F. naarmu | TS ńaarme | - | - | - | - | *ńɤɤrəm | *ńaarəm | Cf. also F. näärvä, S. *nárá- ibid. | |
| "swede; pine seed" | *nakris | - | - | - | - | - | *nɤɤr | *naakər | - | |
| "cartilage" | - | *ńōr-kēs | *nar | *nör-ɣə | - | ńiir | *ńɤɤr-əɣ | *ńaarək | *ńɤr | *ńërə-ka (per Mo, no ObU metath.) |
| "gills" | - | *ńōkčɤm | - | *našmə | K. ńokćim | - | *ńɤɤkśəm | *ńaa(ŋ)kśəm | Ne. ńińśku, Ka. neeni ? | |
| "crane" | - | - | - | - | *tuuri | daru, -rv- | *tɤɤrəɣ | *taarəɣ | - | *tërə-ka? Cf. abov. |
| "limb" | - | - | - | - | - | loll | *lɤɤɣəl | *ɭaakəɭ | - | |
| "to split" | F. sali- | *čōlɤ- | - | - | - | sil | - | - | - | Cf. F. säle "splinter" |
| "straight" | - | *ńōlkɤ- | - | - | - | ńilv | - | - | - | |
| "to live" | *ase- | - | *eźə- | - | *uźɨ- | - | - | - | #ɤsV- | Cf. IE *h₁es- |
| "child, cradle" | F. lapsi | lavś | *lɤpš | - | - | - | - | *j/lɤpsə | ||
| "to get wet" | - | *lōccɤ- | - | *löčä- | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "to bury" | - | - | - | *müde- | *muudɨ- | - | - | - | - | *mëxə-ta-, cf. "land" |
| "to drink" | *joo- | *jūkɤ- | - | *jüä- | *juu- | iv- | *äj- | *ɤ- | ← IA *ǵuǵʰew-? | |
| "loon" | - | *toktɤ-kɤ | - | *toktə | K. toktɨ | - | *tɤɤɣ~kt | *taaktəŋ | - | |
| Similar except F. *oo, P. *ɤ (std. PU *ëx_i, may be presonorant lengthening) | ||||||||||
| "vein" | *sooni | *sōnɤ | san | *šün | *sɤn | iin | *tɤɤn | *ɬaan | *čɤn | |
| "arrow" | *nooli | *ńōlɤ | nal | *nölö | U. ńil ~ K. ńɨl | ńiil | *ńɤɤl | *ńaaɬ | *ńɤj | |
| "fish skin" | *soomu | *čōmɤ | śav | *šüm | *śɤm | - | *sɤɤm | *saam | - | Ne. śaam ← PS *kamə |
| "bird cherry" | *toomi | *ðōmɤ | Er. ĺom ~ Mk. lajm |
*lom | *ĺɤm | - | *ĺɤɤm | *jååm | *jɤm | |
| "year" | *vooci | - | - | - | *wåå | vaĺ | - | *aal | *ɤrö | Smy. "autumn". S. *-vōtɤ may not belong. Cf. IA *vataḥ? |
| "wet place" | *noori | *ńōrɤ | nar | *nöre- *nörɣə "sprout" |
*ńuur *ńɤr "sprout" |
ńirok | *ńɤɤr | - | *ńɤr | F ."young", S. "weak". F. *noro ← Gmc. |
| "duck" | - | SS sjotsjo | (Er. šenže) | - | *čɤž | - | *šɤɤš | *čaač | - | Er. w/ š- may not belong? Cf. F. hanhi "goose" ← B. |
| "mitten" | - | - | - | *piž | *pɤź | - | *pɤɤsɣə | *paas | - | |
| "stale (bread)" | *kalteda | - | - | - | *kɤldi | - | - | - | - | |
| "to produce" | - | *čōltē- | - | - | *ćɤlt- | - | - | - | - | F. suolta- rather ← *sooli |
| IE loans: West *a_a, H. aa, Ms. *ɤɤ, Kh. *aa, not in Smy | ||||||||||
| "100" | *sata | *čōtē | *śadə | *šüðə | *śoo | saaz | *šɤɤt | *saat | - | ← II *śata; separately in P. ? |
| "calf" | *vasa | *vōsē | *vaz | - | - | (üsöö) | *wɤɤsəɣ | - | - | ← II |
| "pole" | NF *salko | *čōlkōj | *śalgə | - | *śuul | saal | *sɤɤɣlaa | *saakəl | - | ← PIE *ɟʱalgʱaa. K. dźal probably later |
| "mushroom" | - | - | *paŋgə | *poŋɣɤ | - | - | *pɤɤŋk | *paaŋk | - | ← II; Skr. paŋka "swamp" (~ L. fungus, G. spongos) |
| "grass" | *tarna | - | - | - | *tuurɨm | - | - | - | - | ← II *trna |
| "streak" | juoni | *jōnɤ | jan | - | - | - | - | - | - | ← IA *jaana, F. VV / _Rə. Also F. jana |
| Ma. o/ü, P. *u, Ms. *a/*ɤɤ, Kh. *ɯɯ, Smy. *ɯ (std. PU *ëCa - note open syllables in Smy!) | ||||||||||
| "down" | F. ala- | *vōlē- | alə | *ül | *uul | al- | *jal | *ɯɯɬ | *ɯlə | Ma. from *ël-i?? |
| "to divide" | F. jaka- | *jōkē- | *javə- | - | *juuk | - | *jaɣtit ? | *jɯɯkəɬ | *jəkə- | Ms. East only. |
| "land" | *lanci | *lōmtē | *lanďa- | Hi. landaka | *luud | - | - | - | *ləmtu- | ← IE at least in Ma? |
| "to leave" | *valka-(ma) | *vōlkē- | *valgə- | *wale- | - | vaal- | *wɤɤɣəl | *wɯɯkəl | - | Ms. per original closed syllable? |
| "sembra" | - | - | - | - | *suus | - | *tɤɤt | *ɬɯɯkəɬ | *tɯtə(k) | Ms. per original closed syllable? |
| "liver" | F. maksa | *mōksē | *maksə | *mokš | *muusk | maaj | *mɤɤjət | *muu₁kəɬ | *mɯtə | Ms. per original closed syllable? Kh. *ɯɯ → *uu after a labial? |
| "mother-in-law" | F. anoppi | *vōnēm | - | - | - | - | *aanəp | *oonəp | *ɯnå | ObU *Onəp < *onə-pV? |
| "to put" | *akta- | *vōktē- | Mk. aftə- | *optə- | K. oktɨ- | - | - | *ɯɯkət | *ɯtå- | |
| "rested" | - | *vōŋēs | - | *üŋəšə | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Indistinct between *ë_i and *a2_i | ||||||||||
| "thick" | *sakeda, sakka- | *sōkɤtē | - | *šukɤ "much" | K. suk | - | - | - | - | -k- / -kk- ? Could be *o_i with F. irregular? |
| "stalk, axle" | - | - | E. sad | *šüðər | *zoo | - | - | - | - | Ma. points to *ë, P. possibly to *a |
| Indistinct between *ë_a and *a2_a | ||||||||||
| "to stretch" | - | NS ńuoddzi- | - | *ńuuž- | - | *ńuunš- | *ńɯɯnč | - | Argues against Ms. delabzn | |
| "to giv" | *anta- | *vōmtē- | *andə- | - | *uud- | ad- | - | - | - | |
| "to dry" | - | - | - | - | *šuupal- | apa-- | - | - | - | *o_a also possible |
| "to take off; to be able" | F. jaksa- | - | jukśe- | - | *juuskɨ- | - | - | - | - | *o_a also possible |
| "bitter" | F. karvas | - | - | - | *kuurɨd | - | - | *koorəɣ ? | - | |
| "handle" | F. vanka | - | - | - | *vuug | - | - | - | - | |
| "hoop" | *vanneh | - | - | - | *vuudž | - | - | - | - | Or BF ← Gmc *wandi/uz (cf. JKl '76) |
| "tassel" | - | *tōŋkē | - | - | *tuug | - | - | - | - | |
| "to accuse" | - | NS guoccot | - | - | U. kušɨ | - | - | - | - | No other words! Could even be *a₁_a |
| "to chop" | - | - | *lakśə- | *lokšə-nća- | U. lusjɨ- ~ K. lɤsjɨ- |
- | - | - | - | U. ← K? Jz lʉsji- !! |
| "to reach" | - | - | Er. saźu- | - | *suudź- | - | - | - | - | |
| "stiff" | - | - | Er. tarďe | - | K. tur- | - | - | - | K. "to freeze" | |
| "ash; heat; flame" | - | - | - | *lom(p)ɤž | *luum- | laaŋg | - | - | - | |
| "hard sno" | - | (*jɤsɤ) | - | *jož | *juuž | - | - | - | - | S. "remaining sno" may not belong |
| "stallion" | - | - | - | *ožə | *uuž | - | - | - | - | |
| "" | ||||||||||
All the rest
| Lexeme | Finnic | Samic | Mordv. | Mari | Permic | Hung. | Mansi | Khanty | Samoy. | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| More II loans | ||||||||||
| "value" | *arvo | - | - | - | K. arta- | aar | - | - | - | Mo. *aŕ-ćə- "think" may not belong |
| "lord" | - | - | *azər | - | *oozɨr | - | N. uutər, E. aatər | - | - | Komi ozɨr without /v/- ? |
| "good" | *paras | *pōrē | *parə | *pooro | *buur | - | - | - | - | Ma. also *paarema- "to recover" |
| "shelter" | *sooja | *sōjē | - | *šaj | *saj | - | - | - | - | ← Ir. *scāja |
| Unclear correspondence 1: FM *a, P. *a, H. a (with palatals) | ||||||||||
| "meadow" | Es. aas | - | - | - | *adź | asoo | - | - | - | |
| "back; belly" | - | - | - | - | U. gač | has | - | - | - | Dubious semantics |
| "to tred" | F. talla- | - | - | - | K. taĺ- | - | - | - | - | Loan from F. → K? |
| "willow" | F. paju | *poajōi | - | *poj(əv) | *baď | faɟal | - | - | *päwə | Cf. *poji "aspen" |
| "to hit" | - | *čōppē- | *ćapa- | *čuča- | *ćapkɨ- | čap- | *čopam? | - | - | Onomatopoetic? Cf. "to chop" |
| Unclear correspondence 2: Ma *a, P. *a, H. o (with palatals) | ||||||||||
| "to fall" | - | *vōčē- | - | *waza- | U. vaź- | - | - | - | - | Note Ma. *z |
| "to look" | - | - | - | *anče- | *addź- | - | - | - | - | |
| "to take out" | - | - | - | *tara- | K. taral- | - | taar | - | - | Ma. "far", H. "open" |
| "to unravel" | - | *rūč- | - | *ranće- | K. radź- | ronɟ | - | *ratə- | - | Note Ma. *ć |
| "to stomp" | *tappa- | - | *tapa- | - | *tap- | top- | - | - | *təpər- | F. "to kill". Onomatopoetic? EU *tuppa- |
| "net" | - | - | - | - | *ka(d)ź | - | - | *koťəp | - | |
| Unclear correspondence 3: FM *a, P. front, Ms. *a (substrate?) | ||||||||||
| "understanding" | - | - | Er. važov | - | K. vežɤr | - | *aš | *oč | - | |
| "to (let) go" | laske- | *lōštē- | *laśka- | - | *ledź- | - | CMs *loośke- ? | *lååskə- | - | *-ə / *-a? |
| "membrane" | *kalvo | *kālɤ ? | - | - | *kiĺ | haaĺog | *kaĺəp | *kaĺi | - | Note *ĺ |
| Unclear correspondence 4: FM *a, Ma. *o, P. *ɨ, OU *uu ? | ||||||||||
| "2" | *kakci | *kōktē | *kavtə | *kok | *kɨk | keet | *kit | *kiit, käät | *kêtä | *kêkt- in eastern branches (incl. Permic?) |
| "ax" | *tahko | - | - | *toš | *tɨš(k-) | - | - | - | - | F. "grindstone" |
| "to fall apart" | - | - | - | - | K. gɨlal- | - | *kuul- | *kuul- | - | |
| Unclear correspondence 5: F. *a, S. *ā, Ms. *ää (from *ä?) | ||||||||||
| Unclear correspondence 6: FM *a, Ms. *uu, Kh. *o | ||||||||||
| "to be able" | *mahta- | - | *maštə- | *mɤšte- | - | - | *muust- | *moštə- | - | |
| "birch bark" | *tano | - | - | - | - | - | *tuunt | *tontə | - | |
| "staff" | *sauva | *čāvŋē | - | - | - | - | *suuw | *söɣ | - | |
| "river bend" | - | - | - | - | K. voĺ | völɟ | *wuuĺ | *woɣəĺ | Ne. wäej | Note *ĺ |
| Unclear correspondence 7: Ma. *a, P. *u (shibilants?) | ||||||||||
| "to go carefully" | - | *vāncē- | - | *wanče- | *vuž- | - | *wuunč- | *uunč- | *wånč- | |
| "root" | - | - | - | *waž | *vuž | - | - | - | *wånčå | Homophonic with the prev. |
| "to be born" | - | - | *šačə- | *šača- | U. čɨžɨ- ~ K. ćuž- | - | *šašə | *čačə | Sk. *čaačə | |
| "to stand" | - | - | - | *ša(l)ɣ | *sul- | aall- | - | - | ||
| Unclear correspondence 8: FM *a, Ma. *a, P. *åå, ObU *a | ||||||||||
| "flat" | *lappe- | (*lāppɤ) | Er. lapuža ~ Mk. lapš |
Hi. lap ~ Me. lap | *lååp | lap | - | E. lapsək | - | S. "aside". Cf. "flat side" |
| "this" | *ta | - | - | Hi. ta ~ Me. ta | K. to | - | - | *tamə | *tå | Kh. & Smy. from *to "that"? |
| "to press" | *paina- | *pājnē- | *pańə- | - | *pååńV- | - | *pańəɣt | - | Ka. paŋdə- | S. ← F, -jn- ← *-ń-? Mo. "drive" |
| "shine" | *valkeda, *vale- | *vēlkē | *valdə | *walɣə | *vååĺk | (vilaag) | *waĺk | *waĺ- | - | Note *ĺ. Cf. IE |
| "stomach" | F. vatsa | - | - | - | - | - | N. vaś | - | - | *wïćća possible? F. → S. *vāttē. Mo. *vaćə "dirt" semantically bad |
| "early" | - | - | - | *ažno | *våådź | - | - | - | - | |
| Unclear correspodence 9: FP *a(p) ~ Ugric *o(ɣ) | ||||||||||
| "to freeze" | *palëlë- | *pōlɤš | *palə- | - | - | faɟ | *paaĺ- | *poojət- | Cf. FSM *pala- "to burn". Note also *-l- ~ *-ĺ- (*-lji?) | |
| "wall" | NF *pato | *pōðō | - | - | - | fal | - | *pal | - | Check Kh. |
| "sour" | *happami | - | *čapamə; *čapaks "dough" |
*šabə | - | sava-, sooska- | *šɤɤɣ- | *čoɣ- ? | - | |
| "to rise" | F. kapua- | - | - | - | - | - | - | *kåɣaaɣəl | - | F. "climb"; Kh. "to float" |
| Unclear correspodence 10: FM *a ~ Permic *ɤ (note *k_C!) | ||||||||||
| "to put" | *pane- | - | *pańə- | *pańəža- | *pɤn- | - | *pɯn- | *pan- | *pɯn- | close to *ë_ə |
| "bitter" | - | *kōccɤk | - | *kačə | U. kɤš | - | *kɤɤšɣə | *kɯɯčə- | - | *këččə-; F. katkera better ~ kitkerä. |
| "to bite" | - | *kāckē- | - | *kačka- | K. gɤčkɨ- | - | - | - | - | |
| "across" | - | - | - | *kač | K. kɤččɤb | - | - | - | - | |
| under other vowels | ||||||||||
| "clay" | *savi | - | *śovəń | *šun | K. śun | - | *suwĺ | *saɣə | - | Looks like *u + F. savi |
| "gold, copper" | - | - | - | - | - | arań | *tarəń | *ɬoorńə | *o_a. ← II *zarna | |
| "to scrape" | - | - | - | - | *vuušt- | vaas- | *ašk- | *woočəɣ- | - | *o_a |
| "piece" | F. sukku | - | - | - | - | sak | - | *sak | - | *u_i?? |
| "ski" | - | *čōjkɤ | - | - | - | - | *taj- | - | *tåj(-kə) | *o_i? |
| "to breik" | *kacket- | - | - | *kʊčkeða- | U. kwačkal- | - | - | - | - | Better *o_i |
| "shit" | *paska | *pɤškɤ | *pəśkiźə- | *pʊškeda- | - | fos | *paaś | *poś | - | *ô? S. → F? |
| to be sorted | ||||||||||
| "tree spec." | *sarni | - | - | *šäärtńi, šartńi | *śir | - | - | - | - | F. "ash", Ma "willow", P. "elm" |
| "to tell" | *sarna- | *sārnē | - | - | K. śorni- | - | - | *sarna- | - | S. ← F? |
| "ice crust" | *čōkē | - | zaj | *såj | *ťooɣ | - | ||||
| "berry" | F. marja | *mōrjē | *maŕ | *mör | - | - | *maar- | *muur- ? | - | |
| "to shade" | - | - | - | *šöšte- | K. saśtɨ- | - | - | - | - | "to darken" vs. "to hide" |
| "arch" | F. kaari | *kōŋɤr | - | - | - | - | - | *kooŋkar | - | Might be *o? |
| "instrument" | - | - | Mk. kaŕźi | *kerəš | U. kɨre(d)ź | - | - | - | - | |
| "tame" | - | *vōńɤs | - | - | - | - | - | *ońɯ | *ɯńə | |
| "to touch" | F. kajoa- | *kājō- | - | - | - | *kaaj- | *kaaj- | - | ||
| "light" | F. salama | - | - | - | - | - | *sɤɤl | *sal- | *sålə | |
| "to open" | *ava- | - | *aŋ-kśəma | - | - | old-, ood- | *ɤɤŋkʷ- | *ääŋ-? aa~ee | - | |
| "to dig" | - | - | *kara- | *kare- | K. kɨr- | - | - | *kiir- ? | - | P. *kɨr- in general "to wash" |
| "pale" | - | - | - | *šapa- | - | saapad- | - | - | - | |
| "dry place" | *kaŋka- | - | - | *kaŋga | - | - | *kuŋkʷə ? | - | - | |
| "father-in-law" | F. appi | vōppɤ | *owo | - | ipa | *up | *uup | *əpə | ||
| "sleigh" | *ahk- | - | - | - | - | - | - | *ååɣəɬ | Ne. ŋuutuuʔ | Cf. Sw. ackja? |
| "valley" | *lakso | leakšɤ | - | Hi. laksa | U. los(k) | - | - | - | - | |
| "woman" | F. nainen | - | - | - | - | naas | *näji | *nääj ? | - | split with *nej-? |
| "to chop" | *cāpɤ- | Er. čapo- | - | *čuup- | - | - | *čopam? | - | Onomatopoetic? Cf. "to hit" | |
| "close" | F. rakas | - | - | - | - | rokon | *raaw | *raɣ | - | |
| "to tear" | - | - | - | - | *oor- | aar(t)- | *aart- | *aarə- | - | |
| "to hurry" | - | - | - | - | - | sorog- | #surəkt | *saarək | ||
| "to bend" | F. taipu- | *toajē- | - | - | K. tuj- | - | *tääjəp- | *tɯɯj- | *tɯj- ? | Check Smy. |
| "to sink" | - | - | - | - | - | maart- | *muur- | *marət- | ||
| "pond" | F. lampi | *lōmpɤl | - | Me. lop | - | - | - | - | *lɯmpå | |
| "aunt" | - | *vōńē- | *ańa- | - | *aań | aanɟ, ańa | *aań(-iikʷa) | *anəkə | *ɤńä | |
| "flat side" | F. lapa | *lōpē | - | - | - | - | N. lop? | - | *ləpä | Cf. "flat" |
| "crane" | *kurki | *kōrkɤ | *kargə | - | - | - | - | - | *kərö | |
| "to hang" | F. takertu- | - | - | - | - | - | *taɣər- | Se. tokua- ? | ||
| "resin" | F. kata | NS kaččē | - | - | - | - | - | - | *kåCə | S. *kássé ← Gmc. |
| "snot" | F. natta | IS ńetti | - | - | - | - | - | *nåwtə ? | ||
| "old" | *vanha | - | - | - | U. vuž ~ K. važ | - | - | - | - | |
| "to shame" | - | Mo. viźďe | *wažəla- | U. vodźɨt- | - | - | - | - | ||
| "sister" | - | Mk. sazor | *šʊžar | *soozər | F. sisar (and Ma?) ← B. | |||||
| "blueberry" | - | - | - | *moodə | - | - | - | - | Ka. modo | |
| "horn; edge" | - | - | - | - | - | - | *ɤɤńt | W *aaŋət | *amtə, *aŋtə | |
| "brother's wife" | *vōńē | Mk. ańa | - | K. ɤńe, ońa, uńe, ań | aanɟ, ańa | *aańi | *ańəkə | *Vńä | Separate P. *ań "mother-in-law" | |
| "many; big" | - | - | - | - | *uuna | - | - | *onə | Ng. Aniʔe | *u? |
| "long-tailed duck" | - | *hɤ/īŋɤ | - | - | - | - | *ɤɤŋkə | *ɯɯŋk | *åŋå | |
| "bed, platform" | - | - | - | - | U. džɨdžol ~ K.džodž(-ul) |
- | - | *čuuč | - | |
| "to shake" | - | - | - | *pačke- | K. pɨškɨ- | - | - | - | - | |
| "to dig" | - | - | - | - | K. kundɨ- | haań- | *kuun- | *kɯɯɳ-, O xaan- |
- | *a₂, Kh. umlaut? |
| "bag" | - | - | - | - | #kuuda | - | *kuunt | *kɯɯnt | - | (F. kontti) |
| "basket" | - | - | - | *kʊrəkš | U. kor | - | *kuurəɣ | *kɯɯr(əɣ) | *kor-- | *u-ish? |
| "eight" | - | - | - | - | - | ńolc | *ńalaa | *ńɯɯləɣ | - | *ńëla/*ńula? |
| "" | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "" | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
Rejectable
| Lexeme | Finnic | Samic | Mordv. | Mari | Permic | Hung. | Mansi | Khanty | Samoyedic | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Irregularities explainable by loan etymologies for some branches | ||||||||||
| "woven band" | *vakla | *vōvlē | - | - | - | - | *waaɣlap | - | - | F & S. ← Gmc. |
| "bay" | *lakci | *lōktɤ | - | - | - | - | *laak | *lok | - | F & S. ← Baltic |
| "much" | *paljo | - | - | Hi. pülä | - | - | *paal | - | *påj | F. possibly ← Gmc, East *polə |
| "door bolt" | F. sarana | - | - | - | U. dźɨrɨ ~ K. dźir | čir | - | - | - | F. may be ← Baltic |
| "to stop" | *taukot- | *tōvkō- | - | - | *duugdɨ- | - | - | - | - | F. & S. ← Gmc. |
| "hut" | *talo, *talas |
*tālo | - | - | U. tɨlɨs | - | *tul | - | - | Ms. "pole". F. & S. may be ← Baltic *tala- |
| "far, long" | *kauka(lo) | *kukkē | *kuvaka | - | - | - | - | *kooɣ | - | F ← Gmc, S. *kāwkɤ- "stare" ← F, rest *kowVkka |
| "to look" | *katso- | *keaččɤ- | - | - | K. kaźal- | - | - | - | - | F, S. ← Gmc *gātijan- |
| "lot" | *arpa | *vōrpē | - | - | - | orvo | - | - | - | F. & S. ← Gmc *arba |
| "flat" | *latta-- | - | - | Hi. laptɤ- ~ Me. lapte | - | - | - | *ɬaaptək | *ləptå | F. may be ← Gmc. |
| "board" | *lauta | *lōvtē | - | - | - | - | - | - | *låtå | F & S. ← Baltic? |
| "coarse" | *karkeda | - | - | - | *gɨr- | - | - | - | - | S. *kārkkē ← F. ← Gmc *hargaz |
| "asp" | *haapa | *sūpē | - | *šapke | - | - | - | - | - | ← Gmc *asp- with metathesis?! |
| "branch" | *hanka | - | - | - | - | aag | *tɤɤɣ | *ɬaɣɯɯ | - | F. ← Gmc. |
| "river; mud" | - | - | *rav(ə) "Volga"--> | - | - | - | - | *roɣə | - | (F. rapa ← Gmc *draba) |
| "dead; dry (of cow)" | *mardas | - | - | - | *muur | - | - | - | - | F. ← II |
| "stiff" | *tankeda | - | Mk. taŋgəda | *tʏŋe- | - | - | - | - | - | Also NWS toaŋkē (!). Mari may be ← Turkic |
| "cheap" | *halpa | - | - | *šulðɤ | - | - | - | - | - | F. ← Gmc *salwa ? |
| "to gro" | F. kasva- | - | *kasə- | *kuška- | - | - | - | - | - | F. & Mo. ← IE *h₂awks-? H. hason "use, advantage" rather from "to present" |
| "metal" | F. vaski | veaškē | *uśkä, Er viśkä |
*waž | U. -veś ~ K. -ɨś | vaš | *wüš | *waɣ | *wasa | Messy Wanderwort |
| "shaft" | *varci | - | - | *wu/ʊrðə | - | - | - | - | - | ← B? |
| Messy crap | ||||||||||
| "beginning" | F. alka- | *vōlkē- | - | - | - | - | *aawəl | *aaləŋ | *olə- | Cf. *ole- "to be" ? |
| "armpit" | *kainalɜ | kājŋēl | Mk. kaval | *koŋla | *kuun | hoon | Tv. kalnaa ~ CMs *kanəl |
*konəŋ | *kali ? (En. seeri) | Veps kaimal |
| "nits" | F. saivar; Es. saere |
čīvrōs | *śarkə | *šarkeń(ć)e | *śerel | - | N. seeri ? | E. sɯr ? | Ka. šurijar ? | might be two items? |
| "to flay" | - | *ńōvɤ- | - | - | *ńij- | ńuuz- | Tv ńooj-, N nuj-, C *ńij- |
- | - | Rather looks like *o. Medials messy |
| "gull" | *kajaka | kājēkē | - | - | K. gaďa | - | *kajik | - | Ne. ho | Substrate word? Cf. "beaver" |
| "crow" | *vari/eks | *vōrččē | *varś/ćəj | - | - | varjuu | *uurin | *uurŋ- ~ warŋ- | *wər- | Unreconstructible consonantism, onomatopoetic? |
| "goose" | - | - | - | - | - | - | *ɤɤŋk | *ɯɯŋk | *åŋå | Sami *hɤŋā prob substratal |
| "painted" | - | - | - | Me. pač | U. pužɨ | - | - | - | *påtå | |
| "fly" | *kärpänen | - | *karvə | Me. karme | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "soul; stillborn" | - | - | *pača | - | - | - | - | *pačaak | - | |
| "gnarled" | F. jaari- | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | *jäər- ? | Very bad distribution; Finnish, Nenets & Selkup only |
| "skis" | - | SS. laabje | - | - | - | - | - | E. lump | Ne. lampa | No other words. |
| "fishing gear" | - | - | - | mača ? | - | - | - | - | Se. maaše- | Coincidental? |
| "to graze" | - | *kōtō- | - | - | - | - | - | - | *kətå- | |
| "woods" | - | E *mōjðē | - | - | - | - | - | Se. mačče | Weak. IS "hunt" | |
| "vessel" | F. saima | - | *śuma, Er. śima |
- | U. śumɨk | - | - | *sooma ? | Se. somma ? | Semantics all over the place. |
| "sturgeon" | *sampi | - | - | - | - | *šupəɣ | - | - | Very bad | |
