Ejective/Inventories
Feel free to add your conlangs, as long as you keep them separate from the natlangs in some fashion!
Main table
1 dorsal | 2 dorsals | 3 dorsals | 4 dorsals | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 coronal | /pʼ/ | /pʼ tʼ kʼ/ (Nisenan, Waimoa) | /pʼ tʼ kʼ qʼ/ (examples?) | ||
no /pʼ/ | (/tʼ kʼ/?) | /tʼ kʼ kʷʼ/ (suggested for glottalic PIE)
/tʼ kʼ qʼ/ (examples?) | |||
2 coronals | /pʼ/ | /pʼ pʷʼ t̪ʼ tʼ kʼ/ (Venda) /pʼ tʼ tsʼ kʼ/ (examples?) |
/pʼ tʼ tsʼ kʼ kʷʼ/ (examples?) /pʼ tʼ tsʼ kʼ qʼ/ (Maka) |
/pʼ tʼ tsʼ kʼ kʷʼ qʼ/ (Coast Salish) | /pʼ tsʼ tɬʼ kʼ kʷʼ qχʼ qχʷʼ/ (Lillooet) /pʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ kʼ kʷʼ qʼ qʷʼ/ (Shuswap) |
no /pʼ/ | /tʼ tsʼ kʼ/ (reconstructed Akkadian) /tʼ tʃʼ kʼ/ (Selti) |
/tʼ tʃʼ kʼ kʷʼ/ (Blin) |
/tʼ tʃʼ kʼ kʲʼ kʷʼ/ (Inor) | ||
3 coronals | /pʼ/ | /pʼ tʼ tsʼ tʃʼ kʼ/ (Amharic, Shasta, Takelma, Tzeltal (+etc. Mayan)) /pʼ tʼ tsʼ ʈʼ kʼ/ (Valley Yokuts) |
/pʼ t̪ʼ sʼ tʃʼ kʼ kʷʼ/ (Tigrinya) /pʼ tʼ tsʼ tʃʼ kʼ kʷʼ/ (Ossetian) |
/pʼ tʼ tsʼ tʃʼ cʼ kʼ qʼ/ (Chipaya) /pʼ tʼ tsʼ tʃʼ kʼ qʼ ʡʼ/ (Dargwa) |
/pʼ tʼ tsʼ tɬʼ kʼ kʷʼ qʼ qʷʼ/ (Nez Perce, Nuxálk) |
no /pʼ/ | /t̪ʼ tʼ tsʼ kʼ/ (Trumai) |
/tʼ tsʼ tɬʼ kʼ qʼ/ (Haida, Koyukon) /tʼ tsʼ tʃʼ kʼ qʼ/ (K'iche') |
/tʼ tʃʼ kʼ kʲʼ kʷʼ/ (Chaha) /tsʼ tɬʼ cʼ kʼ kʷʼ/ (Hausa) |
||
4 coronals | /pʼ/ | /pʼ t̪ʼ tʼ tsʼ tʃʼ kʼ/ (Southern Pomo, Wappo) /pʼ tʼ tsʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ kʼ/ (Sesotho) |
/pʼ t̪ʼ sʼ tʃʼ ʃʼ kʼ χʼ/ (Lakota) /pʼ tʼ tsʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ kʼ qʼ/ (Hanis, Hunzib, Tsez) |
/pʼ tθʼ tʼ tsʼ tɬʼ kʷʼ qʼ qʷʼ/ (Halkomelem) /pʼ tʼ tːʼ tsʼ tʃʼ kʼ qʼ qːʼ/ (Bats) |
/pʼ tʼ tsʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ kʼ kʷʼ qʼ qʷʼ/ (Quileute, Umatilla) |
no /pʼ/ | /tʼ tsʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ kʼ/ (Navajo + other South Athabaskan) | /tʼ tsʼ sʼ tʃʼ kʼ kʷʼ/ (Mazahua) /tʼ tsʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ kʼ kʷʼ/ (Sekani) |
/tθʼ tsʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ kʼ kʷʼ qʼ/ (Tahltan) |
/tʼ tsʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ kʼ kʷʼ qʼ qʷʼ/ (Tillamook) | |
5 coronals | /pʼ/ | /pʼ t̪ʼ tʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ cʎ̝̥ʼ kʼ kʷʼ/ (Dahalo) |
/pʼ tθʼ tʼ tsʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ kʷʼ qʼ qʷʼ/ (Saanich) (Lezgian, see below) | ||
no /pʼ/ | /tθʼ tʼ tsʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ kʼ/ (Slavey) | /tθʼ tʼ tsʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ kʼ kʷʼ/ (Chipewyan) | /t̪ʼ ts̪ʼ ts̱ˤʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ kʼ kʷʼ qʼ qʷʼ/ (Chilcotin) | ||
6 coronals | /pʼ/ | ||||
no /pʼ/ | /tθʼ tʼ tsʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ tʼ kʼ/ (Gwich'in) /tθʼ tʼ tsʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ tʂʼ kʼ/ (Hän) |
Systems with stop/fric contrasts
plosive | pʼ | tʼ | tʃʼ | kʼ |
---|---|---|---|---|
fricative | θʼ | sʼ | xʼ |
plosive | pʼ | tʼ | tsʼ | tʃʼ | kʼ | qʼ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
fricative | sʼ | ʃʼ | xʼ |
(3 coronal + 2 dorsal POAs)
plosive | tʼ | tsʼ | tɬʼ | tʃʼ | kʼ | kʷʼ | qʼ | qʷʼ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
fricative | sʼ | ɬʼ | xʼ | xʷʼ | χʼ | χʷʼ |
(4 coronal + 4 dorsal POAs)
North Caucasian 2ndary articulation batfuckery
plain | pʼ | tʼ | tsʼ | tʃʼ | kʼ | qʼ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
labzd | tʃʷʼ | kʷʼ | qʷʼ |
plain | pʼ | tʼ | tsʼ | tʃʼ | kʼ | qʼ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
labzd | tʷʼ | tsʷʼ | kʷʼ | qʷʼ |
- /pʼ fʼ tʼ tsʼ ɬʼ ɕʼ kʼ kʲʼ kʷʼ qʼ qʷʼ/ (Kabardian)
plain | pʼ | tʼ | tsʼ | tɬʼ | tʃʼ | kʼ | qχʼ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
tense | tsːʼ | tɬːʼ | tʃːʼ | kːʼ | qχːʼ |
plain | pʼ | tʼ | tsʼ | tʃʼ | kʼ | kʟ̝̊ʼ | qʼ | qˤʼ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
labzd | tsʷʼ | tʃʷʼ | kʷʼ | kʟ̝̊ʷʼ | qʷʼ | qˤʷʼ | ||
tense | tsːʼ | tʃːʼ | qːʼ | qːˤʼ |
plain | pʼ | tʼ | tsʼ | tɬʼ | tʃʼ | kʼ | qʼ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
labzd | tʷʼ | tsʷʼ | tɬʷʼ | tʃʷʼ | kʷʼ | qʷʼ | |
pharzd | pˤʼ | kˤʼ | qˤʼ | ||||
labpharzd | qʷˤʼ |
plain | pʼ | tʼ | tsʼ | tʃʼ | kʼ | qʼ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
palzd | tʲʼ | tsʲʼ | kʲʼ | |||
labzd | tʷʼ | tsʷʼ | tʃʷʼ | kʷʼ | qʷʼ | |
pharzd | qˤʼ |
plain | pʼ | tʼ | tsʼ | tʃʼ | tʂʼ | kʼ | qʼ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
palzd | tɕʼ | kʲʼ | qʲʼ | ||||
lab(pal)zd | tʷʼ | tɕʷʼ | kʷʼ | qʷʼ |
For Ubyx, add to this a lateral /ɬʼ/ and three pharyngealized consonants /pˤʼ qˤʼ qˤʷʼ/.
Frequency tally
'Common' | 'Occasional' | 'Infrequent' | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sound | /kʼ/ | /tʼ/ | /tʃʼ/ | /tsʼ/ | /pʼ/ | /qʼ/ | /kʷʼ/ | /tɬʼ/ | /qʷʼ/ | /sʼ/ | /t̪ʼ/ | /t̪θʼ/ | /tʲʼ ~ cʼ ~ kʲʼ/ | /tʃʷʼ/ | /tʂʼ/ | /tsʷʼ/ |
This survey | 98 | 90 | 87 | 71 | 70 | 44 | 34 | 33 | 15 * | 10 † | 9 | 8 | 6 | 5 ‡ | 5 | 3 |
UPSID data | 63 | 48 | 44 | 43 | 44 | 26 | 23 | 20 | 11 | 7 | 16 ** | 8 | 12 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
- * Out of 19 languages to have both /qʼ/ and /kʷʼ/.
- † Contrasts with /tsʼ/ in only 3 cases.
- ‡ In only 1 case without also both of /kʷʼ qʷʼ/.
- ** Contains a number of languages counted here as having /tʼ/.