Finnic languages/isoglosses
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After Viitso 2000: Finnic affinity (among other things)
A ~ B marks conditional developments; A / B marks dialectal developments.
| Isogloss | South Estonian | Coastal Finnic | Notes | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *čk | tsk | *tk | ||||||||
| *kc, *pc | ts | *ks, *ps | ||||||||
| *kt, *pt | tt | *ht | ||||||||
| 3PS | -∅ | *-pi | ||||||||
| South Estonian | Livonian | Gulf Finnic | ||||||||
| *nc | *ns | *nc | *ns | |||||||
| "forest" | *metsa | *metsa | *metsä | ← Baltic *medja | ||||||
| "wall" | *saina | *saina | *seinä | ← Baltic *saina | ||||||
| "hay" | *haina | *haina | *heinä | ← Baltic *šaina | ||||||
| "people" | *heimo | *haimo | *heimo | ← Baltic *šaima | ||||||
| "thigh" | *raisi | *reisi | ← Baltic *rais | |||||||
| "excess" | *liika | *leika | *liika | vs. Baltic #leika? | ||||||
| "back" | *sälkä | *sälkä | *selkä | Samic, Mari *selkä | ||||||
| "shoe" | *känkä | *känkä | *kenkä | ← Gmc *skenka | ||||||
| South Estonian | Livonian | Estonian | Votic | North Finnic | ||||||
| "pole" | *saibas | *taibas | *teibäs | *seibäs | *seibäs | ← Baltic *staibas | ||||
| "to rise" | *touse- | *nuuse- | *touse- | *noise- | *nouse- | origin unknown | ||||
| *ns | ːs | ːs | *ːs | *ns | NB counterfeeding in Liv. | |||||
| *e_B | ɤ | ɨ | *ɤ | *e | ||||||
| South Estonian | Livonian | Estonian | Votic | West Finnish | East Finnic | |||||
| Pl. gen. | *-ten | *-ten | *-ten / *-jten | *-jten | *-ten | *-jten | ||||
| "home" | koto | koto | *koti | cf. *kota "hut" | ||||||
| "otter" | *sagarva | *sagarva | *sagarmas | *sa(g)ukko | *sagarva | |||||
| South Estonian | Livonian | Estonian | Votic | West Finnish | Ingrian | Karelian | East Finnish | Veps | ||
| *str | tr | tr | tr | tr | *sr → hr | tr | *sr → zr | tr | *sr → zr | in loanwords only |
| *st | st | st | st | ss | st | ss | ss | st | st | |
| *rg | r | rg | r | r | r ~ rj | r | r / rr | r | rg | similarly for *lg |
| *-P- | -P- | -B- | -B̥- | -P- | -P- | -P- | -P-/-B- | -P- | -B- | |
| *ɑː | ɑː | ɔː | ɑː / oɑ | ɑː | ɑː | ɑː | oɑ | uɑ | ɑ | |
| *æː | æː | æː | æː / eæ | æː | æː | æː | eæ | iæ | æ | |
| *oː | oː | uˑo ~ oː | oː | oː | uɔ | oː ? ← *uo | uo | uo | o | |
| *øː | øː | iˑe ~ eː | øː | øː | yœ / yæ | yø | yø | yø | ø | |
| *eː | eː | eː | eː | iɛ / iæ | ie ? ← *ie | ie | ie | e | front environment | |
| ɤː | ɨː | ɤː | ɤː | iɛ / iɑ | back environment | |||||
