Proto-Samoyedic

Soundchanges from Proto-Uralic:

Proto-Uralic to Proto-East Uralic

It appears that many of the shared Ugric innovations are also applicable to Samoyedic.

• *ðʲ → *lʲ (further shared with Permic; possibly a pseudo-sound change, the case for separate PU *lʲ is weak, and this may point to *ðʲ being [lʲ])
• *k, *x, *w → ɣ / V_i (all eventually lost in Smy; Permic is similar here, too)
• *s, *š → *θ (= [ɬ], per Khanty?)
• *sʲ → *s (perhaps areal, see next section)
• *Ck, kC → *ɣC? / C = *θ, *s (no direct evidence of this belonging together due to later loss in Smy)
• *Ck → *C / C = *t, *č (check! ought to be later per open/close issues)
• *ɤ → *ɯ / _C(C)a (most general condition; also in *ëni, *lëmpi; exceptions *tëka, *lëpa (FSM vs. Smy only), *ëńa)
• perhaps some other vowel splits? (if not rather Finno-Permic mergers)

Un-Samoyedic Ugric changes include:

• *ŋ → *ŋk (irregular)
• *ð → *l
• *l → *ĺ / śV_k (*śëðka → Ms *sëëĺ, *śülki- → Ms *süĺɣ-)
• *l → ∅ / śV_m (*śüðäm(i) → Hu szív, *śilmä → Hu szëm, *ćolmiw → Hu csomo)
• Note the order: 1) ð-lateralization, 2) l-assimilation, 3) depalatalization
• possibly: *m → *M ([ṽ]? [m̥]?) / in affixes (→ ObU *m, but Hu /v/: *śüðämi; *ńäxli-mä → nyelv)

Proto-East Uralic to Proto-Samoyedic

• *x → *ə (probably common Uralic, but tends to disappear elsewhere)
• *e → *i / _C(C)a (shared with Mansi)
• ? *ŋ → *n / _θ (*jOŋsi only)
• ? *m → *p / _θ ? (*pImsimi only; fairly ad hoc cluster)
• *θ → *t (counterbleeds the previous two — *mt *ŋt remain)
• *tsʲ → *s (probably via *sʲ, so another argument for independant depalatalization)
• *o → *å (feeds fronting to *ä in some cases; *tolwa → *tälwä, *tåjwä both)
• *ü → *i (feeds the next)
• close vowel lowering (inefficiently asymmetric)
  • *u → *ə / _C(C)a
    • and / _ŋ? *suŋi → *təŋ; also *kurki/*karka → *kərə
  • *i → *ə̈ / _C(C?)a (check relation to initial *l-!)
  • *u → *o / _Ci (counterfeeds *o → *a, block'd by an original cluster, exception *kulki- → *kəj-)
• *l → *lʲ / _C, #_, _i(C)#
  • Retained initially before *ï, *ë (*lëmpi, *lëmti, *lëpa, *lëpsi, PU *luwi (*lëwi?) → *lë)
  • Otherwise l- → j- is clear
  • *-lw- → *-jw- is clear
  • *-lt-, *-alm- unchanged (*kulta-, *kalma; both potential derivativs!)
  • *-ilm- → *-ə̈jm-, *-lki → *-j and *-li → *-j may be due to coda position or palatalization
• possibly: *e → *ɪ / _C(C)i (no phonemical significance, will write *ɪ)
• *ä → *e [ɛ]?
• *a → *a [ɑ]? / before a coda palatal (sometimes elsewhere); is fed by palatalization of *l
  • *a → *å [ɒ] / elsewhere
• Unstress'd (generally, final) vowels:
  • *a → *ä / after front vowels or a lateral (sometimes elsewhere)
    • *kala pala kaðʲa- puðʲa- → *kålä pålä kåjä- pəjä (…)
    • but not in *muðʲa → *məjå, *su(w)ðʲa → *səjå
  • *a → *ə / sometimes (*jupta, *konta, *kuma, *sʲala, *sʲoðʲa, *tora)
  • *a → *å [ɒ] / elsewhere
  • *i → *ə / _# (perhaps not feasible as PUg per palatalization of *l)
• *lʲ → *j (counterbleeds *a → *a, feeds the next two - supposedly retained in some Selkup dialects?)
• *i → *ə̈ / _j (*śilma → *sə̈jmä)
• *j → ∅ / åə_ (*kaxli-, *ńäxli- → *kåə-, *ńåə-?)
• Word-finally *ə → ∅ / VC_# (fed by vocalization of *x *lʲ, counterfed by ɣ-loss, exceptions *juri, *sʲüðʲi)
• *ð → *r (could be dated about anywhere)
• ? *ew → *ü / _C (*käwði, *jäwji - but not in *täwði?)
• ? *w → *m / lʲ_ (*käðʲwa only - apparently South Smy. only)
• *ɣ → ∅; or *k → ∅ / _C_ (except *-ŋk-) (counterbleeds *ə → ∅, cf. next)
• *w → ∅ / in a 2nd syllable (counterbleeds *ə → ∅; *jäwji, *käliw, *täwði, etc. Remains *täwiw → *tiwə, also in *-jw- of either origin (suggesting interm. *ɣ?))

Later development

Nganasan

• Consonant palatalization: s k t ŋ n → š š č (check) ń ń / _{i ɪ e ä ü ö}
• Vowel palatalization: *ë (? → ɪ) → i / {s, ń}_; *e → a / {s, ń, j}_
• "Umlaut loss": *ü *ï *ë *ä *ö → i i a a *o
  • Modern /y/ results from assimilations of /i/, /u/
• Back raising: *o *å → u o;
  • including *oə *åə → ua oa → ua ua
• Sequence smoothing
  • *iə → ie (via [iæ]?)
  • *üə → i
  • *ëə (→ ? *aa) → a
  • *öə → oa (not ˣua ! probably wasn't actually [øə])
• ɪ → ɨ (very late; oldest record still render this as <e>)
• *äj *ej → ea; *əj → oj
  • Other Vj develop per components
• p → f → h
  • fu ==
  • mp → ŋh
  • fa → fua

Shared with all but Nganasan

• Potentially, the split of *ü from *i
• ɪ → i
• j, w → ∅ / _ï

Enets

• å → a
• ə → ŏ (short)
• ë → i (perhaps before *ï → i?)
• "Umlaut loss": *ï *ü *ö → i u o
• åə oə uə → a ua ua
• iə, ëə → io
• äj ej əj oj uj → ä e ej o o
• Dialect changes
  • *ä → Forest e, Tundra a
  • *üə → Forest ie, Tundra io (via → *iä → ia, cf. prev?)

(Tundra) Nenets

• Loss of sequences: *Və → V
• *å → *a
• *ü → *ö
• High laxing/Lo tensing (Shared with Samic!!)
  • *i *ï *u *ə → *ɪ *ɪ̈ *ʊ *a
  • all other monofthongs → long
• Front/back contrast shifts from vowels to consonants:
  • *ɪ *eː *äː *öː → ʲɪ ʲeː ʲaː ʲoː
  • *ɪ̈ *ëː → ɪ eː
• ~Monofthongization
  • *äj *ej → both iː
  • *åj *əj → both æː [ae]

Yurats

Same as Nenets except *e *ä *öə → i e o.

Common South Samoyedic

• *ö *üə *iə → ü ü i
• *äj *ej → a e (what of *əj?)
• *ä *ə *e → a a e (before or after palatalization?)

Selkup

• Back raising: *å(ə) → u
  • *o remains however (!?)
  • Helimski sez: *å split to u, o (before *-u, *-o, generally *-a), uː, oː (before *-ä, *-ə, monosyllables) (with some opposite examples for *-a and *-ə), *uë (irregularly)
• *uə *ëə *öə → uë a aː
• *əj *åj → aj øː
• *e → *ä → aː / #_C*a (disharmonic stems)
• Lengthening: *ë *e *i *ü *u *o → ïː iː iː üː uː uː / _(j)Cə
  • *e → eː / _(j)tCə
  • *ë *o → ïː oː / _CCə
  • after which *-a, *-ä, *-ə → *-ə

Kamassian

• Back raising: *å *åə *o(ə) → o u u
• *uə *ëə *öə → u o a
• *ë → e

Koibal

Same as Kamassian except *u (? → ʊ) → o.

Mator

• *å(ə) → a
• *oə *öə → "o~a" o (but Taygi uo ü)
• *uə → u
• *ë → e
• *əj → i
• *ëə → ? a (Taygi only attested?)
• Bizarro antipalatalization: *s → *k / _{*i *e *ü} (but not _*a)
• m → m~b initially (cf. Turkic) and _*s
  • No denasalization is found before another nasal or a syllable-final /r/, or in monosyllables
  • Also *w *l *j → m n ń / #_VN (bleeds glide fortition; seen in Turkic too)
• *j → č initially (again, shared by Turkic)
• *w → b initially (but before a labia vowel: *wüt "10" → čüʔt, wo(ə)), *j_, *t_
  • possibly → m / {ŋ r}_ (aŋma- "to sleep", sarma "window")
• *uwC *iwC → u:C i:C
• *{F a}jm → im, *iji → i
• *aw *iw → uh yh (via → v → f, cf. next?)
• *p → h, except
  • → b in *mp *pVs
  • remains in *pt *ps *tp *p# (allophone of /b/ now), except → h in *wVpt (dissimilation?)
• Medial voicing & degemination
  • *t *k → d g / V_V, N_
  • *s → z / V_V, → dž / n_ (cf. Ugric!)
  • *k → g also / {r j}_
  • *tt *kk → t k
• Final rhinoglottophilia: *p *t → ʔp t ~ ʔm ʔn / _#, perhaps also *k → ʔk ~ ʔŋ (records are ambiguous)
  • except *t# → ∅ in "water"; this shared by Kamass
• *t → ʔ / _{p m w l}; there's also an example of *kp → ʔp
  • → ∅ / _k (perhaps via *ʔ)
• ts → ? *čč → č (after *s → k)
• Back sonorant fronting: *ŋt *jt → nt st (later than *tC → ʔC, so *jtk *jtw → jʔk *jʔb)
  • Possibly also: *rŋ *jŋ *iŋ → rg j (karguj "raven", mijuh "son-in-law", mojuh "soul")
• Consonant gradation before an original closed syllable:
  • (*tp →) ʔp → b (no other tC examples; *tw becomes ʔb)
  • (*tt →) t → d
• In Mator proper (outside of Taygi & Karagas), *ń → j / V_V. Also, in some words, *č_s → s_s.
  • T&K appear to have *ń_j → ń_ń in ŋuńuh "breast"

Cf. Helimski: matorische sprache