Proto-Uralic/U
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F. *u, S. & Mo. *o, Ma. *ʊC / *u, P. *ɨ, H. o/uu, Kh. *oo / _C, *o / _CC
| Lexeme | Finnic | Samic | Mordv. | Mari | Permic | Hung. | Mansi | Khanty | Samoy. | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FSM *u_a, Ms. *å/a, Smy. *ə | ||||||||||
| "to plait" | *puno- | *ponē- | pona- | *pʊnə- | *pɨn- | fon- | *pån- | *poon- | *pən- | |
| "facing down" | *kumo/a- | *komō- | koma- | *kʊmə- | *kɨm- | hom- | *kåm- | *koom- | *kəmə- | |
| "egg" | *muna | *monē | mona | *mʊnə | - | moń | *man | *moon | *mənå | |
| "to squeeze" | *puserta- | *počē- | - | *pʊnćə- | *pɨdźɨrt- | fačar- | *pås- | *poosər- | - | |
| "to melt, molten" | *sula(-) | - | sola(-) | *šʊlə- | *sɨl(-) | ol(vad) | *talaa- | *ɬoɬaa- | - | |
| "to extinguish" | *kus-tu- | *kopsē- | - | *kus- | - | - | *kopəɬ- | *kəptå- | ||
| "feather" | *sulka | *tolkē | tolga | - | *tɨl(ɨ) | toll | *tåwəl | *toɣəɬ | - | Cf. *tuxli |
| "crook'd" | *kura, *kurja | - | - | - | *kɨr- | - | - | *kor | *kərå | -rj- fits Kh. better |
| "to blink" | - | - | *końa-/ə- | *kʊmə- | *kuń- | huń- | *kåń- | *koń- | *kəń- | F. küünü- cf. *küńe- "tear". No clear cluster? |
| "land" | *muta | *moðē | moda | - | - | - | - | - | *məjå | |
| "to become happy" | F. muju? | *mojē- | - | - | - | - | - | - | *məjə- | |
| "stream" | *voo | *uvē ~ *ɤvē | - | - | - | - | *åw- | *ooɣ- | - | |
| "to hang" | - | *ko/ɤcō- | - | *kečə- | *kɨš- | - | *kaš- | *kooč- | - | |
| "mud" | *kura | - | - | - | - | - | *kår- | *koor | - | |
| "ice crust" | - | *čoðē | - | - | - | - | *šaĺ | *sooj | - | |
| "cloud(y)" | F. kumuri | - | kovol | - | - | homaaĺ | *kåm- | - | - | |
| "back" | *muka- | - | - | - | - | *məjå- | Check AASmy | |||
| "to tell" | - | - | jovta- | - | - | *jəptə- | … | |||
| "cloudberry" | *muura- | - | - | *mår-aak | *moor-ək | *mərå-ŋkå | Check AASmy | |||
| "to hit" | *puto- | *poðō- | - | puðə- | U. pɨĺ- ~ K. peĺ | *påĺ- | - | *pəjä- | Smy *-ä after *ðʲ | |
| "block of wood" | *luta | *lotē | - | - | - | - | - | - | *jəčə | *-t- or *-č-? |
| "wide" | - | *komtē | - | *kʊmda | - | - | - | *komət | - | |
| "narrowing" | - | *čorō | - | - | *śuur | sor- | *sarɯɯ | *sart | - | |
| "spear" | *ota | - | - | *aɣtaa | *ooɣət | - | ||||
| "male" | *uros | *orēs | - | - | - | uur | - | - | - | |
| "hill" | *kumpa/u | *kompō | komba | - | *gɨb | - | - | - | - | ← Gmc *xumpaz. Distinct from EU *kompa "wave". P. "bog" may also not belong |
| "outside" | *ulko- | *olkō- | - | - | K. ɨlɤ- | - | - | - | - | |
| "lazy" | *tuhma | *tosmē | - | - | K. dɨš | - | - | - | - | ← Gmc *dusma "stupid"? |
| "hair, bundle" | *tukka/u | - | - | #čuka | *čɨk- | - | - | - | - | also cf. H. čuk- "to clog" |
| "to rummage" | *purka- | *porkē- | Er. purga- | *pʊrɣə- | - | - | - | - | - | F. "dismantle" |
| "to strangle" | *poo- | *pūvē- | pova- | - | *pɤd(ɨ)- | fuul- | - | *pɯɯk- | - | |
| "to fish with a net" | - | *koltē- | - | - | - | - | *kult- | *kåål- | Se. qoldɛi- | *kulk(i)-ta- ? |
| "stern" | *tuhto | *totkō | - | Hi. tɤktɤ | K. tɨk | tat | #tOɣət | *toɣət | *tətə | F&S possibly ← Gmc *θuftōn |
| "to cross water" | - | *mokcē- | - | - | - | - | - | - | *məčå- | |
| "dew" | *lɤpsē | ĺe/akš | *lʊpš | K. lɨs | *jəptå- | S. *o → ɤ / _p | ||||
| "(to) crumble" | *mure/u- | *morē, *moarrɤ- | - | - | - | mar | *mur- | *moor- | *mərə | |
| "soft" | - | *loančē | - | - | - | laaɟ | *lanćəɣ | *loonťəɣ | - | Or *o_a? |
| "major river" | *juka | *jokɤ | - | - | - | - | - | - | *jəkå | + Russ. substratal *juka. F. "waterfall", Mo. jov ← *jôki? |
| "finger" | - | *sūvðē | - | - | - | ujj | *tuĺaa' | *ɬååj | *təjå | |
| "(to) bore" | *pura | *porē | - | - | *pɨr | fuur | #pOr | *por | *pər- | Cf. IE |
| "deep spot" | - | *jormē | - | - | K *jɨr | - | - | *jorəm | *jorä | |
| "bubble" | *kupla | *koplē | - | *kʊwəl | - | hoĺag | *kɯɯwl | *komḷəŋ | - | *-ml-? |
| "to bewitch" | *lumot- | *lomō- | - | *lʊmə- | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "bowl" | *kuppV | *skoppē | kopo | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "to yelp, sob" | - | *noskē- | Er. noska- | - | - | - | - | - | - | F *nuuska- ← Sw., *nuuhka ← onom. |
| "axe; knife" | - | *čorkkō | - | - | - | - | N. śoxri | *ćo(o)kər | - | OU → K ćukri, U ćukɨr? |
| "" | ||||||||||
| FSM *u_i, Kh. *o, Smy. *u / _CC | ||||||||||
| "pole" | *ulku | *olkɤ | olga | - | K. ɨl | - | *uj | |||
| "to go" | *kulke- | *kolkɤ- | koĺge- | - | K. kɨlal- | halad- | - | *koɣəɬ- | *kəj- | Cf. PIE *kʷelH- |
| "to pee" | *kuse- | *końčɤ- | - | *kʊźa- | *kudź- | huuɟ- | *kunć- | *kos- | *kunsə- | |
| "marten" | Es. nugis | - | - | *n/ńiź | ńust | *ńåks | *ńoɣəs | TN noxo | ||
| "tube" | *pucki | *pockɤ | počko | *pʊč | - | - | - | - | *pučə | |
| "flurry" | *purku | *porkɤ | Er. porga- ~ Mk. purga- |
Me. purɣə- | K. pɨra | forr | *pårkɯɯj | *porkaaj | *purət- | or Mo. ← *purki-. ObU -k- ?! U. pur "glo", H. "boil" may not belong |
| "skis" | *suksi | - | soks | - | - | - | *tåw(ə)t | *ɬoɣ | *tutə | |
| "to kno" | *tunte- | *tomtɤ- | - | - | *tod- | tud- | - | - | *tumtə- | |
| "20" | - | - | komś | - | *kɨź | huus | *kuus | *koos | - | *ms → *ws in Ug.? |
| "grass" | *nurmi | *ńormɤ | - | - | - | - | *ńuurəm | *ńåårəm | - | |
| "crane" | *kurki | *kōrkɤ | *kargo | - | - | - | - | - | *kərə | |
| "" | ||||||||||
| FSM *u_i, Kh. *o/*oo, Smy. *oC (std. PU *o_i or *u_i?) | ||||||||||
| "to get lost" | - | *jorɤ- | - | - | U. jɨromɨ- | jaar- | Pl. joor- | *jor-, *jooɣər- | jü/urə- | *ju → *jü in PSmy/PSk? |
| "to spawn" | *kute- | *koðɤ- | - | - | K. kuĺmɨ- | *kuĺ- | *kååj- | - | ||
| "to wear" | *kulu- | *kolɤ- | - | - | K. gɨlal- | - | *kål- | *kolaa- | - | |
| "cleft" | *kuru/i- | - | - | *kʊrək | K. kɨr | hor- | - | *koor | - | S. *kūrɤ ← F. K. guran "hole" may not belong |
| "(to) coff" | - | *kosɤ- | koz(o-) | - | *kɨz(ɨ)- | - | - | *koɬ- | *kot- | |
| "10" | *luke-/u | *lokɤ/ē- | Er. lovo- ~ Mk. luvə- |
*lu | *lɨd | olvaš- | *låw | *loŋət- ? | - | F, Mo "to read", P. "number" (suffix'd?), H. metathesis? |
| "sno" | *lumi | *lomɤ | lov | *lʊm | *lɨmɨ | lom | - | - | *jom- | |
| "bone" | *luu | - | lovaža | *lu | *lɨ | - | *luw | *ɬoɣ | *lɤ | Ms. *u near labials? |
| "to pass by" | - | *molɤ- | mole- | - | - | muul- | *mul- | - | - | Ms. *u near labials? |
| "to bite" | *pure- | *porɤ- | poŕe- | *pʊra- | *puur(ɨ)- | - | *pur- | *por- | *por- | Ms. *u near labials? |
| "to blo" | *puhu- | *posō- | - | - | K. puškɨ- | fuu- | *put- | *poɬaa- | Se. puttu? | Ms. *u near labials? |
| "side" | - | - | - | - | K vɨj | - | *wujəl | - | - | Ms *u near labial? Tv wɤjəl |
| "summer" | *suvi | *sɤŋɤ- | - | - | - | - | *tuj | *ɬoŋ | *təŋ | Ms. *u ?! |
| "to come" | *tule- | *tolɤ- | - | *tola- | - | talaal- | - | - | *toj- | |
| "fire" | *tuli | *tolɤ | tol | *tʊl | *tɨl | - | - | - | *tuj | |
| "to learn" | - | - | tona- | *tʊnə- | *tun(a)- | *tanul- | - | - | *təntå- | see AASmy |
| "morning" | - | - | - | - | - | hol- | #kOl- | *kol- | SSm *kər | |
| "new" | *uuci | *oðɤ | *od | *u | *vɨĺ | uuj | - | - | - | F. length from *wu-? |
| "" | ||||||||||
| "moon" | *kuu | Lu. kuojijti- | *koŋ | - | - | hoov | - | *kow | *kïj | |
| "mouth" | *suu | *čovɤ, *čontɤk | - | šu | - | saaj | *suup, *saw? | *sooɣaa | *so | |
| "ghost" | *huu | - | *čo(v) | - | K. šɤn | - | *tɤɤw | *ɬuuŋk | - | |
| *u_i, FP only | ||||||||||
| "to cram" | *cuŋki- | *coŋkɤ- | toŋgo- | *čʏŋɣər | K. čɨgəm | - | - | - | - | H. dug "to squeeze" ← Trc *dïg "id." |
| "to press" | - | *norɤ- | - | - | *nɨr- | - | - | - | - | |
| "to sharpen" | - | *čokɤ- | śuvo- | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "sleep" | *uni | - | on | - | - | - | - | - | - | ← IE? |
| "to depart" | *urke- | - | orgo- | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "to enquire" | *utele- | *ocɤ- | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Long (?) | ||||||||||
| "to hear" | *kuule- | *kūlɤ- | kuĺe- | *kola- | *kɨl- | hall- | *kaal- | *kåål- | - | Cf. Smy *kåw "ear" |
| "wind; feather" | *tuuli | - | - | Me. tul | *tɤl | - | - | - | *tuəj | |
| "to ro" | *sowta- | *sūkɤ- | - | *šua- | K. sɨn- | - | *tåw- | *ɬaaɣ- | *tu- | *suxi-, F. dissimil. deriv. (S. *suvtē- ← F.) |
| "sheep" | *uuhi ~ *utti | - | uča | *ʊžɣa | *ɨž | - | *aaš | *aač | - | ← IE *owis, ObU independantly (~ F. *voohi)? |
| "to swim" | *uj- | *vōjɤ- | uje- | *iä- | *uuj- | uus- | *uj- | *uj- | *u- | |
| Ms. *aa ~ Kh. *uu | ||||||||||
| "6" | *kuuci | *kūtɤ | koto | *kut | *kwat | hat | *kaat | *kuut | - | |
| "to call" | *kuccu- | *koččō- | - | - | - | - | - | *kuuť- | - | |
| "herd of reindeer" | - | *čorɤk | - | - | - | - | *šaar- | *suur | - | |
| "eyebrows; temple" | *kulma | - | - | - | - | - | - | *kuuĺəm | - | S. *kūlmē ← F. Note *ĺ?! |
| "birch" | - | - | - | - | *kɨdź | - | *kåš- | *kuuńć | - | If not *a or something. F. *kaski may be ← IE *h₁es- |
| "" | ||||||||||
| "" | ||||||||||
| F u ~ M u (probably adstratal) | ||||||||||
| "stem" | *runko | *roŋkē | Er. rungo ~ Mk ronga |
- | - | - | - | - | - | ← Gmc *skrunkaz |
| "bump" | *muhka | *mokšē | Er. muška | - | - | - | - | - | - | ~ Ru. myška "mousie"? |
| "wood" | *huhta | - | *šuftə | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "broken" | *luhVj | - | *luža- | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "lichen" | *luppV | *lɤppō | - | nupəń | ||||||
| To sort | ||||||||||
| "to go" | - | *jotē- | juta-, Mk. jota- | - | - | - | - | - | *jåtə- | Rather *o with S. irregular; also cf. B. *jude- |
| "sack" | - | *pūðā | - | - | - | - | - | - | *påtə | |
| "top" | F. sukka | *čokkɤ | - | - | *ćuuk | - | *ćak- | *ćäk | *sok | |
| "body" | - | *korōntē | - | - | - | - | *kur- | *kor | #kər | Check Smy. |
| "tin, lead" | - | - | - | *wulnə | - | oon | *ålən | *oolnə | ||
| "curve" | *mutka | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | *måcə | |
| "frost" | *kuura | *korā | - | - | *gɤɤr | har | - | - | - | |
| "pole" | - | *sosō | *šočko | - | *džadž | - | - | - | Se. čoočə | |
| "him/her" | *hän | *son | son | - | U. so ~ K. sɨ | öö | *täw | *ɬöɣ | - | *u ~ *ü |
| "prod" | *tutka- | *tūðkē | Er. totka (!!) | - | U. tuĺɨm | tööɟ | *täĺək | *töj | - | *u ~ *ü |
| "(to) shit" | *paska | *pɤškɤ | *pəśkiźe- | *pʊškəða- | - | foš | *påć | *påť | - | S. *o→ ɤ / p_ |
| "clump" | *puŋka | *pūŋkē | pokoĺ | - | U. pog ~ K. bugɨĺ | - | *paak | #pooŋkəḷ | - | H. bog (and P?) "knot" ← Trc *bog "bundle" |
| "reindeer knee" | - | *pūnčēs | - | - | U. pɨdźɤs ~ K. pidźɤs | - | - | - | *punsV | K. M > F /_Ć ? |
| "narrow, top" | *suppa | *čūppɤ, NS čoppe | - | - | *śoop-, K. ćup | sup-, čuup | - | - | -
[ F. suippu from × huippu |
|
| "(to) dry" | *kujva(-) | Lu. kuife | - | - | - | - | - | *kojəm- | - | |
| "thin" | *hupa | Er. čova ~ Mk. šuva(ńä) | - | - | - | šovaań | - | - | - | *č- |
| "to speak" | *jutte- | - | jovta- | - | - | jaat- | - | - | - | |
| "to feel" | *muja-, *muista-, Li. moistə- | - | muje- | *mooa- | *mååď- | - | mu(u)t- | *muuj- | - | Rather *o |
| "door" | *uksi | *ūksɤ | - | - | *ɤs | - | - | - | - | Or B. *ōksa → F. → S. |
| "groove, path" | *ura | - | ur- | - | - | - | *uuraj | #wuuri | - | Cf. F. *uurta- "to groove" |
| "udder" | *utar | - | odar | *wadar | - | - | - | - | - | ← IE, zero grade vs. full grade |
| "ash; lye" | - | *kūnɤ | - | *kon | K. kun | - | - | - | - | ← IE |
| "to lose; to spoil; to hide" | *hukkat- | - | - | *čɨk- | - | čuk- | - | - | #təkå- | Or F. ← Gmc *sukka |
| "pole" | - | L. sosso | *čočkə | - | *džadž | - | - | - | Sk. čoočə | |
| "collar" | - | - | - | - | - | - | *rɤɤkʷ | *rook | - | Rather *o? Ne. *ruku ← Kh. |
| "to chew, gnaw" | - | - | - | - | - | raag- | "L. rågn-" | - | *luŋkəj- | |
| "lily, onion" | - | - | - | - | - | - | T taŋkəl | E *ɬ`ooɣəɭ | #tokul | *l-ɭ → ɭ-ɭ in Vakh? |
| "to divide" | - | - | - | - | *šɨr- | irt-, †ort- | - | *ɬort- | *tarV- | |
| "tip" | *hui ~ *hoi | *sōjɤ | - | - | *šɨ ~ *ši | - | - | - | - | |
| "to wash" | *huhto- | - | *kšta- | - | - | - | - | - | - | Probably adstratal, *šukšta- |
| "mortar" | *huhmar ~ Ka huumar | - | *šovar | *šuar | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "gruel" | F huttu | |||||||||
| "lip; mouth" | *huuli | ? | - | - | - | - | - | *ɬuuɬ | - | What does does S. *sūlɤ "approximate" have to do with this? |
| "down; beard" | F untuva | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | #muntV- | Bad. Slk *untə |
| "be forgotten" | *unV-hta- | - | - | - | *vun(et)- | - | - | - | - | F better from "sleep" |
| "up" | - | - | - | - | - | - | *num | *nuum, *nååmən | #num, Sk *nom | |
| "up" | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | *nuuk | #ńAŋtV | Cf. prev. |
| "to scrape" | F nuhja-, nuoha-, Es nuha- | - | - | *nuže- | - | - | - | *noɬ- | *nət- | |
| "moss" | - | - | - | - | K ńɨč(k) | - | - | - | *ńåTA- | |
| "to flay" | - | - | - | - | U ńi/ɨj- | ńuuz- | Tv nooj-, *ńuj- | - | - | "see *ńowə-" |
| "fir" | - | - | - | *nʊlɣə | *ńɨl | *ńulV | *ńalkə | #ńulkV | ||
| "steep" | - | - | - | - | *ńɨl- | - | *ńul-təŋ | - | - | |
| "to rest" | - | - | Er. nuvśe-, Mo. nuva- |
- | - | ńug(os)- | *ńuunt- | *ńooɣəɬ- | *ńuŋ(əś)- | |
| "midge" | - | - | - | *lʊməj | U nɨmɨ ~ K nom | - | - | - | - | |
| "midge" | - | - | - | (*lʊmə) | U ĺum | - | *ĺVməj | - | - | |
| "club" | *nuhja ~ *nujja | - | - | nöšle- | U nušɨ ~ K nɤs(k) | - | - | - | - | |
| "marten" | - | - | - | *lʊj | - | - | "loisa" | - | Sk lokka, Ma lui | |
| "downstream" | - | *lū- | - | - | - | - | *luuj- | *laŋa | ||
| "wet" | Es lopp(a) | - | *lop(a)- | *lʊp- | K lap- | - | - | - | - | |
| "weak" | - | - | - | *lʊš(kə)- | K. lɨškɨd | - | - | - | - | |
| "horse" | - | - | - | - | - | √lov- | *luw | *laaw-, V looɣ- | - | also F. lupo "stallion"? |
| "path" | F. juntu | - | - | - | - | - | *jåš | *jooč | - | |
| "middle" | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | *jäčə | *jončV | |
| "to bind" | - | - | - | - | *jɨt- | - | - | - | FN jūťe- | |
| "pine" | - | - | - | - | - | - | *ji(i)w | *juuɣ | *jɤ | best *jëxə? |
| "fierce; strong" | F julma | - | - | - | *joonm- | - | - | - | - | |
| "god" | *jumala | - | ? | *jʊmə | - | - | - | - | - | + Mo. ill-attested jumi. ← II dyumān- ? |
| "root, base" | *juuri | - | *jur | - | *jur | - | - | - | - | |
| "inside" | - | - | - | - | - | joh, juh | *juw, *jun | *jo(o)ɣ | - | |
| "to come" | - | - | - | - | - | jut- | *jåkt- | *joɣət- | - | Cf. *ju/ota-? |
| "hump" | *mukula | - | - | *mʊɣəĺ | *mɨĺ(i) | - | - | - | - | -ĺ-?? |
| "" | ||||||||||
