Proto-Uralic/harmony
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Co-occurrence of coronals in roots.
Might have to add *l, in case *ð´ is actually [lʲ]; at any rate, *r is neutral.
Possible sub-PU distributions:
- WU = West Uralic (F+S+Mo)
- FV = Finno-Volgaic (WU+Ma)
- FP = Finno-Permic (WU+P / FV+P)
- ECU = East-Central Uralic (Ma+P+EU)
- EU = East Uralic (H+Ms+Kh+Smy)
2-combos not listed indicated per components. (Finnic marked as "Fi" if disambiguation is needed.)
| t- | s- | n- | ð- | ć- | ś- | ń- | ð´- | č- | š- | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -t- | *täktä "bone" *tetki- "to spread" *totki "a fish" *tOkta "duck" *tuktV "crossbeam" *tumti- "to feel" FiP *tetri "grouse" (← IE/onmp?) FV *turta "stiff" WU *tätäj "aunt" WU *tïïp-ta- "to let loose" EU *tVnt "birch bark"(~ F *tano?) EU *tult "sorcery" EU *tajt- "to hide" EU *tüɣtə "fire" (EU *täŋətə "quiver") |
EU *ɬätɜ- "to scoop" (could also be š-) | *nato "in-law" *nojta "shaman" FiSmy *natta "snot" SP *neŋti "shaft" MoP *norta "sleigh" |
- | (FP *ńüki-tä- "to pluck") | - | WU *čɜnta "price" EU *čettä- "to become dark" EU *čittɜ- "to bake, to shine" |
*šertä "ghost" (← Russ/Ir?) ECU #šäŋtɜ- "cereal" FiP #šuntɜ "soup" MaP *širtɜ "yarn" WU *šukta "a tree" (FP *šɜji-ttä- "to thro" ← IE) (WU *šejta "offering place"; ← Gmc) | ||
| -s- | FiNe *tasa "even" EUP *dosa "vessel" KSmy *tɜsɜ "birch bark roof" (FV *ükt-, kakt-eksä "8, 9") |
*soski- "to chew" *sëksi "cembra" *suksi "ski" FP *säsV "soft" FP *säksä "dirty" FP *sVsar "sister" (← IE) EUP *sVs- "to become wet" FV *sosV "porous" FV *soksi "worm" WU *süskä- "to push" MaK *sVpsVr "pole with boughs" |
FV *neskä- "to scrape" (could also be *-š-) FV *niis-tä- "to sneeze" (cf. IE?!) WU *niisi "woman" WU *nuska- "to sneeze ~ to pant" |
- | EU *ńeɣɬə "path" (could also be *-š-) | - | - | - | ||
| -n- | *tonɜ- "to learn" FP *tërna "hay" OUP *deni "price" |
- | - | FP *ńiini "bast" FiS *ńVna "nose" |
- | FiK *džeenɜ "small; short" | (FiP *šooni "room; warm"; or F ← B.) | |||
| -ð- | *täwði "full" | MoP *soða "tree bark" (…) | *nüði "handle" FiP *nejði "girl" (or -t-?) |
*ðäpðä "spleen" | WU *ńüðä- "to tie" (could also be -ð´-) (*ńoxi-ða- "to follo"?) |
- | - | WU *šoođi- "to flo out" (could also be -ð´-) | ||
| -ć- | - | MaNe *noća "nettle" KH *nAńća "hard" MaK *nɜćɜ- "to knead" |
- | *ńë(ŋ)kćim "gills" | - | - | - | |||
| -ś- | - | - | - | FP *śäśnä "woodpecker" MaP *śiśta "wax" (Mo *kšta prob unrel.) |
*ńukśi "sable", *ńiŋśi "milt" | - | - | - | ||
| -ń- | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||
| -ð´- | *tuð´ka "tip" | PMs *näð´(k)ɜ "trap" (~ Fi nalkki?!) | - | - | - | - | MaK *šoð´ɜ "lungs; gills" | |||
| -č- | - | - | - | *ńečä "hook" *ńëčki "raw" *ńanča "to stretch" *ńičkä "to tear" *ńačɜ "grass" SP *ńoča "slow" KSmy *ńɜčɜ "moss" WU *ńočka "bend" |
- | *čačɜ- "to be born" *čačɜ- "to go" *čänčä "tail" *činčä "small bird" *čoxči "to sweep" *čučɜ "pole" SKh *ča/onči "skin layer" SKh *ča/onči "netstring" MoSmy *čančɜ- "to run" (can also be *š-) SH *čɜčkɜ "falcon; eagle" (~K źuś ?!) FP čäčki "while" FP *čäčki "a bird" OUP *čëxči "duck" (SS śoćo, Er šenži prob ← IE) PKh *džɜčɜ "crawlspace |
WU *šakči "vessel" (can also be *č-) | |||
| -š- | FP *taškɜ "back of knife" FP *teškä "bush; beard" FV *tošti- "to dare" MaU *tušɜ- "to perceive" WU *täštä "star" |
*nuša- "to scrape" FV *nüšɜ "blunt" FP *nušja "hammer" |
- | - | - | FP *čôši "barley" | *šäškä "otter" FV *šišna "belt" WU *šukštɜ- "to wash" WU *šUšma "ice cover" |
