Voiceless labiodental fricative
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| f | |
|---|---|
| Pulmonic Consonant | |
| IPA | f |
| X-SAMPA | f |
| Kirshenbaum | f |
| Place of Articulation: | Labiodental |
| Manner of Articulation: | Fricative |
| Phonological features: | [+consonantal] [+LABIAL] [+continuant] [+strident] [-voice] |
The voiceless labiodental fricative is a sound that occurs in some languages, represented as /f/ in the IPA.
Sound Changes
- See also: Fricatives
To
A common origin of /f/ is the lenition of a voiceless bilabial stop such as *p or *pʰ. This can be part of a common stop lenition process, but may be independant, as in Arabic and Hungarian. The change commonly proceeds thru a bilabial intermediate [ɸ], so other outcomes are possible, eg. Celtic, where *sɸ → f, but *ɸ → h → ∅ otherwise. (See more at /p/, fricative.)
Many other fricatives can also change to /f/:
- θ → f (Oscan, Latin and most other Italic languages[1]; some English dialects; some Oceanic branches)
- x → f (Oscan — but not Latin, where *x → h)
- xʷ → f (Oscan, Latin)
- ʍ → f (some English dialects)
- Devoicing: v → f. In many West Germanic varieties including Standard German, the change of *w → ʋ ~ v has pushed older †/v/ to /f/. This can also be part of a more general devoicing process; see eg. final devoicing.
Other:
- w → f is found in Irish (when not intervocalic). Many different phonetic paths of development are possible here.
- sp → f in Albanian
