Proto-Uralic/-ka

Examples of this suffix:

Derivation

• *piðə "tall" → *piðkä "id." (BF, Smy)
• *tu(x)lə "wind" → tulka "feather" (Janhunen 2008) (does have OU mth.)
• *pä(x)lə "side" → *pälkä "thumb" (Janhunen 2008)
• *ńä(x)lə- "eat" → S *ńālkē "tasty", F *nälkä "hunger" (AASmy #1)
• *pončə "tail" → FS *počka "thigh" (AASmy #2, orig. J. Saarikivi)
• *ńërə "cartilage" → S *ńōrkēs, Ma *nörɣə, OU *ńëërəɣ (but Mo *nar) (OR; cf. MZhVoc #2)
• *pakša "knot in tree" → Mo *pakškə (with front vowels? Mk -kä) (and BF *pahka?)
• *pelə- "to fear" → BF *pelko "fear", *pelkät- "to fear" (? verbal sense perhaps re-derived)
• *čüŋə → FS *čüŋkä (Koponen 2001)
• Bionym extention group:
  • *pečä "pine" → BF *petäkä "id."
  • *pićla "rowan" → BF *pihlaka "id."
  • *säwnV "ide" → BF *säynäkä "id."
  • *tokta "Gavia arctica" → FS *toktaka "id." (or just S *toktēkē?)
• Pronoun extension: *mi- *jo- *ku- *ke- → F mikä minkä mitkä, joka jonka jotka, kuka, kenkä ketkä
• *werə "blood" → Mansi *wirəɣ → *wiɣr "id" (or *-w?)

Potential cases

With potentially related irregularities

• Mari *l(k) → *l (but also eg. *walka- → *wale-, *mälkə → *mel)
  • *śe/äälkä "back" (~ Li sälga, S *čēlkē)
  • *jalka "foot" (Ma *jal; but cf. *jälki)
• Smy irregular *-ə
  • *woŋka "hole" (cf. *oŋtə, *omtə "hole"?)
  • *koðʲka "spirit"
• *śo/ëðka "duck" (FSM *śoðka)
• *tu/üðka "prod"

Regular(ish)

• *koska "aunt"
• *ńačka "wet"
• *waŋka "handle"
• *taŋka "tassle"
• *kaŋka "dry place"
• *puŋka "clump"